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Balakrishna S, Loosli T, Zaheri M, Frischknecht P, Huber M, Kusejko K, Yerly S, Leuzinger K, Perreau M, Ramette A, Wymant C, Fraser C, Kellam P, Gall A, Hirsch HH, Stoeckle M, Rauch A, Cavassini M, Bernasconi E, Notter J, Calmy A, Günthard HF, Metzner KJ, Kouyos RD. Frequency matters: comparison of drug resistance mutation detection by Sanger and next-generation sequencing in HIV-1. J Antimicrob Chemother 2023; 78:656-664. [PMID: 36738248 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkac430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is gradually replacing Sanger sequencing (SS) as the primary method for HIV genotypic resistance testing. However, there are limited systematic data on comparability of these methods in a clinical setting for the presence of low-abundance drug resistance mutations (DRMs) and their dependency on the variant-calling thresholds. METHODS To compare the HIV-DRMs detected by SS and NGS, we included participants enrolled in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study (SHCS) with SS and NGS sequences available with sample collection dates ≤7 days apart. We tested for the presence of HIV-DRMs and compared the agreement between SS and NGS at different variant-calling thresholds. RESULTS We included 594 pairs of SS and NGS from 527 SHCS participants. Males accounted for 80.5% of the participants, 76.3% were ART naive at sample collection and 78.1% of the sequences were subtype B. Overall, we observed a good agreement (Cohen's kappa >0.80) for HIV-DRMs for variant-calling thresholds ≥5%. We observed an increase in low-abundance HIV-DRMs detected at lower thresholds [28/417 (6.7%) at 10%-25% to 293/812 (36.1%) at 1%-2% threshold]. However, such low-abundance HIV-DRMs were overrepresented in ART-naive participants and were in most cases not detected in previously sampled sequences suggesting high sequencing error for thresholds <3%. CONCLUSIONS We found high concordance between SS and NGS but also a substantial number of low-abundance HIV-DRMs detected only by NGS at lower variant-calling thresholds. Our findings suggest that a substantial fraction of the low-abundance HIV-DRMs detected at thresholds <3% may represent sequencing errors and hence should not be overinterpreted in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraj Balakrishna
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tom Loosli
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maryam Zaheri
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Swiss National Center for Retroviruses, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paul Frischknecht
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Huber
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Swiss National Center for Retroviruses, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Kusejko
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Yerly
- Laboratory of Virology, University Hospital Geneva, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Karoline Leuzinger
- Clinical Virology Division, Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthieu Perreau
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, University Hospital Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alban Ramette
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Chris Wymant
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christophe Fraser
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Nuffield Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Paul Kellam
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Astrid Gall
- Excellence in Life Sciences (EMBO), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans H Hirsch
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Stoeckle
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andri Rauch
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Cavassini
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Enos Bernasconi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Regional Hospital Lugano, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Julia Notter
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Cantonal Hospital St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Calmy
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Geneva, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Huldrych F Günthard
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karin J Metzner
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roger D Kouyos
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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High efficacy of switching to bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide in people with suppressed HIV and preexisting M184V/I. AIDS 2022; 36:1511-1520. [PMID: 35466963 PMCID: PMC9451915 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated the prevalence of preexisting M184V/I and associated risk factors among clinical trial participants with suppressed HIV and evaluated the impact of M184V/I on virologic response after switching to bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide (B/F/TAF). DESIGN Participant data were pooled from six clinical trials investigating the safety and efficacy of switching to B/F/TAF in virologically suppressed people with HIV. METHODS Preexisting drug resistance was assessed by historical genotypes and/or baseline proviral DNA genotyping. Virologic outcomes were determined by last available on-treatment HIV-1 RNA. Stepwise selection identified potential risk factors for M184V/I in a multivariate logistic regression model. RESULTS Altogether, 2034 participants switched treatment regimens to B/F/TAF and had follow-up HIV-1 RNA data, and 1825 of these participants had baseline genotypic data available. Preexisting M184V/I was identified in 182 (10%), mostly by baseline proviral DNA genotype ( n = 167). Most substitutions were M184V ( n = 161) or M184V/I mixtures ( n = 10). Other resistance substitutions were often detected in addition to M184V/I ( n = 147). At last on-treatment visit, 98% (179/182) with preexisting M184V/I and 99% (2012/2034) of all B/F/TAF-treated participants had HIV-1 RNA less than 50 copies/ml, with no treatment-emergent resistance to B/F/TAF. Among adult participants, factors associated with preexisting M184V/I included other resistance, black race, Hispanic/Latinx ethnicity, lower baseline CD4 + cell count, advanced HIV disease, longer duration of antiretroviral therapy, and greater number of prior third agents. CONCLUSION M184V/I was detected in 10% of virologically suppressed clinical trial participants at study baseline. Switching to B/F/TAF demonstrated durable efficacy in maintaining viral suppression, including in those with preexisting M184V/I.
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Huang SW, Shen MC, Wang WH, Li WY, Wang JH, Tseng CY, Liu PY, Wang LS, Lee YL, Chen YMA, Lee CY, Lu PL, Wang SF. High prevalence of HIV-1 transmitted drug resistance and factors associated with time to virological failure and viral suppression in Taiwan. J Antimicrob Chemother 2021; 77:185-195. [PMID: 34648632 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkab361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Integrase strand transfer inhibitor (InSTI)-based regimens have become the major first-line treatment for HIV-1-infected patients in Taiwan. Transmitted drug resistance (TDR) and several clinical characteristics are associated with time to virological failure or viral suppression; however, these have not been investigated in Taiwan. OBJECTIVES To determine the impact of several factors on treatment outcomes in HIV-1-infected patients in Taiwan. METHODS The cohort included 164 HIV-1 treatment-naive patients in Taiwan from 2018 to 2020. Blood specimens were collected to determine the genotypic drug resistance using the Stanford University HIV drug resistance database. Cox proportional hazards models were used to identify factors associated with time to virological failure or viral suppression. RESULTS The prevalence of TDR in Taiwan was 27.4% and an increasing trend was seen from 2018 to 2020. TDR mutations related to NNRTIs were the most prevalent (21%) while TDR to InSTIs remained at a relatively low level (1.3%). A baseline HIV-1 viral load of ≥100 000 copies/mL was associated with a shorter time to virological failure [multivariate hazard ratio (mHR) 7.84; P = 0.018] and longer time to viral suppression (mHR 0.46; P < 0.001). Time to viral suppression was shorter in patients receiving InSTI-based regimens (mHR 2.18; P = 0.006). Different InSTI-based regimens as initial treatment did not affect the treatment outcomes. CONCLUSIONS This study found an increasing trend of HIV-1 TDR prevalence from 2018 to 2020 in Taiwan. Baseline HIV-1 viral load and receiving InSTI-based regimens are important factors associated with time to virological failure or viral suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szu-Wei Huang
- Model Development Section, Basic Research Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Mei-Chen Shen
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hung Wang
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-You Li
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Hsien Wang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yin Tseng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hsinchu MacKay Memorial Hospital, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Po-Yu Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Lih-Shinn Wang
- Section of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Lin Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ming Arthur Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yuan Lee
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Po-Liang Lu
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Fan Wang
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES An increasing prevalence of HIV pretreatment drug resistance (PDR) has been observed in Africa, which could decrease the effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy (ART) programs. We describe our experiences, the costs and challenges of implementing an oligonucleotide ligation assay (OLA) for management of PDR in Nairobi, Kenya. DESIGN An observational report of the implementation of OLA in a Kenyan laboratory for a randomized clinical trial evaluating whether onsite use of OLA in individuals initiating ART would decrease rates of virologic failure. METHODS Compared detection of mutations and proportion of mutants in participants' viral quasispecies by OLA in Kenya vs. Seattle. Reviewed records of laboratory workflow and performance of OLA. Calculated the costs of laboratory set-up and of performing the OLA based on equipment purchase receipts and supplies and labor utilization, respectively. RESULTS OLA was performed on 492 trial participants. Weekly batch-testing of median of seven (range: 2-13) specimens provided test results to Kenyan clinicians within 10-14 days of sample collection at a cost of US$ 42 per person tested. Cost of laboratory setup was US$ 32 594. Challenges included an unreliable local supply chain for reagents and the need for an experienced molecular biologist to supervise OLA performance. CONCLUSION OLA was successfully implemented in a Kenyan research laboratory. Cost was twice that projected because of fewer than predicted specimens per batch because of slow enrollment. OLA is a potential simple, low-cost method for PDR testing in resource-limited settings (RLS). Ongoing work to develop a simplified kit could improve future implementation of OLA in RLS.
