1
|
Lee SH, Lee JE, Lee SO, Lee S, Ko WS, Kim HH, Shin KH, Kang JS, Son H. Temporal Trends in Syphilis Incidence among Men with HIV in Busan, Korea, 2005-2022: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Viruses 2024; 16:265. [PMID: 38400040 PMCID: PMC10892186 DOI: 10.3390/v16020265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
We aimed to assess the temporal trends of incident syphilis and its associated risk factors among men with HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) in Korea during the COVID-19 pandemic. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of men with HIV attending an HIV clinic in Korea between 2005 and 2022. Of 767 men with HIV, 499 were included and contributed 3220 person-years (PY) of the observation period. Eighty-two patients were diagnosed with incident syphilis, with an overall incidence of 2.55/100 PY (95% confidence interval [CI] 20.56-31.53). The incidence of syphilis per 100 PY gradually decreased from 2.43 (0.79-7.42) in 2005-2007 to 1.85 (1.08-3.17) in 2014-2016; however, it increased to 3.0 (1.99-4.53) in 2017-2019, and further to 3.33 (2.26-4.89) in 2020-2022. A multivariate analysis identified young age (≤30 years versus >50, adjusted HR 6.27, 95% CI 2.38-16.56, p < 0.001), treponemal test positive at baseline (2.33, 1.48-3.67, p < 0.001), men who have sex with men (2.36, 1.34-4.16, p = 0.003), and history of incarceration (2.62, 1.21-5.67, p = 0.015) as risk factors for incident syphilis. Recently, syphilis incidence in men with HIV has increased in Korea, especially in young patients and at-risk groups, highlighting the need for enhanced regular screening and targeted behavioral interventions among these populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sun Hee Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine and Pusan National University Hospital, Busan 49241, Republic of Korea; (S.H.L.); (J.E.L.); (S.O.L.); (W.S.K.)
| | - Jeong Eun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine and Pusan National University Hospital, Busan 49241, Republic of Korea; (S.H.L.); (J.E.L.); (S.O.L.); (W.S.K.)
| | - Soon Ok Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine and Pusan National University Hospital, Busan 49241, Republic of Korea; (S.H.L.); (J.E.L.); (S.O.L.); (W.S.K.)
| | - Shinwon Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine and Pusan National University Hospital, Busan 49241, Republic of Korea; (S.H.L.); (J.E.L.); (S.O.L.); (W.S.K.)
| | - Woo Seog Ko
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine and Pusan National University Hospital, Busan 49241, Republic of Korea; (S.H.L.); (J.E.L.); (S.O.L.); (W.S.K.)
| | - Hyung-Hoi Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan 49241, Republic of Korea; (H.-H.K.); (K.-H.S.)
- Biomedical Informatics Unit, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan 49241, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Hwa Shin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan 49241, Republic of Korea; (H.-H.K.); (K.-H.S.)
| | - Jin Suk Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan 47392, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hyunjin Son
- Department of Prevention Medicine, Donga University School of Medicine, Donga University Hospital, Busan 49201, Republic of Korea;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sang JM, Wong J, Ryan V, Cumming E, Wang L, Cui Z, Bacani N, Haag D, Lachowsky NJ, Cox J, Grace D, Otterstatter M, Morshed M, Edward J, Grennan T, Arkles J, Brownrigg B, Hogg RS, Moore DM. Examining the impacts of a syphilis awareness campaign among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (gbMSM) in British Columbia, Canada. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE SANTE PUBLIQUE 2023; 114:295-307. [PMID: 36156198 PMCID: PMC10036687 DOI: 10.17269/s41997-022-00690-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Syphilis rates have increased in BC and disproportionately affect gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (gbMSM). A social marketing campaign (Syphistory) ran from January to September 2017 with the primary goal of increasing syphilis knowledge and a secondary goal of increasing syphilis screening among gbMSM in BC. METHODS We used pre- and post-campaign surveys to assess changes in syphilis knowledge from a convenience sample of clients attending STI clinics using one-sided t-tests. We used online Piwik metrics to examine the campaign reach, and provincial testing data to examine trends in syphilis screening. We used data from the Engage Study to examine factors associated with campaign awareness and associations with syphilis testing. RESULTS Of the 2155 visitors to the Syphistory website with known geography, 79.4% were from BC. Moreover, STI clinic participants who saw the campaign demonstrated a greater knowledge of syphilis (9.7/12, 80.8%) than those who did not see the campaign (mean 8.9/12, 74%) (p < 0.001). Provincial syphilis testing rates were 8764 and 9749 in the 12 months before and after the campaign; however, we did not find an overall trend in testing before versus after the campaign (p = 0.147). Among Engage participants, 12.7% reported seeing the campaign and we found an association between campaign exposure and recent syphilis testing (aOR = 2.73; 95% CI = 1.51, 4.93). CONCLUSION gbMSM who saw the campaign were more likely to report being tested for syphilis in the previous 6 months. STI clinic attendees who reported seeing the campaign also had higher syphilis knowledge compared to those who did not.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan M Sang
- BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Jason Wong
- BC Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Venessa Ryan
- BC Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Emma Cumming
- BC Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Lu Wang
- BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Zishan Cui
- BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Nicanor Bacani
- BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Devon Haag
- BC Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Nathan J Lachowsky
- BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Joseph Cox
- McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Direction régionale de santé publique - Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Michael Otterstatter
- BC Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Muhammad Morshed
- BC Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Joshua Edward
- BC Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Troy Grennan
- BC Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | | | - Robert S Hogg
- BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - David M Moore
- BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bosetti D, Mugglin C, Calmy A, Cavassini M, Stöckle M, Braun D, Notter J, Haerry D, Hampel B, Kovari H, Bernasconi E, Wandeler G, Rauch A, Aebi-Popp K, Anagnostopoulos A, Battegay M, Bernasconi E, Braun DL, Bucher HC, Calmy A, Cavassini M, Ciuffi A, Dollenmaier G, Egger M, Elzi L, Fehr J, Fellay J, Furrer H, Fux CA, Günthard HF, Hachfeld A, Haerry D, Hasse B, Hirsch HH, Hoffmann M, Hösli I, Huber M, Kahlert CR, Kaiser L, Keiser O, Klimkait T, Kouyos RD, Kovari H, Kusejko K, Martinetti G, Martinez de Tejada B, Marzolini C, Metzner KJ, Müller N, Nemeth J, Nicca D, Paioni P, Pantaleo G, Perreau M, Rauch A, Schmid P, Speck R, Stöckle M, Tarr P, Trkola A, Wandeler G, Yerly S. Risk Factors and Incidence of Sexually Transmitted Infections in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study. Open Forum Infect Dis 2022; 9:ofac592. [PMID: 36504700 PMCID: PMC9728517 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are common among people with human immunodeficiency virus (PWH), but there are limited data about risk factors and incidence of STIs in large, representative cohort studies. Methods We assessed incidence and risk factors of STIs reported by treating physicians within the Swiss HIV Cohort Study (SHCS). Sexually transmitted infections and demographic, clinical, and behavioral characteristics were prospectively collected at 6-month follow-up visits between October 2017 and November 2019. We used multilevel Poisson regression to assess incidence rate ratios of different STIs. Results Among 10 140 study participants, a total of 1634 STIs in 1029 SHCS participants were reported over 17 766 person-years of follow up (PYFUP). The overall incidence of any reported STI was 91.9 per 1000 PYFU (95% confidence interval [CI], 85.8 -98.5). Among the 1634 STI episodes, there were 573 (35.1%) incident cases of syphilis, 497 gonorrhea (30.4%), and 418 chlamydia (25.6%). Men who have sex with men (MSM) younger than 50 years represented 21% of the study population, but accounted for 61% of reported STIs. Male sex (adjusted incidence rate ratio [aIRR], 2.03; 95% CI, 1.36-3.02), MSM (aIRR, 3.62; 95% CI, 2.88-4.55), age group 18-34 years (aIRR, 1.78; 95% CI, 1.51-2.10), history of sexual relationships with occasional partners (aIRR, 6.87; 95% CI, 5.40-8.73), and reporting injecting drug use (aIRR, 2.48; 95% CI, 1.91-3.23) were associated with a higher risk of incident STIs. Conclusions Sexually transmitted infections were frequent among PWH and varied considerably between age and risk groups. Screening programs and recommendations for STI testing need to be adapted according to risk factors and demographic characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Catrina Mugglin
- Correspondence: Catrina Mugglin, MSc, MD, PhD, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Freiburgstrasse, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland ()