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Tamalet C, Tissot-Dupont H, Motte A, Tourrès C, Dhiver C, Ravaux I, Poizot-Martin I, Dieng T, Tomei C, Bregigeon S, Zaegel-Faucher O, Laroche H, Aherfi S, Mokhtari S, Chaudet H, Ménard A, Brouqui P, Stein A, Colson P. Emergence of uncommon HIV-1 non-B subtypes and circulating recombinant forms and trends in transmission of antiretroviral drug resistance in patients with primary infection during the 2013-2015 period in Marseille, Southeastern France. J Med Virol 2018; 90:1559-1567. [PMID: 29797570 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Primary HIV-1 infections (PHI) with non-B subtypes are increasing in developed countries while transmission of HIV-1 harboring antiretroviral resistance-associated mutations (RAMs) remains a concern. This study assessed non-B HIV-1 subtypes and RAMs prevalence among patients with PHI in university hospitals of Marseille, Southeastern France, in 2005-2015 (11 years). HIV-1 sequences were obtained by in-house protocols from 115 patients with PHI, including 38 for the 2013-2015 period. On the basis of the phylogenetic analysis of the reverse transcriptase region, non-B subtypes were identified in 31% of these patients. They included 3 different subtypes (3A, 1C, 4F), 23 circulating recombinant forms (CRFs) (CRF02_AG, best BLAST hits being CRF 36_cpx and CRF30 in 7 and 1 cases, respectively), and 5 unclassified sequences (U). Non-B subtypes proportion increased significantly, particularly in 2011-2013 vs in 2005-2010 (P = .03). CRF02_AG viruses largely predominated in 2005-2013 whereas atypical strains more difficult to classify and undetermined recombinants emerged recently (2014-2015). The prevalence of protease, nucleos(t)ide reverse transcriptase, and first-generation nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors-associated RAMs were 1.7% (World Health Organization [WHO] list, 2009/2.6% International AIDS Society [IAS] list, 2017), 5.2%/4.3%, and 5.2%/5.2%, respectively. Etravirine/rilpivirine-associated RAM (IAS) prevalence was 4.3%. Men who have sex with men (MSM) were more frequently infected with drug-resistant viruses than other patients (26% vs 7%; P = .011). The recent increase of these rare HIV-1 strains and the spread of drug-resistant HIV-1 among MSM in Southeastern France might be considered when implementing prevention strategies and starting therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Tamalet
- IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Hervé Tissot-Dupont
- IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Anne Motte
- IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Christian Tourrès
- IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Catherine Dhiver
- IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Isabelle Ravaux
- IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Isabelle Poizot-Martin
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Service d'Immuno-Hématologie Clinique, Hôpital Sainte-Marguerite, Marseille, France.,INSERM U912 SESSTIM, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Thérèse Dieng
- IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Christelle Tomei
- IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Sylvie Bregigeon
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Service d'Immuno-Hématologie Clinique, Hôpital Sainte-Marguerite, Marseille, France.,INSERM U912 SESSTIM, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Olivia Zaegel-Faucher
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Service d'Immuno-Hématologie Clinique, Hôpital Sainte-Marguerite, Marseille, France.,INSERM U912 SESSTIM, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Hélène Laroche
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Service d'Immuno-Hématologie Clinique, Hôpital Sainte-Marguerite, Marseille, France.,INSERM U912 SESSTIM, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Sarah Aherfi
- IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Saadia Mokhtari
- IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Hervé Chaudet
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Service d'Immuno-Hématologie Clinique, Hôpital Sainte-Marguerite, Marseille, France
| | - Amelie Ménard
- IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Brouqui
- IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Andreas Stein
- IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Colson
- IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
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Quantifying the fitness cost of HIV-1 drug resistance mutations through phylodynamics. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006895. [PMID: 29462208 PMCID: PMC5877888 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug resistant HIV is a major threat to the long-term efficacy of antiretroviral treatment. Around 10% of ART-naïve patients in Europe are infected with drug-resistant HIV type 1. Hence it is important to understand the dynamics of transmitted drug resistance evolution. Thanks to routinely performed drug resistance tests, HIV sequence data is increasingly available and can be used to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationship among viral lineages. In this study we employ a phylodynamic approach to quantify the fitness costs of major resistance mutations in the Swiss HIV cohort. The viral phylogeny reflects the transmission tree, which we model using stochastic birth–death-sampling processes with two types: hosts infected by a sensitive or resistant strain. This allows quantification of fitness cost as the ratio between transmission rates of hosts infected by drug resistant strains and transmission rates of hosts infected by drug sensitive strains. The resistance mutations 41L, 67N, 70R, 184V, 210W, 215D, 215S and 219Q (nRTI-related) and 103N, 108I, 138A, 181C, 190A (NNRTI-related) in the reverse trancriptase and the 90M mutation in the protease gene are included in this study. Among the considered resistance mutations, only the 90M mutation in the protease gene was found to have significantly higher fitness than the drug sensitive strains. The following mutations associated with resistance to reverse transcriptase inhibitors were found to be less fit than the sensitive strains: 67N, 70R, 184V, 219Q. The highest posterior density intervals of the transmission ratios for the remaining resistance mutations included in this study all included 1, suggesting that these mutations do not have a significant effect on viral transmissibility within the Swiss HIV cohort. These patterns are consistent with alternative measures of the fitness cost of resistance mutations. Overall, we have developed and validated a novel phylodynamic approach to estimate the transmission fitness cost of drug resistance mutations. The introduction of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has decreased mortality and morbidity rates among HIV-infected people, and improved their quality of life. In fact, the WHO states that antiretroviral therapy programmes averted an estimated 7.8 million deaths worldwide between 2000 and 2014. However, the antiretroviral regimen prescribed to a patient may be unable to control HIV infection. Factors that can contribute to treatment failure include drug resistance, drug toxicity, or poor treatment adherence. In this study we aim to understand the dynamics of transmitted drug resistance by analysing the viral sequence data that was collected for resistance testing. We present a novel approach to quantify how drug resistance impacts virus lineage transmissibility, how fast resistance mutations evolve in sensitive strains and how fast they revert back to the sensitive type. We apply our approach to the Swiss HIV cohort study, and obtain patterns of viral transmission fitness that are consistent with alternative, harder to obtain measures of fitness.
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7
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The rate of transmitted drug resistance (TDR) may increase with wider use of antiretroviral therapy and can contribute to therapeutic failure. We analysed time trends in TDR among HIV seroconverters. METHODS Using CASCADE data of individuals with well estimated dates of HIV seroconversion, we examined HIV nucleotide sequences collected prior to antiretroviral therapy use from 1996-2012. All samples were taken within 12 months of testing HIV positive. Using logistic regression, we examined the association between TDR and year of seroconversion, adjusting for confounders. RESULTS Of 4717 individuals seroconverting between 1996 and 2012, median (IQR) age at seroconversion was 33 (27, 39) years. The majority (3839; 92%) were male, mainly exposed through MSM (3767; 80%), and infected with subtype B (3464; 73%). Overall, 515 (11%) individuals had at least one drug resistance-related mutation; 280 individuals with nucleoside reverse transcriptase, 185 with nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase, and 144 with protease inhibitor mutations. Estimated TDR prevalence was 19.4% (8.2, 36.0) in 1996, significantly decreasing to 8.5% (5.9, 11.9) in 2012 [odds ratio (OR; 95% confidence interval (CI)) = 0.92 (0.90, 0.95) per year increase]. Individuals exposed through sex between men and women were significantly less likely to have been infected with a drug-resistant strain [OR (95% CI) = 0.59 (0.41, 0.87) compared with MSM], and there was marginal evidence that sampling during acute infection was associated with higher odds of resistance [OR (95% CI) = 1.20 (0.97, 1.7), P = 0.093] compared with later sampling. CONCLUSION TDR has decreased over calendar time although a significant proportion of new infections still carry resistance-related mutations.
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8
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Pérez-Parra S, Chueca N, Álvarez M, Pasquau J, Omar M, Collado A, Vinuesa D, Lozano AB, Yebra G, García F. Phylodynamic and Phylogeographic Profiles of Subtype B HIV-1 Epidemics in South Spain. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168099. [PMID: 28002469 PMCID: PMC5176287 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since 1982, HIV-1 epidemics have evolved to different scenarios in terms of transmission routes, subtype distribution and characteristics of transmission clusters. We investigated the evolutionary history of HIV-1 subtype B in south Spain. PATIENTS & METHODS We studied all newly diagnosed HIV-1 subtype B patients in East Andalusia during the 2005-2012 period. For the analysis, we used the reverse transcriptase and protease sequences from baseline resistance, and the Trugene® HIV Genotyping kit (Siemens, Barcelona, Spain). Subtyping was done with REGA v3.0. The maximum likelihood trees constructed with RAxML were used to study HIV-1 clustering. Phylogeographic and phylodynamic profiles were studied by Bayesian inference methods with BEAST v1.7.5 and SPREAD v1.0.6. RESULTS Of the 493 patients infected with HIV-1 subtype B, 234 grouped into 55 clusters, most of which were small (44 clusters ≤ 5 patients, 31 with 2 patients, 13 with 3). The rest (133/234) were grouped into 11 clusters with ≥ 5 patients, and most (82%, 109/133) were men who have sex with men (MSM) grouped into 8 clusters. The association with clusters was more frequent in Spanish (p = 0.02) men (p< 0.001), MSM (p<0.001) younger than 35 years (p = 0.001) and with a CD4+ T-cell count above 350 cells/ul (p<0.001). We estimated the date of HIV-1 subtype B regional epidemic diversification around 1970 (95% CI: 1965-1987), with an evolutionary rate of 2.4 (95%CI: 1.7-3.1) x 10-3 substitutions/site/year. Most clusters originated in the 1990s in MSMs. We observed exponential subtype B HIV-1 growth in 1980-1990 and 2005-2008. The most significant migration routes for subtype B went from inland cities to seaside locations. CONCLUSIONS We provide the first data on the phylodynamic and phylogeographic profiles of HIV-1 subtype B in south Spain. Our findings of transmission clustering among MSMs should alert healthcare managers to enhance preventive measures in this risk group in order to prevent future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Pérez-Parra
- Servicio de Microbiología Clínica, Hospital Universitario San Cecilio, Complejo Hospitalario e Instituto de Investigación IBS, Granada, Spain
| | - Natalia Chueca
- Servicio de Microbiología Clínica, Hospital Universitario San Cecilio, Complejo Hospitalario e Instituto de Investigación IBS, Granada, Spain
| | - Marta Álvarez
- Servicio de Microbiología Clínica, Hospital Universitario San Cecilio, Complejo Hospitalario e Instituto de Investigación IBS, Granada, Spain
| | - Juan Pasquau
- Servicio de Infecciosas, Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - Mohamed Omar
- Servicio de Infecciosas, Hospital Ciudad de Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Antonio Collado
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital de Torrecárdenas, Almería, Spain
| | - David Vinuesa
- Servicio de Infecciosas, Hospital Universitario San Cecilio, Granada, Spain
| | - Ana B. Lozano
- Servicio de Infecciosas, Hospital de Poniente, Almería, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Yebra
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Federico García
- Servicio de Microbiología Clínica, Hospital Universitario San Cecilio, Complejo Hospitalario e Instituto de Investigación IBS, Granada, Spain
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9
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Li H, Chang S, Han Y, Zhuang D, Li L, Liu Y, Liu S, Bao Z, Zhang W, Song H, Li T, Li J. The prevalence of drug resistance among treatment-naïve HIV-1-infected individuals in China during pre- and post- 2004. BMC Infect Dis 2016; 16:605. [PMID: 27782811 PMCID: PMC5080753 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-1928-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The widespread use of antiretroviral therapies has led to considerable concerns about the prevalence of drug-resistant, as transmission of drug-resistant (TDR) strains poses a challenge for the control of the HIV-1 epidemic. METHODS We conducted an epidemiological study enrolling treatment-naïve HIV-1-positive subjects at the Peking Union Medical College Hospital since 1991. Drug resistance was determined by submitting the sequences to the Stanford University Network HIV-1 database. RESULTS Of 521 participants, 478 samples were amplified and sequenced successfully. HIV Transmitted drug resistance prevalence in China was determined to be 6.7 %. We did not find significant differences in the TDR rate by demographic characteristics. No significant time trend in the prevalence of overall TDR was observed (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS We identified an intermediate prevalence of transmitted drug resistance (TDR), exhibiting a stable time trend. These findings enhance our understanding of HIV-1 drug resistance prevalence and time trend, and provide some guidelines for the comprehensive public health strategy of TDR prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Science, No. 20 East Street, Fengtai district, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Shuai Chang
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing, 100071, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, PLA Army General Hospital, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Yang Han
- Department of Infectious Disease, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan Wangfujing, Dongcheng district, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Daomin Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Science, No. 20 East Street, Fengtai district, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Science, No. 20 East Street, Fengtai district, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Yongjian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Science, No. 20 East Street, Fengtai district, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Siyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Science, No. 20 East Street, Fengtai district, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Zuoyi Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Science, No. 20 East Street, Fengtai district, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Wenfu Zhang
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Hongbin Song
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Taisheng Li
- Department of Infectious Disease, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan Wangfujing, Dongcheng district, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Jingyun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Science, No. 20 East Street, Fengtai district, Beijing, 100071, China.