| | - Alexandra Calmy
- HIV/AIDS Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Cavassini
- University Hospital of Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Stöckle
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Braun
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital of Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Julia Notter
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | | | - Benjamin Hampel
- Department of Public and Global Health, Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland,Checkpoint Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Helen Kovari
- Zentrum für Infektionskrankheiten, Klinik im Park, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Enos Bernasconi
- Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Lugano, University of Geneva, and University of Southern Switzerland, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Gilles Wandeler
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Geneva, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Andri Rauch
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Geneva, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Girma S, Amogne W. Investigating latent syphilis in HIV treatment-experienced Ethiopians and response to therapy. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270878. [PMID: 35819944 PMCID: PMC9275702 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives We investigated people with HIV (PWH) receiving combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) for latent syphilis infection prevalence, risk factors, treatment response, and neurosyphilis. Methods A prospective follow-up study was conducted on PWH and latent syphilis. The cases were randomly assigned to receive either benzathine penicillin G (BPG) or doxycycline (DOXY), and the posttreatment response was evaluated after 12 and 24 months. The traditional algorithm was used for serodiagnosis, and a semi-quantitative rapid plasma reagin (RPR) test monitored disease activity and treatment effectiveness. Results Of the 823 participants, 64.8% were women, and the mean age was 41.7±10 years. Thirty-one (3.8%) of the participants (22 males and nine females) had latent syphilis. The risk factors were male sex (aOR = 3.14), increasing age (aOR = 1.04 per year), and cART duration (aOR = 1.01 per month). Baseline RPR titers were: ≤1:4 in 19 (61.3%), between 1:8 and 1:32 in 10 (32.2%), and >1:32 in 2 (6.4%). None of the seven cerebrospinal fluid analyses supported a neurosyphilis diagnosis. In the 12th month of treatment, 27 (87.1%) had adequate serological responses, three (9.7%) had serological nonresponse, and one (3.2%) had treatment failure. Syphilis treatment was repeated in the last four cases with the alternative drug. In terms of adequate serologic response, both therapies were comparable at the 12th month, p = 0.37. All cases responded to treatment in the 24th month. Conclusion In PWH receiving cART, latent syphilis occurred more in men than women, suggesting an investigation of sexual practices and the impact of antenatal syphilis screening. Syphilis disease activity reduces in the latent stage. Therefore, the routine cerebrospinal fluid analysis contributes little to the diagnosis of asymptomatic neurosyphilis and the treatment success of latent syphilis. DOXY is an alternative to BPG, and cART improves serologic response to latent syphilis treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Selamawit Girma
- College of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Department of Dermatovenerology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Wondwossen Amogne
- College of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- * E-mail: ,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li W, Han J, Zhao P, Wang D, Sun T, Guo J, He Y, Qu P, Liu Y, Shen C, Wang Y. Predicting asymptomatic neurosyphilis using peripheral blood indicators. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:1191. [PMID: 34836501 PMCID: PMC8626879 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06846-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The high misdiagnosis rate of asymptomatic neurosyphilis (ANS) has long challenged infectious disease clinicians. We aim to develop a model for diagnosing ANS in asymptomatic syphilis (AS) patients without CSF indicators. Results 277 AS patients with HIV-negative and underwent lumbar puncture were enrolled in this horizontal study.The area under the curve for predicting ANS by CSF leukocytes and protein was 0.643 and 0.675 [95% CI, 0.583–0.699VS.0.616–0.729]. Through LRM, the AUC increased to 0.806 [95% CI, 0.732–0.832], and the Youden's index was 0.430. If the score is ≤ 0.159, ANS can be excluded with a predictive value of 92.9%; we can identify ANS while the score is over 0.819, with a predictive value of 91.7% and a specificity of 99.25%. This study showed that the LRM can diagnose ANS in AS patients effectively. Conclusion Given a large number of misdiagnosis ANS patients and CSF results' insufficiency, the model is more practical. Our research will help clinicians track suspected syphilis, especially those who cannot accept the CSF test.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Ditan Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaqi Han
- ICU, The First Hospital of Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Pan Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Dagang Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Ditan Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tianhao Sun
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jie Guo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Ditan Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanqun He
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Ditan Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Pei Qu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Ditan Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Ditan Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Congle Shen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Ditan Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yajie Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Ditan Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Balakrishna S, Salazar-Vizcaya L, Schmidt AJ, Kachalov V, Kusejko K, Thurnheer MC, Roth JA, Nicca D, Cavassini M, Battegay M, Schmid P, Bernasconi E, Günthard HF, Rauch A, Kouyos RD. Assessing the drivers of syphilis among men who have sex with men in Switzerland reveals a key impact of screening frequency: A modelling study. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1009529. [PMID: 34699524 PMCID: PMC8570495 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, syphilis diagnoses among men-who-have-sex-with-men (MSM) have strongly increased in Europe. Understanding the drivers of the ongoing epidemic may aid to curb transmissions. In order to identify the drivers of syphilis transmission in MSM in Switzerland between 2006 and 2017 as well as the effect of potential interventions, we set up an epidemiological model stratified by syphilis stage, HIV-diagnosis, and behavioral factors to account for syphilis infectiousness and risk for transmission. In the main model, we used ‘reported non-steady partners’ (nsP) as the main proxy for sexual risk. We parameterized the model using data from the Swiss HIV Cohort Study, Swiss Voluntary Counselling and Testing center, cross-sectional surveys among the Swiss MSM population, and published syphilis notifications from the Federal Office of Public Health. The main model reproduced the increase in syphilis diagnoses from 168 cases in 2006 to 418 cases in 2017. It estimated that between 2006 and 2017, MSM with HIV diagnosis had 45.9 times the median syphilis incidence of MSM without HIV diagnosis. Defining risk as condomless anal intercourse with nsP decreased model accuracy (sum of squared weighted residuals, 378.8 vs. 148.3). Counterfactual scenarios suggested that increasing screening of MSM without HIV diagnosis and with nsP from once every two years to twice per year may reduce syphilis incidence (at most 12.8% reduction by 2017). Whereas, increasing screening among MSM with HIV diagnosis and with nsP from once per year to twice per year may substantially reduce syphilis incidence over time (at least 63.5% reduction by 2017). The model suggests that reporting nsP regardless of condom use is suitable for risk stratification when modelling syphilis transmission. More frequent screening of MSM with HIV diagnosis, particularly those with nsP may aid to curb syphilis transmission. Syphilis, one of the most common sexually transmitted infections, remains a major public health problem. Over the last decade, a rising number of diagnoses especially in men-who-have-sex-with-men (MSM) was observed in Western Europe and Northern America. In Switzerland, the number of syphilis diagnoses in MSM tripled between 2006 and 2017. In this study, we used a mathematical model to assess the drivers of this increase among MSM in Switzerland. Our model could reproduce the increase in syphilis diagnoses in both MSM with and without HIV diagnosis between 2006 and 2017. Based on this model we found that MSM with HIV diagnosis have an over 45 times higher syphilis incidence than MSM without HIV diagnosis. Furthermore, we found that reported sex with non-steady partners is a useful proxy of behavioral risk. Considering counterfactual scenarios, we showed that increasing the screening frequency for syphilis among MSM with HIV diagnosis and with non-steady partners from once a year to twice per year can reduce syphilis incidence by 63.5% to 99.2%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suraj Balakrishna