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10
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Rast LI, Rouzine IM, Rozhnova G, Bishop L, Weinberger AD, Weinberger LS. Conflicting Selection Pressures Will Constrain Viral Escape from Interfering Particles: Principles for Designing Resistance-Proof Antivirals. PLoS Comput Biol 2016; 12:e1004799. [PMID: 27152856 PMCID: PMC4859541 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid evolution of RNA-encoded viruses such as HIV presents a major barrier to infectious disease control using conventional pharmaceuticals and vaccines. Previously, it was proposed that defective interfering particles could be developed to indefinitely control the HIV/AIDS pandemic; in individual patients, these engineered molecular parasites were further predicted to be refractory to HIV’s mutational escape (i.e., be ‘resistance-proof’). However, an outstanding question has been whether these engineered interfering particles—termed Therapeutic Interfering Particles (TIPs)—would remain resistance-proof at the population-scale, where TIP-resistant HIV mutants may transmit more efficiently by reaching higher viral loads in the TIP-treated subpopulation. Here, we develop a multi-scale model to test whether TIPs will maintain indefinite control of HIV at the population-scale, as HIV (‘unilaterally’) evolves toward TIP resistance by limiting the production of viral proteins available for TIPs to parasitize. Model results capture the existence of two intrinsic evolutionary tradeoffs that collectively prevent the spread of TIP-resistant HIV mutants in a population. First, despite their increased transmission rates in TIP-treated sub-populations, unilateral TIP-resistant mutants are shown to have reduced transmission rates in TIP-untreated sub-populations. Second, these TIP-resistant mutants are shown to have reduced growth rates (i.e., replicative fitness) in both TIP-treated and TIP-untreated individuals. As a result of these tradeoffs, the model finds that TIP-susceptible HIV strains continually outcompete TIP-resistant HIV mutants at both patient and population scales when TIPs are engineered to express >3-fold more genomic RNA than HIV expresses. Thus, the results provide design constraints for engineering population-scale therapies that may be refractory to the acquisition of antiviral resistance. A major obstacle to effective antimicrobial therapy campaigns is the rapid evolution of drug resistance. Given the static nature of current pharmaceuticals and vaccines, natural selection inevitably drives pathogens to mutate into drug-resistant variants that can resume productive replication. Further, these drug-resistant mutants transmit across populations, resulting in untreatable epidemics. Recently, a therapeutic strategy was proposed in which viral deletion mutants—termed therapeutic interfering particles (TIPs)—are engineered to only replicate by stealing their missing proteins from full-length viruses in co-infected cells. By stealing essential viral proteins, these engineered molecular parasites have been predicted to reduce viral levels in patients and viral transmission events across populations. Yet, a critical question is whether rapidly mutating viruses like HIV can evolve around TIP control by reducing production of the proteins that TIPs must steal in order to replicate (i.e., by ‘starving’ the TIPs). Here we develop a multi-scale model that tests whether TIP-starving HIV mutants can spread across populations to undermine TIP therapy campaigns at the population-scale. Strikingly, model results show that inherent evolutionary tradeoffs prevent these TIP-resistant HIV mutants from increasing in frequency (i.e., these TIP-resistant HIV mutants are continually outcompeted by TIP-sensitive mutants in both patients and populations). Maintained by natural selection, TIPs may offer a novel therapeutic approach to indefinitely control rapidly evolving viral pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke I. Rast
- Gladstone Institutes (Virology and Immunology), San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Igor M. Rouzine
- Gladstone Institutes (Virology and Immunology), San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Ganna Rozhnova
- Gladstone Institutes (Virology and Immunology), San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Lisa Bishop
- Gladstone Institutes (Virology and Immunology), San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Ariel D. Weinberger
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ADW); (LSW)
| | - Leor S. Weinberger
- Gladstone Institutes (Virology and Immunology), San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- QB3: California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ADW); (LSW)
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11
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Cho MC, Park CW, Park BG, Oh HB, Choi SH, Choi SE, Cho NS. Detecting primary drug-resistant mutations in Korean HIV patients using ultradeep pyrosequencing. J Virol Methods 2016; 234:115-22. [PMID: 27109046 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
HIV primary resistance, drug resistance in treatment-naïve patients, is an emerging public health issue. The prevalence of HIV primary resistance mutations down to the level of 1% minor variants was investigated using ultradeep pyrosequencing (UDPS) in HIV-positive Korean blood donors and in treatment naïve chronic patients for the comparison. The entire pol region was sequenced from 25 HIV-positive blood donors, and 18 treatment-naïve chronic HIV patients. UDPS was successful in 19 blood donors and 18 chronic patients. In total, 1,011,338 sequence reads were aligned, and 28,093 sequence reads were aligned on average per sample. The prevalence of HIV primary resistance mutations in the HIV-positive blood donors and chronic HIV patients were 63.2% and 44.4% according to UDPS, respectively. Protease inhibitor (PI) drugs demonstrated different patterns in HIV-positive blood donors and chronic HIV patients, whereas non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI), nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI), and integrase inhibitor (INI) drugs showed similar patterns between the two groups. Higher level of primary resistance prevalence was observed mainly because UDPS method could detect mutations in minor variants with 1-10% frequency. The higher resistance prevalence was observed in HIV-positive blood donors than in chronic patients. Considering that treatments for HIV-infected patients were recently amended to start at an earlier stage, information about degree of drug resistance to each drug between the two groups would help to establish future policies, design additional clinical trials, assess HIV patient care in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Chul Cho
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Hospital and Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Korea, South Korea
| | - Chang-Wook Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Borae G Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Heung-Bum Oh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Sang-Ho Choi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung-Eun Choi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Nam-Sun Cho
- Korea Red Cross Blood Service, Korean Red Cross, Seoul, South Korea
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12
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Kouyos RD, Günthard HF. Editorial Commentary: The Irreversibility of HIV Drug Resistance. Clin Infect Dis 2015; 61:837-9. [PMID: 25991467 PMCID: PMC4530727 DOI: 10.1093/cid/civ400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Roger D. Kouyos
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Huldrych F. Günthard
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
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13
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Buchacz K, Young B, Palella FJ, Armon C, Brooks JT. Trends in use of genotypic resistance testing and frequency of major drug resistance among antiretroviral-naive persons in the HIV Outpatient Study, 1999-2011. J Antimicrob Chemother 2015; 70:2337-46. [PMID: 25979729 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkv120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monitoring antiretroviral drug resistance can inform treatment recommendations; however, there are few such data from US patients before they initiate ART. METHODS We analysed data from HIV Outpatient Study (HOPS) participants from nine US HIV clinics who were diagnosed with HIV infection during 1999-2011. Using the IAS-USA December 2010 guidelines, we assessed the frequency of major drug resistance mutations (mDRMs) related to antiretroviral agents in viral isolates from patients who underwent commercial genotypic testing (GT) for resistance before initiating ART. We employed general linear regression models to assess factors associated with having undergone GT, and then factors associated with having mDRM. RESULTS Among 1531 eligible patients, 758 (49.5%) underwent GT before first ART, increasing from 15.5% in 1999-2002 to 75.9% in 2009-11 (P < 0.001). GT was carried out a median of 1.2 months after the diagnosis of HIV. In adjusted regression analyses, patients with pre-ART CD4+ T lymphocyte counts ≥200 cells/mm(3) or with HIV RNA levels >5.0 log10 copies/mL and those with a first HOPS visit in 2006 or later were significantly (P < 0.05) more likely to have undergone GT. Of the 758 patients, 114 (15.0%) had mDRMs; mutations relating to NRTIs, NNRTIs and PIs were present in 8.0%, 7.1% and 2.6%, respectively. There was no temporal change in the frequency of mDRM, and mDRMs were associated with an HIV RNA level <4.0 log10 copies/mL. CONCLUSIONS During 1999-2011, GT use among antiretroviral-naive patients became more common, but a quarter of patients in recent years remained untested. The frequency of mDRMs remained stable over time at about 15%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Buchacz
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Benjamin Young
- APEX Family Medicine, Denver, CO, USA International Association of Providers of AIDS Care, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | - John T Brooks
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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14
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Yang WL, Kouyos RD, Böni J, Yerly S, Klimkait T, Aubert V, Scherrer AU, Shilaih M, Hinkley T, Petropoulos C, Bonhoeffer S, Günthard HF. Persistence of transmitted HIV-1 drug resistance mutations associated with fitness costs and viral genetic backgrounds. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004722. [PMID: 25798934 PMCID: PMC4370492 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmission of drug-resistant pathogens presents an almost-universal challenge for fighting infectious diseases. Transmitted drug resistance mutations (TDRM) can persist in the absence of drugs for considerable time. It is generally believed that differential TDRM-persistence is caused, at least partially, by variations in TDRM-fitness-costs. However, in vivo epidemiological evidence for the impact of fitness costs on TDRM-persistence is rare. Here, we studied the persistence of TDRM in HIV-1 using longitudinally-sampled nucleotide sequences from the Swiss-HIV-Cohort-Study (SHCS). All treatment-naïve individuals with TDRM at baseline were included. Persistence of TDRM was quantified via reversion rates (RR) determined with interval-censored survival models. Fitness costs of TDRM were estimated in the genetic background in which they occurred using a previously published and validated machine-learning algorithm (based on in vitro replicative capacities) and were included in the survival models as explanatory variables. In 857 sequential samples from 168 treatment-naïve patients, 17 TDRM were analyzed. RR varied substantially and ranged from 174.0/100-person-years;CI=[51.4, 588.8] (for 184V) to 2.7/100-person-years;[0.7, 10.9] (for 215D). RR increased significantly with fitness cost (increase by 1.6[1.3,2.0] per standard deviation of fitness costs). When subdividing fitness costs into the average fitness cost of a given mutation and the deviation from the average fitness cost of a mutation in a given genetic background, we found that both components were significantly associated with reversion-rates. Our results show that the substantial variations of TDRM persistence in the absence of drugs are associated with fitness-cost differences both among mutations and among different genetic backgrounds for the same mutation. The evolution of resistance is a universal challenge in antimicrobial chemotherapy. A key driver of resistance is that drug resistance mutations often persist even in the absence of drugs and despite the fact that resistance mutations are often associated with reduced pathogen replication (“fitness costs”). Such persistence may occur because fitness costs are low, especially if they are compensated by additional mutations in their “genetic background”. Here we assessed the role of fitness-cost and the genetic background for resistance in a real-world epidemiological setting by studying the persistence behavior of transmitted antiretroviral resistance mutations of HIV. This persistence behavior was associated with the predicted fitness cost of a given resistance mutation in the particular genetic background in which it occurred. We found that persistence behavior varied strongly across both mutation types and genetic backgrounds and that persistence was significantly associated with predicted fitness costs. In particular we found that even mutations of the same type tended to persist longer if they occurred in a genetic background where they caused weak fitness costs. Overall our results underline the variability of persistence behavior as well as the important role of fitness costs and the genetic background in the evolution of antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Lin Yang
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roger D. Kouyos
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Böni
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Yerly
- Laboratory of Virology and AIDS Center, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Klimkait
- Department Biomedicine—Petersplatz, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Aubert
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra U. Scherrer
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mohaned Shilaih
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Trevor Hinkley
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Huldrych F. Günthard
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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15
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Yang WL, Kouyos R, Scherrer AU, Böni J, Shah C, Yerly S, Klimkait T, Aubert V, Furrer H, Battegay M, Cavassini M, Bernasconi E, Vernazza P, Held L, Ledergerber B, Günthard HF. Assessing the Paradox Between Transmitted and Acquired HIV Type 1 Drug Resistance Mutations in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study From 1998 to 2012. J Infect Dis 2015; 212:28-38. [PMID: 25576600 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transmitted human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) drug resistance (TDR) mutations are transmitted from nonresponding patients (defined as patients with no initial response to treatment and those with an initial response for whom treatment later failed) or from patients who are naive to treatment. Although the prevalence of drug resistance in patients who are not responding to treatment has declined in developed countries, the prevalence of TDR mutations has not. Mechanisms causing this paradox are poorly explored. METHODS We included recently infected, treatment-naive patients with genotypic resistance tests performed ≤ 1 year after infection and before 2013. Potential risk factors for TDR mutations were analyzed using logistic regression. The association between the prevalence of TDR mutations and population viral load (PVL) among treated patients during 1997-2011 was estimated with Poisson regression for all TDR mutations and individually for the most frequent resistance mutations against each drug class (ie, M184V/L90M/K103N). RESULTS We included 2421 recently infected, treatment-naive patients and 5399 patients with no response to treatment. The prevalence of TDR mutations fluctuated considerably over time. Two opposing developments could explain these fluctuations: generally continuous increases in the prevalence of TDR mutations (odds ratio, 1.13; P = .010), punctuated by sharp decreases in the prevalence when new drug classes were introduced. Overall, the prevalence of TDR mutations increased with decreasing PVL (rate ratio [RR], 0.91 per 1000 decrease in PVL; P = .033). Additionally, we observed that the transmitted high-fitness-cost mutation M184V was positively associated with the PVL of nonresponding patients carrying M184V (RR, 1.50 per 100 increase in PVL; P < .001). Such association was absent for K103N (RR, 1.00 per 100 increase in PVL; P = .99) and negative for L90M (RR, 0.75 per 100 increase in PVL; P = .022). CONCLUSIONS Transmission of antiretroviral drug resistance is temporarily reduced by the introduction of new drug classes and driven by nonresponding and treatment-naive patients. These findings suggest a continuous need for new drugs, early detection/treatment of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Lin Yang
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich
| | - Roger Kouyos
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich
| | - Alexandra U Scherrer
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich
| | - Jürg Böni
- Swiss National Center for Retroviruses, Institute of Medical Virology
| | - Cyril Shah
- Swiss National Center for Retroviruses, Institute of Medical Virology
| | - Sabine Yerly
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospital
| | | | | | - Hansjakob Furrer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Berne University Hospital and University of Berne
| | - Manuel Battegay
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel
| | | | | | - Pietro Vernazza
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Leonhard Held
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Zurich
| | - Bruno Ledergerber
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich
| | - Huldrych F Günthard
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich
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16
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Development and customization of a color-coded microbeads-based assay for drug resistance in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109823. [PMID: 25314293 PMCID: PMC4196989 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Drug resistance (DR) of HIV-1 can be examined genotypically or phenotypically. Although sequencing is the gold standard of the genotypic resistance testing (GRT), high-throughput GRT targeted to the codons responsible for DR may be more appropriate for epidemiological studies and public health research. Methods We used a Japanese database to design and synthesize sequence-specific oligonucleotide probes (SSOP) for the detection of wild-type sequences and 6 DR mutations in the clade B HIV-1 reverse transcriptase region. We coupled SSOP to microbeads of the Luminex 100 xMAP system and developed a GRT based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-SSOP-Luminex method. Results Sixteen oligoprobes for discriminating DR mutations from wild-type sequences at 6 loci were designed and synthesized, and their sensitivity and specificity were confirmed using isogenic plasmids. The PCR-SSOP-Luminex DR assay was then compared to direct sequencing using 74 plasma specimens from treatment-naïve patients or those on failing treatment. In the majority of specimens, the results of the PCR-SSOP-Luminex DR assay were concordant with sequencing results: 62/74 (83.8%) for M41, 43/74 (58.1%) for K65, 70/74 (94.6%) for K70, 55/73 (75.3%) for K103, 63/73 (86.3%) for M184 and 68/73 (93.2%) for T215. There were a number of specimens without any positive signals, especially for K65. The nucleotide position of A2723G, A2747G and C2750T were frequent polymorphisms for the wild-type amino acids K65, K66 and D67, respectively, and 14 specimens had the D67N mutation encoded by G2748A. We synthesized 14 additional oligoprobes for K65, and the sensitivity for K65 loci improved from 43/74 (58.1%) to 68/74 (91.9%). Conclusions We developed a rapid high-throughput assay for clade B HIV-1 DR mutations, which could be customized by synthesizing oligoprobes suitable for the circulating viruses. The assay could be a useful tool especially for public health research in both resource-rich and resource-limited settings.
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17
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Snedecor SJ, Sudharshan L, Nedrow K, Bhanegaonkar A, Simpson KN, Haider S, Chambers R, Craig C, Stephens J. Burden of nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor resistance in HIV-1-infected patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2014; 30:753-68. [PMID: 24925216 PMCID: PMC4118702 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2013.0262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of HIV drug resistance varies with geographic location, year, and treatment exposure. This study generated yearly estimates of nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) resistance in treatment-naive (TN) and treatment-experienced (TE) patients in the United States (US), Europe (EU), and Canada. Studies reporting NNRTI resistance identified in electronic databases and 11 conferences were analyzed in three groups: (1) TN patients in one of four geographic regions [US, Canada, EU countries with larger surveillance networks ("EU1"), and EU countries with fewer data ("EU2")]; (2) TE patients from any region; and (3) TN patients failing NNRTI-based treatments in clinical trials. Analysis data included 158 unique studies from 22 countries representing 84 cohorts of TN patients, 21 cohorts of TE patients, and 8 trials reporting resistance at failure. From 1995 to 2000, resistance prevalence in TN patients increased in US and EU1 from 3.1% to 7.5% and 0.8% to 3.6%, respectively. Resistance in both regions stabilized in 2006 onward. Little resistance was identified in EU2 before 2000, and increased from 2006 (5.0%) to 2010 (13.7%). One TN Canadian study was identified and reported resistance of 8.1% in 2006. Half of TN clinical trial patients had resistance after treatment failure at weeks 48-144. Resistance in TE patients increased from 1998 (10.1%) to 2001 (44.0%), then decreased after 2004. Trends in NNRTI resistance among TN patients show an increased burden in the US and some EU countries compared to others. These findings signify a need for alternate first-line treatments in some regions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kit N. Simpson
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
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18
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Increase in transmitted resistance to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors among newly diagnosed HIV-1 infections in Europe. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:407. [PMID: 25047543 PMCID: PMC4223652 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-14-407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background One out of ten newly diagnosed patients in Europe was infected with a virus carrying a drug resistant mutation. We analysed the patterns over time for transmitted drug resistance mutations (TDRM) using data from the European Spread program. Methods Clinical, epidemiological and virological data from 4317 patients newly diagnosed with HIV-1 infection between 2002 and 2007 were analysed. Patients were enrolled using a pre-defined sampling strategy. Results The overall prevalence of TDRM in this period was 8.9% (95% CI: 8.1-9.8). Interestingly, significant changes over time in TDRM caused by the different drug classes were found. Whereas nucleoside resistance mutations remained constant at 5%, a significant decline in protease inhibitors resistance mutations was observed, from 3.9% in 2002 to 1.6% in 2007 (p = 0.001). In contrast, resistance to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) doubled from 2.0% in 2002 to 4.1% in 2007 (p = 0.004) with 58% of viral strains carrying a K103N mutation. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these temporal changes could not be explained by large clusters of TDRM. Conclusion During the years 2002 to 2007 transmitted resistance to NNRTI has doubled to 4% in Europe. The frequent use of NNRTI in first-line regimens and the clinical impact of NNRTI mutations warrants continued monitoring.
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Pineda-Peña AC, Schrooten Y, Vinken L, Ferreira F, Li G, Trovão NS, Khouri R, Derdelinckx I, De Munter P, Kücherer C, Kostrikis LG, Nielsen C, Littsola K, Wensing A, Stanojevic M, Paredes R, Balotta C, Albert J, Boucher C, Gomez-Lopez A, Van Wijngaerden E, Van Ranst M, Vercauteren J, Vandamme AM, Van Laethem K. Trends and predictors of transmitted drug resistance (TDR) and clusters with TDR in a local Belgian HIV-1 epidemic. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101738. [PMID: 25003369 PMCID: PMC4086934 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to study epidemic trends and predictors for transmitted drug resistance (TDR) in our region, its clinical impact and its association with transmission clusters. We included 778 patients from the AIDS Reference Center in Leuven (Belgium) diagnosed from 1998 to 2012. Resistance testing was performed using population-based sequencing and TDR was estimated using the WHO-2009 surveillance list. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using maximum likelihood and Bayesian techniques. The cohort was predominantly Belgian (58.4%), men who have sex with men (MSM) (42.8%), and chronically infected (86.5%). The overall TDR prevalence was 9.6% (95% confidence interval (CI): 7.7-11.9), 6.5% (CI: 5.0-8.5) for nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI), 2.2% (CI: 1.4-3.5) for non-NRTI (NNRTI), and 2.2% (CI: 1.4-3.5) for protease inhibitors. A significant parabolic trend of NNRTI-TDR was found (p = 0.019). Factors significantly associated with TDR in univariate analysis were male gender, Belgian origin, MSM, recent infection, transmission clusters and subtype B, while multivariate and Bayesian network analysis singled out subtype B as the most predictive factor of TDR. Subtype B was related with transmission clusters with TDR that included 42.6% of the TDR patients. Thanks to resistance testing, 83% of the patients with TDR who started therapy had undetectable viral load whereas half of the patients would likely have received a suboptimal therapy without this test. In conclusion, TDR remained stable and a NNRTI up-and-down trend was observed. While the presence of clusters with TDR is worrying, we could not identify an independent, non-sequence based predictor for TDR or transmission clusters with TDR that could help with guidelines or public health measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea-Clemencia Pineda-Peña
- Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Clinical and Molecular Infectious Diseases Group, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Yoeri Schrooten
- Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- AIDS Reference Laboratory, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lore Vinken
- Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Fossie Ferreira
- Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guangdi Li
- Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nídia Sequeira Trovão
- Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ricardo Khouri
- Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Inge Derdelinckx
- Clinical Infectious and Inflammatory Disorders, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Internal Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul De Munter
- Clinical Infectious and Inflammatory Disorders, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Internal Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Kirsi Littsola
- National Institute of health and welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Annemarie Wensing
- Department of Virology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maja Stanojevic
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Medicine, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | | | - Jan Albert
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Charles Boucher
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arley Gomez-Lopez
- Clinical and Molecular Infectious Diseases Group, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Eric Van Wijngaerden
- Clinical Infectious and Inflammatory Disorders, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Internal Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marc Van Ranst
- Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- AIDS Reference Laboratory, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jurgen Vercauteren
- Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anne-Mieke Vandamme
- Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Centro de Malária e outras Doenças Tropicais and Unidade de Microbiologia, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Kristel Van Laethem
- Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- AIDS Reference Laboratory, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Sey K, Ma Y, Lan YC, Song N, Hu YW, Ou Y, Frye D. Prevalence and circulation patterns of Variant, Atypical and Resistant HIV in Los Angeles County (2007-2009). J Med Virol 2014; 86:1639-47. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kwa Sey
- Division of HIV and STD Programs; Los Angeles County Department of Public Health; Los Angeles California
| | - Yingbo Ma
- Division of HIV and STD Programs; Los Angeles County Department of Public Health; Los Angeles California
| | - Yu-Ching Lan
- Department of Health Risk Management; China Medical University; Taichung Taiwan
- Department of Community Health Sciences; School of Public Health; University of California at Los Angeles; Los Angeles California
| | - Nannie Song
- Division of HIV and STD Programs; Los Angeles County Department of Public Health; Los Angeles California
| | - Yunyin W. Hu
- Division of HIV and STD Programs; Los Angeles County Department of Public Health; Los Angeles California
| | - Ying Ou
- Division of HIV and STD Programs; Los Angeles County Department of Public Health; Los Angeles California
| | - Douglas Frye
- Division of HIV and STD Programs; Los Angeles County Department of Public Health; Los Angeles California
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Avila D, Keiser O, Egger M, Kouyos R, Böni J, Yerly S, Klimkait T, Vernazza PL, Aubert V, Rauch A, Bonhoeffer S, Günthard HF, Stadler T, Spycher BD. Social meets molecular: Combining phylogenetic and latent class analyses to understand HIV-1 transmission in Switzerland. Am J Epidemiol 2014; 179:1514-25. [PMID: 24821749 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwu076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Switzerland has a complex human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic involving several populations. We examined transmission of HIV type 1 (HIV-1) in a national cohort study. Latent class analysis was used to identify socioeconomic and behavioral groups among 6,027 patients enrolled in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study between 2000 and 2011. Phylogenetic analysis of sequence data, available for 4,013 patients, was used to identify transmission clusters. Concordance between sociobehavioral groups and transmission clusters was assessed in correlation and multiple correspondence analyses. A total of 2,696 patients were infected with subtype B, 203 with subtype C, 196 with subtype A, and 733 with recombinant subtypes (mainly CRF02_AG and CRF01_AE). Latent class analysis identified 8 patient groups. Most transmission clusters of subtype B were shared between groups of gay men (groups 1-3) or between the heterosexual groups "heterosexual people of lower socioeconomic position" (group 4) and "injection drug users" (group 8). Clusters linking homosexual and heterosexual groups were associated with "older heterosexual and gay people on welfare" (group 5). "Migrant women in heterosexual partnerships" (group 6) and "heterosexual migrants on welfare" (group 7) shared non-B clusters with groups 4 and 5. Combining approaches from social and molecular epidemiology can provide insights into HIV-1 transmission and inform the design of prevention strategies.