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Luisa Salazar-Vizcaya
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Axel J. Schmidt
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, Switzerland
- Sigma Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
| | - Viacheslav Kachalov
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Kusejko
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Jan A. Roth
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Basel Institute for Clinical Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Division of Research and Analytical Services, Department of Informatics, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dunja Nicca
- Institute of Nursing Science, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Cavassini
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Battegay
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Schmid
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Enos Bernasconi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Regional Hospital Lugano, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Huldrych F. Günthard
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andri Rauch
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Roger D. Kouyos
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ang LW, Choy CY, Ng OT, Leo YS, Wong CS. Hepatitis C virus infection in HIV-infected men in Singapore, 2006-2018: incidence and associated factors. Sex Health 2021; 18:221-231. [PMID: 34148565 DOI: 10.1071/sh20197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background The epidemiology of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in people living with HIV has been evolving, with increasing evidence of permucosal (sexual) transmission identified predominantly in HIV-positive men who have sex with men (MSM). The aim of this study was to estimate the incidence rate and elucidate epidemiological factors associated with HCV infection among HIV-infected men in Singapore from 2006 to 2018. METHODS A retrospective cohort study was conducted using a clinical database maintained by the Clinical HIV Program at the National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore. Factors associated with incident HCV infections were identified using Cox proportional hazards regression analyses. RESULTS Among 1348 HIV-infected male patients who were HCV seronegative at baseline, 64 (4.7%) subsequently tested positive for HCV, giving an incidence of 0.88 per 100 person-years of follow-up (PYFU) (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.69-1.13). The incidence rate of HCV seroconversion increased from 0.33 (95% CI 0.12-0.71) per 100 PYFU in 2010-2012 to 1.93 (95% CI 1.36-2.67) in 2016-2018. Independent factors associated with incident HCV infection were younger age groups at HIV diagnosis versus ≥45 years, HIV acquisition via MSM or via both sexual contact and intravenous drug use versus heterosexual transmission, HIV diagnosis in later periods versus 2006-2009, and recent syphilis acquisition. CONCLUSIONS An increasing trend of incident HCV infection was seen in HIV-infected men, particularly for MSM. Preventive and behavioural interventions should be targeted at HIV-infected individuals engaged in high-risk sexual behaviour.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Wei Ang
- National Public Health and Epidemiology Unit, National Centre for Infectious Diseases, 16 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, 308442, Singapore; and Corresponding author.
| | - Chiaw Yee Choy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Centre for Infectious Diseases, 16 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, 308442, Singapore
| | - Oon Tek Ng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Centre for Infectious Diseases, 16 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, 308442, Singapore; and Department of Infectious Diseases, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, 308433, Singapore; and Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 11 Mandalay Road, 308232, Singapore
| | - Yee Sin Leo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Centre for Infectious Diseases, 16 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, 308442, Singapore; and Department of Infectious Diseases, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, 308433, Singapore; and Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 11 Mandalay Road, 308232, Singapore; and Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, 16 Medical Drive, 117597, Singapore; and Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 10 Medical Drive, 117597, Singapore
| | - Chen Seong Wong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Centre for Infectious Diseases, 16 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, 308442, Singapore; and Department of Infectious Diseases, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, 308433, Singapore; and Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 11 Mandalay Road, 308232, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang Y, Wang J, Wei Y, Liu H, Wu C, Qu B, Yan Y. CXCL13 concentration in latent syphilis patients with treatment failure. Open Med (Wars) 2020; 15:635-643. [PMID: 33336020 PMCID: PMC7712197 DOI: 10.1515/med-2020-0204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the CXCL13 concentration of the serum and cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-negative latent syphilis patients with treatment failure and explore the change in CXCL13 after treatment. Sixty-eight latent syphilis patients with treatment failure (failure group), 68 syphilis patients with successful treatment (seroconversion group) and 18 patients with non-inflammatory diseases of the nervous system (control group) were included and serum and CSF were collected. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was employed to detect the CXCL13 in the serum and CSF. Results showed that the serum CXCL13 concentration was comparable among three groups, and the CSF leukocyte count, IgG index and CXCL13 concentration in the failure group were significantly higher than those in the seroconversion group and control group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). CSF CXCL13 concentration in the failure group was positively related to the CSF leukocyte count (r = 0.3594, P < 0.001). Of the 68 patients in the treatment failure group, neurosyphilis was found in 17 (25.0%). In conclusion, involvement of nervous system is one of the reasons for the treatment failure in patients with latent syphilis. Detection of CSF CXCL13 concentration is helpful for the diagnosis and therapeutic evaluation of HIV-negative latent syphilis patients with treatment failure and neurosyphilis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Third people's Hospital of Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Third people's Hospital of Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yingnan Wei
- Department of Neurology, The Third people's Hospital of Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huili Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Third people's Hospital of Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chunli Wu
- Department of Neurology, The Third people's Hospital of Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bin Qu
- Department of Neurology, The Third people's Hospital of Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yongxing Yan
- Department of Neurology, The Third people's Hospital of Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Epidemiological Features and Risk Factors for Acquiring Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, and Syphilis in HIV-Infected Patients in Shaanxi Province, Northwest China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17061990. [PMID: 32197326 PMCID: PMC7143838 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17061990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients are at a higher risk for co-infection with Hepatitis B virus (HBV), Hepatitis C virus (HCV), and Treponema pallidum (TP; the agent causing syphilis) than the general population. The prevalence of HBV, HCV, and syphilis has geographic differences and varies from region to region among HIV-positive individuals. A retrospective study was carried out on HIV-positive individuals between June 2011 and June 2016 in Shaanxi Province. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses using stepwise regression analysis regarding risk factors for HIV–HBV, HIV–HCV, and HIV–syphilis co-infection. HBV–HCV, HCV–syphilis, HBV–syphilis, and HBV–HCV–syphilis co-infection rates were 1.7%, 2.2%, 2.6%, and 0.1%, respectively. The rate of ineffective hepatitis B vaccine immunization was as high as 30.2% among HIV-positive individuals. Ethnicity (OR = 31.030, 95% CI: 11.643–82.694) and HIV transmission routes (OR = 134.024, 95% CI: 14.328–1253.653) were the risk factors for HCV infection in HIV-positive individuals. Among the HIV-positive individuals with the antibodies of TP, the rate of homosexual transmission was also higher, but heterosexual transmission was lower (OR = 0.549 95% CI: 0.382–0.789) The HIV-infected patients in Shaanxi Province had the characteristics of low active detection rate and late diagnosis. The high rate of ineffective vaccination against HBV suggests a need for improved vaccination services.