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22
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Transmitted drug resistance and antiretroviral treatment outcomes in non-subtype B HIV-1-infected patients in South East Asia. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2014; 66:74-9. [PMID: 24413039 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000000108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We compared treatment outcomes of transmitted drug resistance (TDR) in patients on fully or partially sensitive drug regimens. METHODS Factors associated with survival and failure were analyzed using Cox proportional hazards and discrete time conditional logistic models. RESULTS TDR, found in 60 (4.1%) of 1471 Asian treatment-naive patients, was one of the significant predictors of failure. Patients with TDR to >1 drug in their regimen were >3 times as likely to fail compared to no TDR. CONCLUSIONS TDR was associated with failure in the context of non-fully sensitive regimens. Efforts are needed to incorporate resistance testing into national treatment programs.
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First line treatment response in patients with transmitted HIV drug resistance and well defined time point of HIV infection: updated results from the German HIV-1 seroconverter study. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95956. [PMID: 24788613 PMCID: PMC4006817 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Transmission of drug-resistant HIV-1 (TDR) can impair the virologic response to antiretroviral combination therapy. Aim of the study was to assess the impact of TDR on treatment success of resistance test-guided first-line therapy in the German HIV-1 Seroconverter Cohort for patients infected with HIV between 1996 and 2010. An update of the prevalence of TDR and trend over time was performed. Methods Data of 1,667 HIV-infected individuals who seroconverted between 1996 and 2010 were analysed. The WHO drug resistance mutations list was used to identify resistance-associated HIV mutations in drug-naïve patients for epidemiological analysis. For treatment success analysis the Stanford algorithm was used to classify a subset of 323 drug-naïve genotyped patients who received a first-line cART into three resistance groups: patients without TDR, patients with TDR and fully active cART and patients with TDR and non-fully active cART. The frequency of virologic failure 5 to 12 months after treatment initiation was determined. Results Prevalence of TDR was stable at a high mean level of 11.9% (198/1,667) in the HIV-1 Seroconverter Cohort without significant trend over time. Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor resistance was predominant (6.0%) and decreased significantly over time (OR = 0.92, CI = 0.87–0.98, p = 0.01). Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (2.4%; OR = 1.00, CI = 0.92–1.09, p = 0.96) and protease inhibitor resistance (2.0%; OR = 0.94, CI = 0.861.03, p = 0.17) remained stable. Virologic failure was observed in 6.5% of patients with TDR receiving fully active cART, 5,6% of patients with TDR receiving non-fully active cART and 3.2% of patients without TDR. The difference between the three groups was not significant (p = 0.41). Conclusion Overall prevalence of TDR remained stable at a rather high level. No significant differences in the frequency of virologic failure were identified during first-line cART between patients with TDR and fully-active cART, patients with TDR and non-fully active cART and patients without TDR.
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Frentz D, van de Vijver D, Abecasis A, Albert J, Hamouda O, Jørgensen L, Kücherer C, Struck D, Schmit JC, Vercauteren J, Åsjö B, Balotta C, Bergin C, Beshkov D, Camacho R, Clotet B, Griskevicius A, Grossman Z, Horban A, Kolupajeva T, Korn K, Kostrikis L, Linka KLM, Nielsen C, Otelea D, Paraskevis D, Paredes R, Poljak M, Puchhammer-Stöckl E, Sönnerborg A, Stanekova D, Stanojevic M, Vandamme AM, Boucher C, Programme AWOBOTSPREAD. Patterns of transmitted HIV drug resistance in Europe vary by risk group. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94495. [PMID: 24721998 PMCID: PMC3983178 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In Europe, a continuous programme (SPREAD) has been in place for ten years to study transmission of drug resistant HIV. We analysed time trends of transmitted drug resistance mutations (TDRM) in relation to the risk behaviour reported. Methods HIV-1 patients newly diagnosed in 27 countries from 2002 through 2007 were included. Inclusion was representative for risk group and geographical distribution in the participating countries in Europe. Trends over time were calculated by logistic regression. Results From the 4317 patients included, the majority was men-having-sex-with-men -MSM (2084, 48%), followed by heterosexuals (1501, 35%) and injection drug users (IDU) (355, 8%). MSM were more often from Western Europe origin, infected with subtype B virus, and recently infected (<1 year) (p<0.001). The prevalence of TDRM was highest in MSM (prevalence of 11.1%), followed by heterosexuals (6.6%) and IDU (5.1%, p<0.001). TDRM was predominantly ascribed to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) with a prevalence of 6.6% in MSM, 3.3% in heterosexuals and 2.0% in IDU (p = 0.001). A significant increase in resistance to non- nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) and a decrease in resistance to protease inhibitors was observed in MSM (p = 0.008 and p = 0.006, respectively), but not in heterosexual patients (p = 0.68 and p = 0.14, respectively). Conclusions MSM showed to have significantly higher TDRM prevalence compared to heterosexuals and IDU. The increasing NNRTI resistance in MSM is likely to negatively influence the therapy response of first-line therapy, as most include NNRTI drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dineke Frentz
- Department of virology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Ana Abecasis
- Centro de Malária e outras Doenças Tropicais, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jan Albert
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Daniel Struck
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, CRP-Santé, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Jean-Claude Schmit
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, CRP-Santé, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | | | - Birgitta Åsjö
- Section for Microbiology and Immunology, The Gade Institute, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Colm Bergin
- Department of GU Medicine & Infectious Diseases, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Danail Beshkov
- Department of Virology, National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ricardo Camacho
- Centro de Malária e outras Doenças Tropicais, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Hospital Egas Moniz, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Bonaventura Clotet
- irsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute & Lluita contra la SIDA Foundation, Hospital Universitari "Germans Trias i Pujol," Badalona, Spain
| | | | | | - Andrzej Horban
- Warsaw Medical University and Hospital of Infectious Diseases, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Klaus Korn
- University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Kirsi Liitsola Marek Linka
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Dan Otelea
- Molecular Diagnostics, "Prof Dr Matei Bals" Institute for Infectious Diseases, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Roger Paredes
- Department of Virology, National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | | | - Anders Sönnerborg
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Divisions of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Virology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Charles Boucher
- Department of virology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Annemarie Wensing31* on behalf of the SPREAD Programme
- Department of virology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Centro de Malária e outras Doenças Tropicais, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
- Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, CRP-Santé, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- Rega Institute, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Section for Microbiology and Immunology, The Gade Institute, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Department of GU Medicine & Infectious Diseases, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Virology, National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Sofia, Bulgaria
- Hospital Egas Moniz, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Lisboa, Portugal
- irsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute & Lluita contra la SIDA Foundation, Hospital Universitari "Germans Trias i Pujol," Badalona, Spain
- National Public Health Surveillance Laboratory, Vilnius, Lithuania
- Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
- Warsaw Medical University and Hospital of Infectious Diseases, Warsaw, Poland
- Infectology Center of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
- University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
- Molecular Diagnostics, "Prof Dr Matei Bals" Institute for Infectious Diseases, Bucharest, Romania
- Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Divisions of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Virology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovakia
- University of Belgrade School of Medicine, Belgrade, Serbia
- Department of Medical Microbiology,University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Avi R, Huik K, Pauskar M, Ustina V, Karki T, Kallas E, Jõgeda EL, Krispin T, Lutsar I. Transmitted drug resistance is still low in newly diagnosed human immunodeficiency virus type 1 CRF06_cpx-infected patients in Estonia in 2010. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2014; 30:278-83. [PMID: 24025024 PMCID: PMC3938922 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2012.0357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of transmitted drug resistance (TDR) in treatment-naive HIV-1-positive subjects is of concern, especially in the countries of the former Soviet Union in which the number of subjects exposed to antiretrovirals (ARV) has exponentially increased during the past decade. We assessed the rate of TDR among newly diagnosed subjects in Estonia in 2010 and compared it to that in 2008. The study included 325 subjects (87% of all subjects tested HIV positive from January 1 to December 31, 2010). Of the 244 sequenced viral genomic RNA in the reverse transcriptase (RT) region 214 were CRF06_cpx, nine were subtype A1, three (one each) were subtype B and subtype C, CRF02_AG, and CRF03_AB; 15 viruses remained unclassified as putative recombinant forms between CRF06_cpx and subtype A1. HIV-1 TDR mutations in 2010 and 2008 (n=145) occurred at similar frequency in 4.5% (95% CI 2.45; 7.98) and 5.5% (95% CI 1.8; 9.24) of the patients, respectively. In 2010, 2.5% (6/244) of the sequences harbored nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) (K103N and K101E), 1.6% (4/244) nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) (M41L, M184I, and K219E), and 0.4% (1/244) protease inhibitor (PI) (V82A) mutations. Our findings indicate that in spite of the increased consumption of ARVs the rate of TDR in Estonia has remained unchanged over the past 3 years. Similar stabilizing or even decreasing trends have been described in Western Europe and North America albeit at higher levels and in different socioeconomic backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radko Avi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kristi Huik
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Merit Pauskar
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Valentina Ustina
- HIV Reference Laboratory, West-Tallinn Central Hospital, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Tõnis Karki
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Eveli Kallas
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ene-Ly Jõgeda
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tõnu Krispin
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Irja Lutsar
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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Drescher SM, von Wyl V, Yang WL, Böni J, Yerly S, Shah C, Aubert V, Klimkait T, Taffé P, Furrer H, Battegay M, Ambrosioni J, Cavassini M, Bernasconi E, Vernazza PL, Ledergerber B, Günthard HF, Kouyos RD. Treatment-naive individuals are the major source of transmitted HIV-1 drug resistance in men who have sex with men in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study. Clin Infect Dis 2013; 58:285-94. [PMID: 24145874 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cit694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transmitted drug resistance (TDR) can compromise antiretroviral therapy (ART) and thus represents an important public health concern. Typically, sources of TDR remain unknown, but they can be characterized with molecular epidemiologic approaches. We used the highly representative Swiss HIV Cohort Study (SHCS) and linked drug resistance database (SHCS-DRDB) to analyze sources of TDR. METHODS ART-naive men who have sex with men with infection date estimates between 1996 and 2009 were chosen for surveillance of TDR in HIV-1 subtype B (N = 1674), as the SHCS-DRDB contains pre-ART genotypic resistance tests for >69% of this surveillance population. A phylogeny was inferred using pol sequences from surveillance patients and all subtype B sequences from the SHCS-DRDB (6934 additional patients). Potential sources of TDR were identified based on phylogenetic clustering, shared resistance mutations, genetic distance, and estimated infection dates. RESULTS One hundred forty of 1674 (8.4%) surveillance patients carried virus with TDR; 86 of 140 (61.4%) were assigned to clusters. Potential sources of TDR were found for 50 of 86 (58.1%) of these patients. ART-naive patients constitute 56 of 66 (84.8%) potential sources and were significantly overrepresented among sources (odds ratio, 6.43 [95% confidence interval, 3.22-12.82]; P < .001). Particularly large transmission clusters were observed for the L90M mutation, and the spread of L90M continued even after the near cessation of antiretroviral use selecting for that mutation. Three clusters showed evidence of reversion of K103N or T215Y/F. CONCLUSIONS Many individuals harboring viral TDR belonged to transmission clusters with other Swiss patients, indicating substantial domestic transmission of TDR in Switzerland. Most TDR in clusters could be linked to sources, indicating good surveillance of TDR in the SHCS-DRDB. Most TDR sources were ART naive. This, and the presence of long TDR transmission chains, suggests that resistance mutations are frequently transmitted among untreated individuals, highlighting the importance of early diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Drescher
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich
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von Wyl V, Klimkait T, Yerly S, Nicca D, Furrer H, Cavassini M, Calmy A, Bernasconi E, Böni J, Aubert V, Günthard HF, Bucher HC, Glass TR. Adherence as a predictor of the development of class-specific resistance mutations: the Swiss HIV Cohort Study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77691. [PMID: 24147057 PMCID: PMC3797701 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Non-adherence is one of the strongest predictors of therapeutic failure in HIV-positive patients. Virologic failure with subsequent emergence of resistance reduces future treatment options and long-term clinical success. Methods Prospective observational cohort study including patients starting new class of antiretroviral therapy (ART) between 2003 and 2010. Participants were naïve to ART class and completed ≥1 adherence questionnaire prior to resistance testing. Outcomes were development of any IAS-USA, class-specific, or M184V mutations. Associations between adherence and resistance were estimated using logistic regression models stratified by ART class. Results Of 314 included individuals, 162 started NNRTI and 152 a PI/r regimen. Adherence was similar between groups with 85% reporting adherence ≥95%. Number of new mutations increased with increasing non-adherence. In NNRTI group, multivariable models indicated a significant linear association in odds of developing IAS-USA (odds ratio (OR) 1.66, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.04-2.67) or class-specific (OR 1.65, 95% CI: 1.00-2.70) mutations. Levels of drug resistance were considerably lower in PI/r group and adherence was only significantly associated with M184V mutations (OR 8.38, 95% CI: 1.26-55.70). Adherence was significantly associated with HIV RNA in PI/r but not NNRTI regimens. Conclusion Therapies containing PI/r appear more forgiving to incomplete adherence compared with NNRTI regimens, which allow higher levels of resistance, even with adherence above 95%. However, in failing PI/r regimens good adherence may prevent accumulation of further resistance mutations and therefore help to preserve future drug options. In contrast, adherence levels have little impact on NNRTI treatments once the first mutations have emerged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor von Wyl
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Klimkait
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Yerly
- Laboratory of Virology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dunja Nicca
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Hansjakob Furrer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Cavassini
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Calmy
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Enos Bernasconi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Regional Hospital Lugano, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Böni
- Institute of Medical Virology, Swiss National Center for Retroviruses, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Aubert
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Huldrych F. Günthard
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Heiner C. Bucher
- Basel Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tracy R. Glass
- Basel Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Biostatistics, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Metzner KJ, Scherrer AU, Preiswerk B, Joos B, von Wyl V, Leemann C, Rieder P, Braun D, Grube C, Kuster H, Böni J, Yerly S, Klimkait T, Aubert V, Furrer H, Battegay M, Vernazza PL, Cavassini M, Calmy A, Bernasconi E, Weber R, Günthard HF. Origin of minority drug-resistant HIV-1 variants in primary HIV-1 infection. J Infect Dis 2013; 208:1102-12. [PMID: 23847055 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug-resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) minority variants (MVs) are present in some antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naive patients. They may result from de novo mutagenesis or transmission. To date, the latter has not been proven. METHODS MVs were quantified by allele-specific polymerase chain reaction in 204 acute or recent seroconverters from the Zurich Primary HIV Infection study and 382 ART-naive, chronically infected patients. Phylogenetic analyses identified transmission clusters. RESULTS Three lines of evidence were observed in support of transmission of MVs. First, potential transmitters were identified for 12 of 16 acute or recent seroconverters harboring M184V MVs. These variants were also detected in plasma and/or peripheral blood mononuclear cells at the estimated time of transmission in 3 of 4 potential transmitters who experienced virological failure accompanied by the selection of the M184V mutation before transmission. Second, prevalence between MVs harboring the frequent mutation M184V and the particularly uncommon integrase mutation N155H differed highly significantly in acute or recent seroconverters (8.2% vs 0.5%; P < .001). Third, the prevalence of less-fit M184V MVs is significantly higher in acutely or recently than in chronically HIV-1-infected patients (8.2% vs 2.5%; P = .004). CONCLUSIONS Drug-resistant HIV-1 MVs can be transmitted. To what extent the origin-transmission vs sporadic appearance-of these variants determines their impact on ART needs to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin J Metzner
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Abstract
The success of the HIV Prevention Trials Network 052 trial has led to revisions in HIV-1 treatment guidelines. Antiretroviral therapy may reduce the risk of HIV-1 transmissions at the population level. The design of successful treatment as prevention interventions will be predicated on a comprehensive understanding of the spatial, temporal, and biological dynamics of heterosexual men who have sex with men and intravenous drug user epidemics. Viral phylogenetics can capture the underlying structure of transmission networks based on the genetic interrelatedness of viral sequences and cluster networks that could not be otherwise identified. This article describes the phylogenetic expansion of the Montreal men who have sex with men epidemic over the last decade. High rates of coclustering of primary infections are associated with 1 infection leading to 13 onward transmissions. Phylogeny substantiates the role of primary and recent stage infection in transmission dynamics, underlying the importance of timely diagnosis and immediate antiretroviral therapy initiation to avert transmission cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bluma G Brenner
- Lady Davis Research Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill AIDS Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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30
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Phylogenetic inferences on HIV-1 transmission: implications for the design of prevention and treatment interventions. AIDS 2013; 27:1045-57. [PMID: 23902920 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e32835cffd9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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31
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Yebra G, Holguín Á, Pillay D, Hué S. Phylogenetic and demographic characterization of HIV-1 transmission in Madrid, Spain. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2013; 14:232-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2012.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Chaix ML, Seng R, Frange P, Tran L, Avettand-Fenoël V, Ghosn J, Reynes J, Yazdanpanah Y, Raffi F, Goujard C, Rouzioux C, Meyer L. Increasing HIV-1 non-B subtype primary infections in patients in France and effect of HIV subtypes on virological and immunological responses to combined antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2012; 56:880-7. [PMID: 23223603 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cis999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To analyze the time trends of the viral subtype distributions according to gender, risk group, and geographical origin of the patients in 1128 primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection (PHI), diagnosed in France (1996-2010). To study whether the viral diversity had an impact on the virological and immunological responses in patients initiating combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) soon after infection. METHODS The study population comprised PHI patients enrolled in the ANRS-PRIMO-cohort. Subtypes were determined by phylogenetic analysis of reverse transcriptase gene. Viral suppression (<400 copies/mL and <50 copies/mL) and CD4 T-cell counts increase were assessed for those who initiated cART at PHI diagnosis. RESULTS Non-B subtypes (285/1128, 25.3%) were present in all regions of France and all risk groups, and increased in frequency over time. Non-B strains were highly diverse and included 6 subtypes, 10 circulating recombinant forms (CRFs), and several unique recombinant forms (URFs). Virological response in patients infected with a non-B virus was similar to that of patients with a subtype-B virus over the first 2 years of cART. Patients infected with either a CRF02_AG strain or another non-B virus had better immunological responses than those infected with a subtype-B virus. CONCLUSIONS Over the last 15 years in France, viral diversity has increased in all risk groups. This is the first large study comparing the responses of patients treated since PHI and showing a similar virological and immunological response to cART between the 2 groups of patients (B and non-B). Our results are encouraging for countries where non-B strains predominate in view of the increasing availability of cART.
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Monge S, Guillot V, Alvarez M, Peña A, Viciana P, García-Bujalance S, Pérez Elias M, Iribarren J, Gutiérrez F, Itziar Casado M, Garcia F, CoRIS. Analysis of transmitted drug resistance in Spain in the years 2007–2010 documents a decline in mutations to the non-nucleoside drug class. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012; 18:E485-90. [DOI: 10.1111/1469-0691.12011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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34
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Xu S, Li J, Bao Z, Xing H, Zhong P, Li H, Zhou H, Li X, Wu S, Song A, Li X, Nie J, Wang Y. Development and Evaluation of a National Reference Panel of HIV-1 Protease and Reverse Transcriptase Drug-Resistance Mutations for HIV-1 Genotypic Resistance Assays in China. Mol Diagn Ther 2012; 14:31-41. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03256351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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35
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Readhead AC, Gordon DE, Wang Z, Anderson BJ, Brousseau KS, Kouznetsova MA, Forgione LA, Smith LC, Torian LV. Transmitted antiretroviral drug resistance in New York State, 2006-2008: results from a new surveillance system. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40533. [PMID: 22879878 PMCID: PMC3412856 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background HIV transmitted drug resistance (TDR) is a public health concern because it has the potential to compromise antiretroviral therapy (ART) at the population level. In New York State, high prevalence of TDR in a local cohort and a multiclass resistant case cluster led to the development and implementation of a statewide resistance surveillance system. Methodology We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of the 13,109 cases of HIV infection that were newly diagnosed and reported in New York State between 2006 and 2008, including 4,155 with HIV genotypes drawn within 3 months of initial diagnosis and electronically reported to the new resistance surveillance system. We assessed compliance with DHHS recommendations for genotypic resistance testing and estimated TDR among new HIV diagnoses. Principal Findings Of 13,109 new HIV diagnoses, 9,785 (75%) had laboratory evidence of utilization of HIV-related medical care, and 4,155 (43%) had a genotype performed within 3 months of initial diagnosis. Of these, 11.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 10.2%–12.1%) had any evidence of TDR. The proportion with mutations associated with any antiretroviral agent in the NNRTI, NRTI or PI class was 6.3% (5.5%–7.0%), 4.3% (3.6%–4.9%) and 2.9% (2.4%–3.4%), respectively. Multiclass resistance was observed in <1%. TDR did not increase significantly over time (p for trend = 0.204). Men who have sex with men were not more likely to have TDR than persons with heterosexual risk factor (OR 1.0 (0.77–1.30)). TDR to EFV+TDF+FTC and LPV/r+TDF+FTC regimens was 7.1% (6.3%–7.9%) and 1.4% (1.0%–1.8%), respectively. Conclusions/Significance TDR appears to be evenly distributed and stable among new HIV diagnoses in New York State; multiclass TDR is rare. Less than half of new diagnoses initiating care received a genotype per DHHS guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam C. Readhead
- The New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, HIV Epidemiology and Field Services Program, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Daniel E. Gordon
- The New York State Department of Health, Bureau of HIV/AIDS Epidemiology, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Zhengyan Wang
- The New York State Department of Health, Bureau of HIV/AIDS Epidemiology, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Bridget J. Anderson
- The New York State Department of Health, Bureau of HIV/AIDS Epidemiology, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Kathleen S. Brousseau
- The New York State Department of Health, Bureau of HIV/AIDS Epidemiology, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Maria A. Kouznetsova
- The New York State Department of Health, Bureau of HIV/AIDS Epidemiology, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Lisa A. Forgione
- The New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, HIV Epidemiology and Field Services Program, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Lou C. Smith