Collapse
|
10
|
Köksal MO, Beka H, Evlice O, Çiftçi S, Keskin F, Başaran S, Akgül B, Eraksoy H, Ağaçfidan A. Syphilis seroprevalence among HIV-infected males in Istanbul, Turkey. Rev Argent Microbiol 2020; 52:266-271. [PMID: 32178940 DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Syphilis has become a serious issue for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients worldwide in recent years; however, the studies related to HIV coinfection and syphilis reinfections in Istanbul, Turkey, are limited. Our objective was to determine the seroprevalence of syphilis among HIV-infected men in the city which has one of the highest HIV prevalence rates in Turkey. Two hundred and forty four (244) HIV-positive men were evaluated at Istanbul Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Microbiology from March to June 2018. Serum samples were screened for the presence of antibodies against Treponema pallidum using the chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (CMIA). Samples found to be positive were investigated with the rapid plasma reagin (RPR) test and the T. pallidum hemagglutination assay (TPHA). The patients completed a questionnaire for sociodemographic data. The mean age was found to be 41.8 years; 35.6% were men who have sex with men (MSM). The overall seroprevalence of syphilis among the patients was 19.3%. MSM had a significantly higher seroprevalence than heterosexual patients (28.7%). In Turkey, there is a high seroprevalence of syphilis in HIV-infected patients, MSM being the most affected group. Therefore, HIV-infected patients should be screened for syphilis at least annually and should be informed about sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muammer Osman Köksal
- Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hayati Beka
- Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Oğuz Evlice
- Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Infectious Disease and Clinical Microbiology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sevgi Çiftçi
- Istanbul University, Dentistry Faculty, Unit of Microbiology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fahriye Keskin
- Istanbul University, Dentistry Faculty, Unit of Microbiology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Seniha Başaran
- Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Infectious Disease and Clinical Microbiology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Baki Akgül
- Institute of Virology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Haluk Eraksoy
- Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Infectious Disease and Clinical Microbiology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ali Ağaçfidan
- Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology, Istanbul, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Roth JA, Franzeck FC, Balakrishna S, Lautenschlager S, Thurnheer MC, Trellu LT, Cavassini M, Vernazza P, Bernasconi E, Braun D, Kouyos RD, Battegay M. Repeated Syphilis Episodes in HIV-Infected Men Who Have Sex With Men: A Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study on Risk Factors and the Potential Role of Syphilis Immunity. Open Forum Infect Dis 2020; 7:ofaa019. [PMID: 32016128 PMCID: PMC6988838 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofaa019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Syphilis is re-emerging globally in general and HIV-infected populations, and repeated syphilis episodes may play a central role in syphilis transmission among core groups. Besides sexual behavioral factors, little is known about determinants of repeated syphilis episodes in HIV-infected individuals—including the potential impact of preceding syphilis episodes on subsequent syphilis risk. Methods In the prospective Swiss HIV cohort study, with routine syphilis testing since 2004, we analyzed HIV-infected men who have sex with men (MSM). Our primary outcome was first and repeated syphilis episodes. We used univariable and multivariable Andersen-Gill models to evaluate risk factors for first and repeated incident syphilis episodes. Results Within the 14-year observation period, we included 2513 HIV-infected MSM with an initially negative syphilis test. In the univariable and multivariable analysis, the number of prior syphilis episodes (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] per 1-episode increase, 1.15; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01–1.31), having occasional sexual partners with or without condomless anal sex (aHR, 4.99; 95% CI, 4.08–6.11; and aHR, 2.54; 95% CI, 2.10–3.07), and being currently on antiretroviral therapy (aHR, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.21–2.16) were associated with incident syphilis. Conclusions In HIV-infected MSM, we observed no indication of decreased syphilis risk with repeated syphilis episodes. The extent of sexual risk behavior over time was the strongest risk factor for repeated syphilis episodes. The observed association of antiretroviral therapy with repeated syphilis episodes warrants further immunological and epidemiological investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan A Roth
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Basel Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fabian C Franzeck
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Suraj Balakrishna
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Lautenschlager
- Outpatient Clinic of Dermatology and Venerology, City Hospital Triemli, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Laurence Toutous Trellu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Geneva, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Cavassini
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pietro Vernazza
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Enos Bernasconi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Regional Hospital Lugano, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Braun
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roger D Kouyos
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Battegay
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Vadboncoeur J, Labbé AC, Fortin C, Serhir B, Rabia Y, Najem K, Jaworski L, Aubin MJ. Ocular syphilis: case series (2000-2015) from 2 tertiary care centres in Montreal, Canada. Can J Ophthalmol 2019; 55:30-37. [PMID: 31712031 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjo.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the demographics, clinical presentation, proportion of co-infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and treatment of patients with ocular syphilis seen at the ophthalmology department of 2 tertiary centres in Montreal, Canada. DESIGN Retrospective case series. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS A total of 169 eyes of 115 patients, seen between 2000 and 2015, with a positive syphilis treponemal serology and a likely syphilis-related ophthalmologic diagnosis. Subgroup analysis was performed between HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected patients. RESULTS Mean age of onset was 55 years, and 79% were male. Mean presenting logMAR visual acuity was 0.7. HIV status was available for 66%, of whom 49% were HIV-infected. The anatomical ocular diagnoses included isolated anterior uveitis (18%) and posterior segment involvement (42%). Both eyes were affected in 47%. Lumbar puncture (LP) was performed in 55%, of whom 22% had a positive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) test. Antibiotherapy, consisting of intravenous penicillin alone or in addition to intramuscular benzathine penicillin, was administered in 65 patients (69%). Treatment allowed a visual improvement of -0.23 logMAR. HIV-infected patients were younger men (p < 0.01) and had more abnormal CSF analysis (p = 0.02), but there were no statistically significant differences in the anatomical location of ocular inflammation or visual function improvement. CONCLUSIONS Given its varied presentations, syphilis must always be part of the differential diagnosis of intraocular inflammation. HIV testing and an LP are required in the evaluation of ocular syphilis, which should be treated as neurosyphilis with the appropriate regimen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Annie-Claude Labbé
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont (HMR), CIUSSS de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montreal, Que.; Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Montreal, Que
| | - Claude Fortin
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Montreal, Que.; Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montreal, Que
| | - Bouchra Serhir
- Laboratoire de santé publique du Québec, Institut national de santé publique du Québec, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Que
| | - Yasmine Rabia
- Ophthalmology Resident, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Que
| | - Kinda Najem
- Department of Ophthalmology, CUO-HMR, CIUSSS de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montreal, Que
| | | | - Marie-Josée Aubin
- Department of Ophthalmology, CUO-HMR, CIUSSS de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montreal, Que.; Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Université de Montreal, Montreal, Que