- The New York State Department of Health, Bureau of HIV/AIDS Epidemiology, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Lucia V. Torian
- The New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, HIV Epidemiology and Field Services Program, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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36
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Lai A, Violin M, Ebranati E, Franzetti M, Micheli V, Gismondo MR, Capetti A, Meraviglia P, Simonetti FR, Bozzi G, Ciccozzi M, Galli M, Zehender G, Balotta C. Transmission of resistant HIV type 1 variants and epidemiological chains in Italian newly diagnosed individuals. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2012; 28:857-65. [PMID: 21936750 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2011.0245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmission of HIV-1 and drug resistance continue to occur at a considerable level in Italy, influenced mainly by changes in modality of infection. However, the long period of infectivity makes difficult the interpretation of epidemiological networks, based on epidemiological data only. We studied 510 naive HIV-1-infected individuals, of whom 400 (78.4%) were newly diagnosed patients with an unknown duration of infection (NDs), with the aim of identifying sexual epidemiological networks and transmitted drug resistance (TDR) over a 7-year period. Clusters were identified by Bayesian methods for 412 patients with B subtype; 145 individuals (35.2%) clustered in 34 distinct clades. Within epidemiological networks males were 93.1% (n=135); the same proportion of patients has been infected by the sexual route; 62.1% (n=90) were men having sex with men (MSM) of whom 67.8% (n=61) were NDs. Among heterosexuals (n=44), males were predominant (79.5%, n=35) and 77.3% (n=34) were NDs. TDR in clusters was 11.7 % (n=17), of whom 76.5% (n=13) was found in MSM. TDR was predominantly associated with NRTI resistance in individuals with chronic infection (n=11). A high prevalence of epidemiological networks has been found in the metropolitan area of Milan, indicating a high frequency of transmission events. The cluster analysis of networks suggested that the source of new infections was mainly represented by males and MSM who have long lasting HIV-1 infection. Notably, the prevalence of resistance-conferring mutations was higher in chronically infected patients, carrying mainly resistance to thymidine analogs, the backbone of first antiretroviral (ARV) generation. Intervention strategies of public health are needed to limit HIV-1 transmission and the associated TDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Lai
- Department of Clinical Sciences ‘L. Sacco’ Hospital, Section of Infectious Diseases and Immunopathology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Michela Violin
- Department of Clinical Sciences ‘L. Sacco’ Hospital, Section of Infectious Diseases and Immunopathology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Erika Ebranati
- Department of Clinical Sciences ‘L. Sacco’ Hospital, Section of Infectious Diseases and Immunopathology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Franzetti
- Department of Clinical Sciences ‘L. Sacco’ Hospital, Section of Infectious Diseases and Immunopathology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Micheli
- Department of Clinical Sciences ‘L. Sacco’ Hospital, Section of Microbiology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Rita Gismondo
- Department of Clinical Sciences ‘L. Sacco’ Hospital, Section of Microbiology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Amedeo Capetti
- 1st Infectious Diseases Clinic, ‘L. Sacco’ Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Meraviglia
- 2nd Infectious Diseases Clinic, ‘L. Sacco’ Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Roberto Simonetti
- Department of Clinical Sciences ‘L. Sacco’ Hospital, Section of Infectious Diseases and Immunopathology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Bozzi
- Department of Clinical Sciences ‘L. Sacco’ Hospital, Section of Infectious Diseases and Immunopathology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Masimo Ciccozzi
- Epidemiology Unit, Department of Infectious, Parasite and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Italian Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Galli
- Department of Clinical Sciences ‘L. Sacco’ Hospital, Section of Infectious Diseases and Immunopathology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianguglielmo Zehender
- Department of Clinical Sciences ‘L. Sacco’ Hospital, Section of Infectious Diseases and Immunopathology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Balotta
- Department of Clinical Sciences ‘L. Sacco’ Hospital, Section of Infectious Diseases and Immunopathology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Prevalence of Drug Resistance and Associated Mutations in a Population of HIV-1(+) Puerto Ricans: 2006-2010. AIDS Res Treat 2012; 2012:934041. [PMID: 22593823 PMCID: PMC3347695 DOI: 10.1155/2012/934041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Revised: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This is a continuation of our efforts to maintain a record of the evolution of HIV-1 infection in Puerto Rico by monitoring the expression levels of antiretroviral drug-resistance-associated mutations. Samples from 2,500 patients from 2006–2010 were analyzed using the TruGene HIV-1 genotyping kit and the OpenGene DNA sequencing system. Results show that 58.8% of males and 65.3% of females had HIV-1 with resistance to at least one medication. The average number of HIV mutations was 6.0 in males and 6.1 in females. Statistically significant differences between men and women were recorded in the levels of HIV-1 expressed mutations and antiretroviral drug resistance. The most prevalent antiretroviral medication resistance shifted from zalcitabine to nevirapine and efavirenz in the five-year period. M184V and L63P were the dominant mutations for the reverse transcriptase and the protease genes, respectively, but an increase in the incidence of minority mutations was observed.
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38
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Karlsson A, Björkman P, Bratt G, Ekvall H, Gisslén M, Sönnerborg A, Mild M, Albert J. Low prevalence of transmitted drug resistance in patients newly diagnosed with HIV-1 infection in Sweden 2003-2010. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33484. [PMID: 22448246 PMCID: PMC3308981 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmitted drug resistance (TDR) is a clinical and epidemiological problem because it may contribute to failure of antiretroviral treatment. The prevalence of TDR varies geographically, and its prevalence in Sweden during the last decade has not been reported. Plasma samples from 1,463 patients newly diagnosed with HIV-1 infection between 2003 and 2010, representing 44% of all patients diagnosed in Sweden during this period, were analyzed using the WHO 2009 list of mutations for surveillance of TDR. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic analyses were used to determine genetic subtype and to investigate the relatedness of the sequences. Eighty-two patients showed evidence of TDR, representing a prevalence of 5.6% (95% CI: 4.5%–6.9%) without any significant time trends or differences between patients infected in Sweden or abroad. Multivariable logistic regression showed that TDR was positively associated with men who have sex with men (MSM) and subtype B infection and negatively associated with CD4 cell counts. Among patients with TDR, 54 (68%) had single resistance mutations, whereas five patients had multi-drug resistant HIV-1. Phylogenetic analyses identified nine significantly supported clusters involving 29 of the patients with TDR, including 23 of 42 (55%) of the patients with TDR acquired in Sweden. One cluster contained 18 viruses with a M41L resistance mutation, which had spread among MSM in Stockholm over a period of at least 16 years (1994–2010). Another cluster, which contained the five multidrug resistant viruses, also involved MSM from Stockholm. The prevalence of TDR in Sweden 2003–2010 was lower than in many other European countries. TDR was concentrated among MSM, where clustering of TDR strains was observed, which highlights the need for continued and improved measures for targeted interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Karlsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Björkman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö Infectious Disease Research Unit, Malmö University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Göran Bratt
- Venhälsan, Stockholm South General Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Håkan Ekvall
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sundsvall Hospital, Sundsvall, Sweden
| | - Magnus Gisslén
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Sönnerborg
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mattias Mild
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Swedish Institute for Communicable Diseases, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Albert
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Factors limiting the transmission of HIV mutations conferring drug resistance: fitness costs and genetic bottlenecks. Sci Rep 2012; 2:320. [PMID: 22432052 PMCID: PMC3307053 DOI: 10.1038/srep00320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmission of HIV strains with drug-resistance mutations (DRMs) causes public health problems in resource-rich countries. We use a stochastic model, with data from viral competition experiments, to analyze the effect of fitness costs (FCs) and genetic bottlenecks on limiting transmission of 10 clinically significant DRMs. Transmission of DRMs with low FCs (∼0.2%) is similar to wild-type; transmission chains last ∼8 generations causing clusters of ∼60 infected individuals. Genetic bottlenecks substantially limit transmission of DRMs with moderately high FCs (∼0.6%); chains last ∼1–3 generations with transmission clusters of 2–7. Transmission of DRMs with extremely high FCs (>6%) only occurs from ∼5% of index cases. DRMs can revert to wild-type and remain as minority strains, within treatment-naïve individuals, undetectable by current resistance assays. We calculate, based on assay sensitivity, the length of time each DRM is detectable within individuals. Taken together, our results imply a hidden epidemic of transmitted resistance may exist.
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40
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Cadosch D, Bonhoeffer S, Kouyos R. Assessing the impact of adherence to anti-retroviral therapy on treatment failure and resistance evolution in HIV. J R Soc Interface 2012; 9:2309-20. [PMID: 22417909 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2012.0127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The adherence of patients to therapy is a crucial factor for successful HIV anti-retroviral therapy. Imperfect adherence may lead to treatment failure, which can cause the emergence of resistance within viral populations. We have developed a stochastic model that incorporates compartments of latently infected cells and virus genotypes with different susceptibilities to three simultaneously used drugs. With this model, we study the impact of several key parameters on the probability of treatment failure, i.e. insufficient viral suppression, and the emergence of resistance. Specifically, we consider the impact of drug dosage, drug half-lives, fitness costs for resistance, different basic reproductive numbers of the virus and the influence of pre-existing mutations under various levels of adherence. Furthermore, we also investigate the influence of different temporal distributions of non-adherent days (drug holidays) during a treatment. Factors that promote resistance evolution include a high reproductive number, extended drug holidays and poor adherence. Pre-existing mutations only have a substantial effect if they confer resistance against more than one drug. Overall, our study highlights the importance of the interactions between imperfect adherence, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and latently infected cells for our understanding of drug resistance and therapy failure in HIV anti-retroviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Cadosch
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
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41
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Oette M, Reuter S, Kaiser R, Lengauer T, Fätkenheuer G, Knechten H, Hower M, Pfister H, Häussinger D. Epidemiology of transmitted drug resistance in chronically HIV-infected patients in Germany: the RESINA study 2001-2009. Intervirology 2012; 55:154-9. [PMID: 22286886 DOI: 10.1159/000332015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Transmitted HIV drug resistance may impair treatment efficacy of combination antiretroviral therapy (ART). This study describes the epidemiology of transmitted resistance in chronically infected patients. METHODS In a prospective multicenter trial in Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany, transmitted drug resistance was determined by genotypic resistance testing in patients on initiation of first-line ART. RESULTS From 2001 to 2009, 2,078 patients were enrolled in the study. 79.9% were male, 81.2% were Caucasians, and a homosexual transmission mode was found in 51.3%. Of these patients, 41.5% were at the stage of AIDS, median CD4 cell count was 230/μl, and median viral load was 64.466 copies/ml. Transmitted drug resistance mutations were seen in 9.2% (95% CI, 7.9-10.4). Resistance in the nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor class was found in 5.8% (4.8-6.8), in the nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor class in 2.8% (2.1-3.6), and in the protease inhibitor class in 2.7% (2.0-3.4). After a continuous increase to a level above 10% in the years 2006 and 2007, a decline of drug resistance prevalence followed in 2008 and 2009. CONCLUSIONS Transmitted HIV drug resistance was found in around 10% of chronically infected patients in Germany who started their ART. We showed a moderate decline of the prevalence of mutant virus strains in recent years. Further surveillance of this phenomenon is mandatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Oette
- Clinic for General Medicine, Gastroenterology and Infectious Diseases, Augustinerinnen Hospital, Cologne, Germany.
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Most HIV type 1 non-B infections in the Spanish cohort of antiretroviral treatment-naïve HIV-infected patients (CoRIS) are due to recombinant viruses. J Clin Microbiol 2011; 50:407-13. [PMID: 22162552 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.05798-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 group M is classified into 9 subtypes, as well as recombinants favored by coinfection and superinfection events with different variants. Although HIV-1 subtype B is predominant in Europe, intersubtype recombinants are increasing in prevalence and complexity. In this study, phylogenetic analyses of pol sequences were performed to detect the HIV-1 circulating and unique recombinant forms (CRFs and URFs, respectively) in a Spanish cohort of antiretroviral treatment-naïve HIV-infected patients included in the Research Network on HIV/AIDS (CoRIS). Bootscanning and other methods were used to define complex recombinants not assigned to any subtype or CRF. A total of 670 available HIV-1 pol sequences from different patients were collected, of which 588 (87.8%) were assigned to HIV-1 subtype B and 82 (12.2%) to HIV-1 non-B variants. Recombinants caused the majority (71.9%) of HIV-1 non-B infections and were found in 8.8% of CoRIS patients. Eleven URFs (accounting for 13.4% of HIV-1 non-B infections), presenting complex mosaic patterns, were detected. Among them, 10 harbored subtype B fragments. Four of the 11 URFs were found in Spanish natives. A cluster of three B/CRF02_AG recombinants was detected. We conclude that complex variants, including unique recombinant forms, are being introduced into Spain through both immigrants and natives. An increase in the frequency of mosaic viruses, reflecting the increasing heterogeneity of the HIV epidemic in our country, is expected.
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Chalmet K, Dauwe K, Foquet L, Baatz F, Seguin-Devaux C, Van Der Gucht B, Vogelaers D, Vandekerckhove L, Plum J, Verhofstede C. Presence of CXCR4-Using HIV-1 in Patients With Recently Diagnosed Infection: Correlates and Evidence for Transmission. J Infect Dis 2011; 205:174-84. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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von Wyl V, Kouyos RD, Yerly S, Böni J, Shah C, Bürgisser P, Klimkait T, Weber R, Hirschel B, Cavassini M, Staehelin C, Battegay M, Vernazza PL, Bernasconi E, Ledergerber B, Bonhoeffer S, Günthard HF. The role of migration and domestic transmission in the spread of HIV-1 non-B subtypes in Switzerland. J Infect Dis 2011; 204:1095-103. [PMID: 21881125 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND By analyzing human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) pol sequences from the Swiss HIV Cohort Study (SHCS), we explored whether the prevalence of non-B subtypes reflects domestic transmission or migration patterns. METHODS Swiss non-B sequences and sequences collected abroad were pooled to construct maximum likelihood trees, which were analyzed for Swiss-specific subepidemics, (subtrees including ≥80% Swiss sequences, bootstrap >70%; macroscale analysis) or evidence for domestic transmission (sequence pairs with genetic distance <1.5%, bootstrap ≥98%; microscale analysis). RESULTS Of 8287 SHCS participants, 1732 (21%) were infected with non-B subtypes, of which A (n = 328), C (n = 272), CRF01_AE (n = 258), and CRF02_AG (n = 285) were studied further. The macroscale analysis revealed that 21% (A), 16% (C), 24% (CRF01_AE), and 28% (CRF02_AG) belonged to Swiss-specific subepidemics. The microscale analysis identified 26 possible transmission pairs: 3 (12%) including only homosexual Swiss men of white ethnicity; 3 (12%) including homosexual white men from Switzerland and partners from foreign countries; and 10 (38%) involving heterosexual white Swiss men and females of different nationality and predominantly nonwhite ethnicity. CONCLUSIONS Of all non-B infections diagnosed in Switzerland, <25% could be prevented by domestic interventions. Awareness should be raised among immigrants and Swiss individuals with partners from high prevalence countries to contain the spread of non-B subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor von Wyl
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland.
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von Wyl V, Yerly S, Böni J, Shah C, Cellerai C, Klimkait T, Battegay M, Bernasconi E, Cavassini M, Furrer H, Hirschel B, Vernazza PL, Ledergerber B, Günthard HF. Incidence of HIV-1 drug resistance among antiretroviral treatment-naive individuals starting modern therapy combinations. Clin Infect Dis 2011; 54:131-40. [PMID: 22057700 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cir728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Estimates of drug resistance incidence to modern first-line combination antiretroviral therapies against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 are complicated by limited availability of genotypic drug resistance tests (GRTs) and uncertain timing of resistance emergence. METHODS Five first-line combinations were studied (all paired with lamivudine or emtricitabine): efavirenz (EFV) plus zidovudine (AZT) (n = 524); EFV plus tenofovir (TDF) (n = 615); lopinavir (LPV) plus AZT (n = 573); LPV plus TDF (n = 301); and ritonavir-boosted atazanavir (ATZ/r) plus TDF (n = 250). Virological treatment outcomes were classified into 3 risk strata for emergence of resistance, based on whether undetectable HIV RNA levels were maintained during therapy and, if not, whether viral loads were >500 copies/mL during treatment. Probabilities for presence of resistance mutations were estimated from GRTs (n = 2876) according to risk stratum and therapy received at time of testing. On the basis of these data, events of resistance emergence were imputed for each individual and were assessed using survival analysis. Imputation was repeated 100 times, and results were summarized by median values (2.5th-97.5th percentile range). RESULTS Six years after treatment initiation, EFV plus AZT showed the highest cumulative resistance incidence (16%) of all regimens (<11%). Confounder-adjusted Cox regression confirmed that first-line EFV plus AZT (reference) was associated with a higher median hazard for resistance emergence, compared with other treatments: EFV plus TDF (hazard ratio [HR], 0.57; range, 0.42-0.76), LPV plus AZT (HR, 0.63; range, 0.45-0.89), LPV plus TDF (HR, 0.55; range, 0.33-0.83), ATZ/r plus TDF (HR, 0.43; range, 0.17-0.83). Two-thirds of resistance events were associated with detectable HIV RNA level ≤500 copies/mL during treatment, and only one-third with virological failure (HIV RNA level, >500 copies/mL). CONCLUSIONS The inclusion of TDF instead of AZT and ATZ/r was correlated with lower rates of resistance emergence, most likely because of improved tolerability and pharmacokinetics resulting from a once-daily dosage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor von Wyl
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
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Increase of transmitted drug resistance among HIV-infected sub-Saharan Africans residing in Spain in contrast to the native population. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26757. [PMID: 22046345 PMCID: PMC3201965 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The prevalence of transmitted HIV drug resistance (TDR) is stabilizing or decreasing in developed countries. However, this trend is not specifically evaluated among immigrants from regions without well-implemented antiretroviral strategies. Methods TDR trends during 1996–2010 were analyzed among naïve HIV-infected patients in Spain, considering their origin and other factors. TDR mutations were defined according to the World Health Organization list. Results Pol sequence was available for 732 HIV-infected patients: 292 native Spanish, 226 sub-Saharan Africans (SSA), 114 Central-South Americans (CSA) and 100 from other regions. Global TDR prevalence was 9.7% (10.6% for Spanish, 8.4% for SSA and 7.9% for CSA). The highest prevalences were found for protease inhibitors (PI) in Spanish (3.1%), for non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI) in SSA (6.5%) and for nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) in both Spanish and SSA (6.5%). The global TDR rate decreased from 11.3% in 2004–2006 to 8.4% in 2007–2010. Characteristics related to a decreasing TDR trend in 2007-10 were Spanish and CSA origin, NRTI- and NNRTI-resistance, HIV-1 subtype B, male sex and infection through injection drug use. TDR remained stable for PI-resistance, in patients infected through sexual intercourse and in those carrying non-B variants. However, TDR increased among SSA and females. K103N was the predominant mutation in all groups and periods. Conclusion TDR prevalence tended to decrease among HIV-infected native Spanish and Central-South Americans, but it increased up to 13% in sub-Saharan immigrants in 2007–2010. These results highlight the importance of a specific TDR surveillance among immigrants to prevent future therapeutic failures, especially when administering NNRTIs.
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Scherrer AU, Ledergerber B, von Wyl V, Böni J, Yerly S, Klimkait T, Bürgisser P, Rauch A, Hirschel B, Cavassini M, Elzi L, Vernazza PL, Bernasconi E, Held L, Günthard HF. Improved virological outcome in White patients infected with HIV-1 non-B subtypes compared to subtype B. Clin Infect Dis 2011; 53:1143-52. [PMID: 21998284 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cir669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antiretroviral compounds have been predominantly studied in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) subtype B, but only ~10% of infections worldwide are caused by this subtype. The analysis of the impact of different HIV subtypes on treatment outcome is important. METHODS The effect of HIV-1 subtype B and non-B on the time to virological failure while taking combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) was analyzed. Other studies that have addressed this question were limited by the strong correlation between subtype and ethnicity. Our analysis was restricted to white patients from the Swiss HIV Cohort Study who started cART between 1996 and 2009. Cox regression models were performed; adjusted for age, sex, transmission category, first cART, baseline CD4 cell counts, and HIV RNA levels; and stratified for previous mono/dual nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor treatment. RESULTS Included in our study were 4729 patients infected with subtype B and 539 with non-B subtypes. The most prevalent non-B subtypes were CRF02_AG (23.8%), A (23.4%), C (12.8%), and CRF01_AE (12.6%). The incidence of virological failure was higher in patients with subtype B (4.3 failures/100 person-years; 95% confidence interval [CI], 4.0-4.5]) compared with non-B (1.8 failures/100 person-years; 95% CI, 1.4-2.4). Cox regression models confirmed that patients infected with non-B subtypes had a lower risk of virological failure than those infected with subtype B (univariable hazard ratio [HR], 0.39 [95% CI, .30-.52; P < .001]; multivariable HR, 0.68 [95% CI, .51-.91; P = .009]). In particular, subtypes A and CRF02_AG revealed improved outcomes (multivariable HR, 0.54 [95% CI, .29-.98] and 0.39 [95% CI, .19-.79], respectively). CONCLUSIONS Improved virological outcomes among patients infected with non-B subtypes invalidate concerns that these individuals are at a disadvantage because drugs have been designed primarily for subtype B infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra U Scherrer
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland.
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Stadler T, Kouyos R, von Wyl V, Yerly S, Böni J, Bürgisser P, Klimkait T, Joos B, Rieder P, Xie D, Günthard HF, Drummond AJ, Bonhoeffer S. Estimating the basic reproductive number from viral sequence data. Mol Biol Evol 2011; 29:347-57. [PMID: 21890480 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msr217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological processes leave a fingerprint in the pattern of genetic structure of virus populations. Here, we provide a new method to infer epidemiological parameters directly from viral sequence data. The method is based on phylogenetic analysis using a birth-death model (BDM) rather than the commonly used coalescent as the model for the epidemiological transmission of the pathogen. Using the BDM has the advantage that transmission and death rates are estimated independently and therefore enables for the first time the estimation of the basic reproductive number of the pathogen using only sequence data, without further assumptions like the average duration of infection. We apply the method to genetic data of the HIV-1 epidemic in Switzerland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Stadler
- Institute of Integrative Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
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Comparison of drug resistance scores for tipranavir in protease inhibitor-naive patients infected with HIV-1 B and non-B subtypes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 55:5362-6. [PMID: 21825300 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00611-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Genotypes of samples from protease inhibitor-naïve patients in Frankfurt's HIV Cohort were analyzed with five tipranavir resistance prediction algorithms. Mean scores were higher in non-B than in B subtypes. The proportion of non-B subtypes increased with increasing scores, except in weighted algorithms. Virtual and in vitro phenotype analyses of samples with increased scores showed no reduced tipranavir susceptibility. Current algorithms appear suboptimal for interpretation of resistance to tipranavir in non-B subtypes; increased scores might reflect algorithm bias rather than "natural resistance."
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Transmission of HIV drug resistance and non-B subtype distribution in the Spanish cohort of antiretroviral treatment naïve HIV-infected individuals (CoRIS). Antiviral Res 2011; 91:150-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2011] [Revised: 05/22/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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