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lucar J, Hart R, Rayeed N, Terzian A, Weintrob A, Siegel M, Parenti DM, Squires LE, Williams R, Castel AD, Benator DA. Sexually Transmitted Infections Among HIV-Infected Individuals in the District of Columbia and Estimated HIV Transmission Risk: Data From the DC Cohort. Open Forum Infect Dis 2018; 5:ofy017. [PMID: 29479550 PMCID: PMC5804762 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofy017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Washington, DC, has one of the highest rates of HIV infection in the United States. Sexual intercourse is the leading mode of HIV transmission, and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are a risk factor for HIV acquisition and transmission. Methods We evaluated the incidence and demographic factors associated with chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis among HIV-infected persons enrolled at 13 DC Cohort sites from 2011 to 2015. Using Poisson regression, we assessed covariates of risk for incident STIs. We also examined HIV viral loads (VLs) at the time of STI diagnosis as a proxy for HIV transmission risk. Results Six point seven percent (451/6672) developed an incident STI during a median follow-up of 32.5 months (4% chlamydia, 3% gonorrhea, 2% syphilis); 30% of participants had 2 or more STI episodes. The incidence rate of any STIs was 3.8 cases per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.5-4.1); age 18-34 years, 10.8 (95% CI, 9.7-12.0); transgender women, 9.9 (95% CI, 6.9-14.0); Hispanics, 9.2 (95% CI, 7.2-11.8); and men who have sex with men (MSM), 7.7 (95% CI, 7.1-8.4). Multivariate Poisson regression showed younger age, Hispanic ethnicity, MSM risk, and higher nadir CD4 counts to be strongly associated with STIs. Among those with an STI, 41.8% had a detectable VL within 1 month of STI diagnosis, and 14.6% had a VL ≥1500 copies/mL. Conclusions STIs are highly prevalent among HIV-infected persons receiving care in DC. HIV transmission risk is considerable at the time of STI diagnosis. Interventions toward risk reduction, antiretroviral therapy adherence, and HIV virologic suppression are critical at the time of STI evaluation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jose Lucar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, DC.,Infectious Diseases Section, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC.,Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | | | | | | | - Amy Weintrob
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, DC.,Infectious Diseases Section, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Marc Siegel
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - David M Parenti
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Leah E Squires
- Infectious Diseases Section, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC.,Department of Psychology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Rush Williams
- Infectious Diseases Section, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC.,Columbia Health, Columbia University in the City of New York, New York, New York
| | | | - Debra A Benator
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, DC.,Infectious Diseases Section, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Gueler A, Moser A, Calmy A, Günthard HF, Bernasconi E, Furrer H, Fux CA, Battegay M, Cavassini M, Vernazza P, Zwahlen M, Egger M. Life expectancy in HIV-positive persons in Switzerland: matched comparison with general population. AIDS 2017; 31:427-436. [PMID: 27831953 PMCID: PMC5302412 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: To estimate life expectancy over 25 years in HIV-positive people and to compare their life expectancy with recent estimates for the general population, by education. Methods: Patients aged 20 years or older enrolled in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study 1988–2013 were eligible. Patients alive in 2001 were matched to up to 100 Swiss residents, by sex, year of birth, and education. Life expectancy at age 20 was estimated for monotherapy (1988–1991), dual therapy (1992–1995), early combination antiretroviral therapy (cART, 1996–1998), later cART (1999–2005) and recent cART (2006–2013) eras. Parametric survival regression was used to model life expectancy. Results: In all, 16 532 HIV-positive patients and 927 583 residents were included. Life expectancy at age 20 of HIV-positive individuals increased from 11.8 years [95% confidence interval (CI) 11.2–12.5] in the monotherapy era to 54.9 years (95% CI 51.2–59.6) in the most recent cART era. Differences in life expectancy across educational levels emerged with cART. In the most recent cART period, life expectancy at age 20 years was 52.7 years (95% CI 46.4–60.1) with compulsory education, compared to 60.0 years (95% CI 53.4–67.8) with higher education. Estimates for the general population were 61.5 and 65.6 years, respectively. Male sex, smoking, injection drug use, and low CD4+ cell counts at enrolment were also independently associated with mortality. Conclusion: In Switzerland, educational inequalities in life expectancy were larger among HIV-infected persons than in the general population. Highly educated HIV-positive people have an estimated life expectancy similar to Swiss residents with compulsory education. Earlier start of cART and effective smoking-cessation programs could improve HIV-positive life expectancy further and reduce inequalities.
Collapse
|
15
|
Shilaih M, Marzel A, Braun DL, Scherrer AU, Kovari H, Young J, Calmy A, Darling K, Battegay M, Hoffmann M, Bernasconi E, Thurnheer MC, Günthard HF, Kouyos RD. Factors associated with syphilis incidence in the HIV-infected in the era of highly active antiretrovirals. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e5849. [PMID: 28079818 PMCID: PMC5266180 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000005849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
After several years of steady decline, syphilis is reemerging globally as a public health hazard, especially among people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Syphilis resurgence is observed mainly in men who have sex with men (MSM), yet other transmission groups are affected too. In this manuscript, we study the factors associated with syphilis incidence in the Swiss HIV cohort study in the era of highly effective antiretrovirals. Using parametric interval censored models with fixed and time-varying covariates, we studied the immunological, behavioral, and treatment-related elements associated with syphilis incidence in 3 transmission groups: MSM, heterosexuals, and intravenous drug users. Syphilis incidence has been increasing annually since 2005, with up to 74 incident cases per 1000 person-years in 2013, with MSM being the population with the highest burden (92% of cases). While antiretroviral treatment (ART) in general did not affect syphilis incidence, nevirapine (NVP) was associated with a lower hazard of syphilis incidence (multivariable hazard ratio 0.5, 95% confidence interval 0.2-1.0). We observed that condomless sex and younger age were associated with higher syphilis incidence. Moreover, time-updated CD4, nadir CD4, and CD8 cell counts were not associated with syphilis incidence. Finally, testing frequency higher than the recommended once a year routine testing was associated with a 2-fold higher risk of acquiring syphilis. Condomless sex is the main driver of syphilis resurgence in the Swiss HIV Cohort study; ART and immune reconstitution provide no protection against syphilis. This entails targeted interventions and frequent screening of high-risk populations. There is no known effect of NVP on syphilis; therefore, further clinical, epidemiological, and microbiological investigation is necessary to validate our observation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohaned Shilaih
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich
| | - Alex Marzel
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich
| | - Dominique L. Braun
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich
| | - Alexandra U. Scherrer
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich
| | - Helen Kovari
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich
| | - Jim Young
- Basel Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University Hospital Basel, Basel
| | - Alexandra Calmy
- Infectious Diseases Department, Genève University Hospital, Genève
| | - Katharine Darling
- Infectious Diseases Department, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne
| | - Manuel Battegay
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel
| | - Matthias Hoffmann
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Kantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen
| | - Enos Bernasconi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Regional Hospital Lugano, Lugano
| | - Maria C. Thurnheer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Huldrych F. Günthard
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich
| | - Roger D. Kouyos
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Nishijima T, Teruya K, Shibata S, Yanagawa Y, Kobayashi T, Mizushima D, Aoki T, Kinai E, Yazaki H, Tsukada K, Genka I, Kikuchi Y, Oka S, Gatanaga H. Incidence and Risk Factors for Incident Syphilis among HIV-1-Infected Men Who Have Sex with Men in a Large Urban HIV Clinic in Tokyo, 2008-2015. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168642. [PMID: 27992604 PMCID: PMC5161506 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The epidemiology of incident syphilis infection among HIV-1-infected men who have sex with men (MSM) largely remains unknown. Methods The incidence and risk factors for incident syphilis (positive TPHA and RPR> = 1:8) among HIV-1-infected MSM who visited a large HIV clinic in Tokyo for the first time between 2008 and 2013 were determined, using clinical data and stored blood samples taken every three months for screening and determination of the date of incident syphilis. Poisson regression compared the incidence of syphilis at different observation periods. Results Of 885 HIV-1-infected MSM with baseline data, 34% either presented with active syphilis at baseline (21%) or became infected with syphilis during follow-up (13%). After excluding 214 patients (MSM with syphilis at baseline (n = 190) and no follow-up syphilis test (n = 24)), of 671 men, 112 (17%) developed incident syphilis with an incidence of 43.7/1,000 person-years [95% CI, 36.5–52.3]. The incidence decreased slightly during observation period although the trend was not significant (2008–2009: 48.2/1,000 person-years, 2010–2011: 51.1/1,000 person-years, 2012–2013: 42.6/1,000 person-years, 2014 to 2015: 37.9/1,000 person-years, p = 0.315). Multivariable analysis identified young age (<33 years versus >40, HR 4.0, 95%CI 2.22–7.18, p<0.001), history of syphilis at baseline (HR 3.0, 95%CI 2.03–4.47, p<0.001), positive anti-amoeba antibody (HR 1.8, 95%CI 1.17–2.68, p = 0.006), and high baseline CD4 count (CD4 ≥350 /μL versus CD4 <200, HR 1.6, 95%CI 1.00–2.53, p = 0.050) as risk factors for incident syphilis. Incidence of syphilis was particularly high among young patients (age <33 years: 60.1/1,000 person-years). Interestingly, 37% of patients with incident syphilis were asymptomatic. Conclusions Although incidence of syphilis did not increase during the observation period, it was high among HIV-1-infected MSM, especially among young HIV-1-infected MSM and those with history of syphilis, in Tokyo. Regular screening for syphilis needs to be strictly applied to this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Nishijima
- AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Katsuji Teruya
- AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Shibata
- AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Yanagawa
- AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taiichiro Kobayashi
- AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Mizushima
- AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Aoki
- AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ei Kinai
- AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Yazaki
- AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kunihisa Tsukada
- AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ikumi Genka
- AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Kikuchi
- AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Oka
- AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Gatanaga
- AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Mutagoma M, Balisanga H, Remera E, Gupta N, Malamba SS, Riedel DJ, Nsanzimana S. Ten-year trends of syphilis in sero-surveillance of pregnant women in Rwanda and correlates of syphilis-HIV co-infection. Int J STD AIDS 2016; 28:45-53. [PMID: 26692548 DOI: 10.1177/0956462415624058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Syphilis can be transmitted by pregnant women to their children and is a public health problem in Africa. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 24 antenatal clinics from 2002 to 2003 and increased to 30 sites from 2005 to 2011. Participants were tested for syphilis and HIV. Multi-variate logistic regression was performed to identify risks associated with syphilis and its co-infection with HIV. Results showed that syphilis decreased from 3.8% in 2002 to 2.0% in 2011. Syphilis in the HIV-infected participants increased from 6.0% in 2002 to 10.8% in 2011, but decreased from 3.7% to 1.7% in the HIV-negative participants. In 2011, syphilis in urban participants was 2.7% and 1.4% in rural ones. HIV-infected participants screened positive for syphilis more frequently in both rural (aOR = 3.64 [95% CI: 1.56%-8.51%]) and urban areas (aOR = 7.26 [95% CI: 5.04%-10.46%]). Older participants (25-49 years) residing in urban areas (aOR = 0.43[95% CI: 0.32%-0.58%]) and women with secondary or high education (aOR = 0.35[95% CI: 0.20%-0.62%]) were less likely to screen positive for syphilis. HIV-syphilis co-infection was more likely in women residing in urban areas (aOR = 8.32[95% CI: 3.54%-19.56%]), but less likely in women with secondary/high education (aOR = 0.11[95% CI: 0.01%-0.77%]). In conclusion, syphilis increased in HIV-positive pregnant women, but decreased in HIV-negative women. Positive HIV status and young age were associated risks for syphilis. HIV-syphilis co-infection was associated with a lower level of education and urban residence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eric Remera
- 1 Rwanda Biomedical Center, Ministry of Health, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Neil Gupta
- 2 Global Health Equity, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,3 Partners in Health / Inshuti Mu Buzima, Rwinkwavu, Rwanda
| | - Samuel S Malamba
- 4 U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Center for Global Health (CGH), Division of Global HIV/AIDS (DGHA), Rwanda
| | - David J Riedel
- 5 Institute of Human Virology and Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, MD, USA
| | - Sabin Nsanzimana
- 1 Rwanda Biomedical Center, Ministry of Health, Kigali, Rwanda.,6 Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ivars Lleó M, Clavo Escribano P, Menéndez Prieto B. Atypical Cutaneous Manifestations in Syphilis. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adengl.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
|
19
|
Benzathine penicillin G for the management of early syphilis among HIV co-infected persons: A systematic review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 42:30-36. [PMID: 29770001 DOI: 10.14745/ccdr.v42i02a02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Background The optimal treatment for syphilis in people who are human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive is controversial. Objective To assess the efficacy of three doses versus a single dose of long acting Benzathine Penicillin G (BP-G) for the effective management of early syphilis among HIV co-infected populations. Methods A systematic search of the published literature was conducted using MEDLINE and EMBASE databases to identify clinical and observational studies published between January 2010 and May 2015. Inclusion criteria were: publication in English or French, populations co-infected with HIV and early syphilis, treatment with BP-G and outcomes related to syphilis treatment. All articles underwent a risk of bias assessment and data extraction was completed on all included studies. Results Seven studies were eligible for final inclusion, data extraction and analysis. The evidence from the final included studies were from non-randomized controlled trials. In general, no significant differences were found between groups treated with one versus two or more doses of BP-G; but there was a trend toward longer time to treatment failure with three doses. Differences in methodology limit the ability to draw any firm conclusions on the relative efficacy between these two treatment regimens. Conclusion Insufficient data exist to ascertain whether or not there is an added benefit from additional doses of BP-G for the treatment of early syphilis with HIV co-infection. A high-quality, randomized controlled trial is needed to definitively nswer this question.
Collapse
|
20
|
Ivars Lleó M, Clavo Escribano P, Menéndez Prieto B. Atypical Cutaneous Manifestations in Syphilis. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2015; 107:275-83. [PMID: 26708562 DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the diversity of the clinical manifestations of syphilis is well-known, atypical presentations can also occur. Such atypical presentations are associated with a high risk of transmission as a result of diagnostic confusion and treatment delays owing to the disease's ability to mimic other common skin diseases, deviate from classic clinical presentations, and adopt unique forms. Cases of atypical syphilis have been described most frequently in patients with concomitant human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Because the incidence of syphilis has been growing over recent years -particularly in patients with HIV co-infection- dermatologists need to be familiar with the less well-known clinical presentations of this venereal disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Ivars Lleó
- Departamento de Dermatología, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, España.
| | - P Clavo Escribano
- Departamento de Dermatología, Centro Sanitario Sandoval, Madrid, España
| | - B Menéndez Prieto
- Departamento de Microbiología, Centro Sanitario Sandoval, Madrid, España
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ghanem KG. Management of Adult Syphilis: Key Questions to Inform the 2015 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines: Table 1. Clin Infect Dis 2015; 61 Suppl 8:S818-36. [DOI: 10.1093/cid/civ714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
|
22
|
High Prevalence and High Incidence of Coinfection with Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, and Syphilis and Low Rate of Effective Vaccination against Hepatitis B in HIV-Positive Men Who Have Sex with Men with Known Date of HIV Seroconversion in Germany. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142515. [PMID: 26555244 PMCID: PMC4640863 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Men who have sex with men (MSM) are at higher risk for coinfection with hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and syphilis than the general population. HIV infection and these coinfections accelerate disease progression reciprocally. This study evaluated the prevalence and incidence of these coinfections in HIV1-positive MSM in Germany. Materials and Methods As part of a nationwide, multicenter, prospective cohort study of HIV-infected MSM, plasma samples collected yearly were screened for HBsAg and antibodies to HBc, HBs, HCV, and syphilis. Samples with indications of active HBV or HCV infection were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction. Prevalence and incidence of each infection and incidence rates per study participant were calculated, and incidences over 4-year time intervals compared. Results This study screened 5,445 samples from 1,843 MSM. Median age at HIV seroconversion was 33 years. Prevalences of active, cleared, and occult HBV, and of active/cleared HCV were 1.7%, 27.1%, 0.2%, and 8.2%, respectively, and 47.5% had been effectively vaccinated against HBV. Prevalence of antibodies to Treponema pallidum and of triple or quadruple sexually transmitted infections (STIs) were 39.6% and 18.9%, respectively. Prevalence of STI, cleared HBV, HBV vaccination, and history of syphilis differed significantly among age groups. Incidences of HBV, HCV, and syphilis were 2.51, 1.54, and 4.06 per 100 person-years, respectively. Incidences of HCV and syphilis increased over time. HCV incidence was significantly higher in MSM coinfected with syphilis and living in Berlin, and syphilis incidence was significantly higher for MSM living in Berlin. Discussion Despite extensive HBV vaccination campaigns, fewer than 50% of screened MSM were effectively vaccinated, with a high proportion of HIV-positive MSM coinfected with HBV. High rates of STI coinfections in HIV-positive MSM and increasing incidences emphasize the need for better tailored campaigns for HBV vaccination and STI prevention.
Collapse
|
23
|
Burchell AN, Allen VG, Gardner SL, Moravan V, Tan DHS, Grewal R, Raboud J, Bayoumi AM, Kaul R, Mazzulli T, McGee F, Rourke SB. High incidence of diagnosis with syphilis co-infection among men who have sex with men in an HIV cohort in Ontario, Canada. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15:356. [PMID: 26289937 PMCID: PMC4546079 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-1098-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The re-emergence of syphilis among HIV-positive gay and other men who have sex with men (MSM) requires vigilance. We estimated incidence of and risk factors for first and subsequent syphilis diagnoses among MSM in HIV care in Ontario, Canada. METHODS We analyzed data from 2,280 MSM under follow-up from 2006 to 2010 in the Ontario HIV Treatment Network Cohort Study (OCS), a multi-site clinical cohort. We obtained syphilis serology results via record linkage with the provincial public health laboratory. Rates were calculated using Poisson regression. RESULTS First syphilis diagnoses occurred at a rate of 2.0 per 100 person-years (95 % CI 1.7, 2.4; 121 cases) whereas the re-diagnosis rate was 7.5 per 100 person-years (95 % CI 6.3, 8.8; 136 cases). We observed higher rates over time and among men who were aged <30 years, receiving care in the two largest urban centers, or had a previous syphilis diagnosis. Syphilis diagnosis was less common among Indigenous men, men with higher CD4 cell counts, and, for first diagnoses only, among men with less than high school education. CONCLUSIONS Compared to reported cases in the general male population, incidence of a new syphilis diagnosis was over 300 times greater among HIV-positive MSM but year-to-year changes reflected provincial trends. Re-diagnosis was common, suggesting treatment failure or re-infection. Novel syphilis control efforts are needed among HIV-positive MSM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ann N Burchell
- Ontario HIV Treatment Network, Suite 600, 1300 Yonge Street, Toronto, ON, M4T 1X3, Canada. .,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. .,Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada. .,Department of Family and Community Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Vanessa G Allen
- Public Health Laboratories, Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Sandra L Gardner
- Ontario HIV Treatment Network, Suite 600, 1300 Yonge Street, Toronto, ON, M4T 1X3, Canada. .,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Veronika Moravan
- Ontario HIV Treatment Network, Suite 600, 1300 Yonge Street, Toronto, ON, M4T 1X3, Canada.
| | - Darrell H S Tan
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. .,Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada. .,Division of Infectious Diseases, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Ramandip Grewal
- Ontario HIV Treatment Network, Suite 600, 1300 Yonge Street, Toronto, ON, M4T 1X3, Canada.
| | - Janet Raboud
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. .,Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Ahmed M Bayoumi
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. .,Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. .,Division of General Internal Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada. .,Centre for Research on Inner City Health, Li KaShing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Rupert Kaul
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Tony Mazzulli
- Public Health Laboratories, Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada. .,Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Frank McGee
- AIDS Bureau, Ontario Ministry of Health and Long Term Care, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Sean B Rourke
- Ontario HIV Treatment Network, Suite 600, 1300 Yonge Street, Toronto, ON, M4T 1X3, Canada. .,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. .,Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada.
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Syphilis has reemerged as an important cause of neurological disease, affecting any part of the neuraxis at any stage of infection. What was once a dwindling diagnosis is now redoubling, particularly in the HIV-positive and in men who have sex with men populations. In the era of antibiotics and HIV coinfection, neurosyphilis presentations are protean, making diagnosis notoriously challenging. Advanced disease may be irreversible, and so early detection and treatment are ideal. Herein, we review recent advances in understanding neurosyphilis.
Collapse
|
25
|
Northey LC, Skalicky SE, Gurbaxani A, McCluskey PJ. Syphilitic uveitis and optic neuritis in Sydney, Australia. Br J Ophthalmol 2015; 99:1215-9. [PMID: 25788666 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2014-306168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To describe ocular syphilis presentations to a tertiary referral eye hospital over a 5-year period and to document HIV coinfection frequency. METHODS A retrospective chart review was conducted of consecutive ocular syphilis presentations to Sydney Eye Hospital from 2007 to 2012. Inclusion criteria were positive syphilis serology, ocular inflammation on clinical examination and appropriate syphilis treatment. Outcome measures were clinical features at presentation and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) at interval follow-up. RESULTS Thirty-seven eyes of 25 patients were included in the series. Patients were predominantly male (92.0%, p<0.05) with mean age 43.7±14.0 years. Eight (32.0%) patients had confirmed HIV coinfection, three newly diagnosed with HIV. Twelve (32.4%) eyes demonstrated anterior segment involvement with anterior uveitis. Twenty-five (67.6%) eyes demonstrated posterior segment involvement, including panuveitis, acute syphilitic posterior placoid chorioretinitis, retinitis, necrotising retinitis, punctate retinitis and optic neuritis. There was a significant improvement in BCVA for involved eyes (p<0.05) at 1 month and 2-3 months follow-up. CONCLUSIONS The clinical findings of 37 eyes with ocular syphilis demonstrated a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations. Rates of HIV coinfection were high, with patients exhibiting both anterior and posterior segment inflammation. Visual outcome improved following syphilis treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luke C Northey
- Save Sight Institute, Discipline of Ophthalmology, Sydney Eye Hospital Campus, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Simon E Skalicky
- Save Sight Institute, Discipline of Ophthalmology, Sydney Eye Hospital Campus, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Avinash Gurbaxani
- Save Sight Institute, Discipline of Ophthalmology, Sydney Eye Hospital Campus, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Peter J McCluskey
- Save Sight Institute, Discipline of Ophthalmology, Sydney Eye Hospital Campus, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
|
27
|
Delany-Moretlwe S, Cowan FM, Busza J, Bolton-Moore C, Kelley K, Fairlie L. Providing comprehensive health services for young key populations: needs, barriers and gaps. J Int AIDS Soc 2015; 18:19833. [PMID: 25724511 PMCID: PMC4344539 DOI: 10.7448/ias.18.2.19833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Adolescence is a time of physical, emotional and social transitions that have implications for health. In addition to being at high risk for HIV, young key populations (YKP) may experience other health problems attributable to high-risk behaviour or their developmental stage, or a combination of both. METHODS We reviewed the needs, barriers and gaps for other non-HIV health services for YKP. We searched PubMed and Google Scholar for articles that provided specific age-related data on sexual and reproductive health; mental health; violence; and substance use problems for adolescent, youth or young sex workers, men who have sex with men, transgender people, and people who inject drugs. RESULTS YKP experience more unprotected sex, sexually transmitted infections including HIV, unintended pregnancy, violence, mental health disorders and substance use compared to older members of key populations and youth among the general population. YKP experience significant barriers to accessing care; coverage of services is low, largely because of stigma and discrimination experienced at both the health system and policy levels. DISCUSSION YKP require comprehensive, integrated services that respond to their specific developmental needs, including health, educational and social services within the context of a human rights-based approach. The recent WHO Consolidated Guidelines on HIV Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatment and Care for Key Populations are an important first step for a more comprehensive approach to HIV programming for YKP, but there are limited data on the effective delivery of combined interventions for YKP. Significant investments in research and implementation will be required to ensure adequate provision and coverage of services for YKP. In addition, greater commitments to harm reduction and rights-based approaches are needed to address structural barriers to access to care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sinead Delany-Moretlwe
- Wits RHI, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa;
| | - Frances M Cowan
- CeSHHAR Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
- Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna Busza
- Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Karen Kelley
- Wits RHI, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Lee Fairlie
- Wits RHI, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Chang YH, Liu WC, Chang SY, Wu BR, Wu PY, Tsai MS, Hung CC, Lew-Ting CY. Associated factors with syphilis among human immunodeficiency virus-infected men who have sex with men in Taiwan in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2014; 47:533-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
29
|
Sprenger K, Evison JM, Zwahlen M, Vogt CM, Elzi MV, Hauser C, Furrer H, Low N. Sexually transmitted infections in HIV-infected people in Switzerland: cross-sectional study. PeerJ 2014; 2:e537. [PMID: 25237598 PMCID: PMC4157241 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexually transmitted infections (STI) in HIV-infected people are of increasing concern. We estimated STI prevalence and sexual healthcare seeking behaviour in 224 sexually active HIV-infected people, including men who have sex with men (MSM, n = 112), heterosexual men (n = 65) and women (n = 47). Laboratory-diagnosed bacterial STI were more common in MSM (Chlamydia trachomatis 10.7%; 95% CI 6.2, 18.0%, lymphogranuloma venereum 0.9%; 95% CI 0.1, 6.2%, Neisseria gonorrhoeae 2.7%; 95% CI 0.9, 8.0%, syphilis seroconversion 5.4%; 95% CI 2.0, 11.3%) than heterosexual men (gonorrhoea 1.5%; 95% CI 0.2, 10.3%) or women (no acute infections). Combined rates of laboratory-diagnosed and self-reported bacterial STI in the year before the study were: MSM (27.7%; 95% CI 21.1, 36.7%); heterosexual men (1.5%; 95% CI 0.2, 10.3%); and women (6.4%; 95% CI 2.1, 21.0%). Antibodies to hepatitis C virus were least common in MSM. Antibodies to herpes simplex type 2 virus were least common in heterosexual men. Most MSM, but not heterosexual men or women, agreed that STI testing should be offered every year. In this study, combined rates of bacterial STI in MSM were high; a regular assessment of sexual health would allow those at risk of STI to be offered testing, treatment and partner management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Sprenger
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - John Marc Evison
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Zwahlen
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Cedric M. Vogt
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Maria Verena Elzi
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Hauser
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hansjakob Furrer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nicola Low
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Swiss HIV Cohort Study
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Syphilis and HIV co-infection in patients who attend an AIDS outpatient clinic in Vitoria, Brazil. AIDS Behav 2014; 18 Suppl 1:S104-9. [PMID: 23732958 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-013-0533-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Our goal was to determine the prevalence of, and risk factors associated with, syphilis in HIV-infected patients who attend an AIDS outpatient clinic in Vitoria, Brazil. We conducted a cross-sectional study-including interviews for demographic, behavioral, and clinical characteristics-and blood collection (venipuncture and fingerstick) for VDRL and treponemal tests (rapid test) in a total of 438 patients. The mean age was 43.0 years (SD = 11), and mean years of school was 8.1 (SD = 4.2). The prevalence of syphilis was 5.3 % (95 % CI 3.3-7.3). The treponemal test was positive in 18.9 % of participants. In multivariate analysis, prevalent syphilis infection was independently associated with male gender (AOR 4.6, 95 % CI 1.1-20.0), a history of male-male sex (AOR 1.8, 95 % CI 1.6-4.1), current use of antiretroviral therapy (AOR 5.5, 95 % CI 1.7-16.7), and history of treated syphilis infection (AOR 5.5, 95 % CI 2.0-15.8). Syphilis prevalence was high in patients living with HIV/AIDS who attend an AIDS clinic; therefore, routine sexually transmitted infections counseling and screening should be included in their care.
Collapse
|
31
|
Ablanedo-Terrazas Y, la Barrera CAD, Ruiz-Cruz M, Reyes-Terán G. Oropharyngeal syphilis among patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2013; 122:435-9. [PMID: 23951694 DOI: 10.1177/000348941312200704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There has been a reemergence of syphilis among men who have sex with men over the past decade, especially in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This study was aimed at describing the oropharyngeal manifestations of secondary syphilis in HIV-infected patients. We also sought to determine the clinical risk factors for the development of oropharyngeal syphilitic lesions in patients with secondary syphilis. METHODS We performed an observational, comparative, retrospective study of HIV-infected patients who were admitted to a tertiary referral center in Mexico City and who had syphilis according to the criteria of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. RESULTS We identified 44 patients with syphilis, 31 of whom had secondary syphilis and 9 of whom had oropharyngeal manifestations. Lesions involving the anterior tonsillar pillar were the most common, observed in 5 patients; and tongue lesions were observed in 3 patients. In the patients with secondary syphilis, multivariate analysis showed that the development of oropharyngeal lesions was not associated with age, CD4 and CD8 cell counts, or HIV RNA viral load. CONCLUSIONS The present work shows that oropharyngeal manifestations of secondary syphilis and overlapping stages of syphilis are frequent in HIV-infected patients. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comparative study of the oropharyngeal manifestations of syphilis in HIV-infected patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuria Ablanedo-Terrazas
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Burchell AN, Allen VG, Moravan V, Gardner S, Raboud J, Tan DHS, Bayoumi AM, Kaul R, Mazzulli T, McGee F, Millson P, Remis RS, Rourke SB. Patterns of syphilis testing in a large cohort of HIV patients in Ontario, Canada, 2000-2009. BMC Infect Dis 2013; 13:246. [PMID: 23710699 PMCID: PMC3668135 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-13-246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Since 2000, reported syphilis cases increased ten-fold in Canada, particularly among men who have sex with men (MSM) co-infected with HIV. We characterized temporal patterns of of syphilis testing in a large cohort of HIV patients in Ontario, Canada. Methods We analyzed data from a multi-site cohort of people in HIV care from 2000 to 2009. Data were obtained from medical charts, interviews and record linkage with the syphilis test database at the Public Health Ontario Laboratories. We estimated the proportion that had syphilis testing at least once per year and the period and annual prevalence of reactive tests. Results Among 4232 participants, the annual proportion tested rose from 2.7% (95%CI 1.9, 3.5) in 2000 to 54.6% (95%CI 52.9, 56.3) in 2009. Testing was most common for participants who were men who have sex with men (MSM), aged <30, recently diagnosed with HIV, were antiretroviral treatment naive, had routine HIV lab testing at least twice in that year, or tested for syphilis in the preceding year. The proportion with at least one reactive test in 2000–09 was 21.0% (95%CI 19.4, 22.7) for MSM, 5.3% (95%CI 3.3, 7.4) for non-MSM males, and 2.6% (95%CI 1.2, 4.0) for women. Among MSM, the annual prevalence of reactive syphilis tests with high RPR titre (≥1:16) peaked at 3.8% in 2009. Conclusions The burden of syphilis co-infection rose considerably among HIV-positive MSM, such that by 2009, at least 1 in 5 men had laboratory evidence of current or past infection. Interventions may be needed to boost syphilis testing to achieve goals set by guidelines even in settings with universal health care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ann N Burchell
- Ontario HIV Treatment Network, Suite 600, 1300 Yonge Street, Toronto, Ontario M4T 1X3, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Clinical Spectrum of Oral Secondary Syphilis in HIV-Infected Patients. JOURNAL OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES 2012; 2013:892427. [PMID: 26316966 PMCID: PMC4437426 DOI: 10.1155/2013/892427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 11/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background. Oral lesions may constitute the first clinical manifestation in secondary syphilis, but detailed descriptions in HIV-infected individuals are scarce. Objective. To describe the clinical characteristics of oral secondary syphilis in HIV-infected patients and its relevance in the early diagnosis of syphilis. Methods. Twenty HIV/AIDS adult subjects with oral secondary syphilis lesions presenting at two HIV/AIDS referral centers in Mexico City (2003–2011) are described. An oral examination was performed by specialists in oral pathology and medicine; when possible, a punch biopsy was done, and Warthin-Starry stain and immunohistochemistry were completed. Intraoral herpes virus infection and erythematous candidosis were ruled out by cytological analysis. Diagnosis of oral syphilis was confirmed with positive nontreponemal test (VDRL), and, if possible, fluorescent treponemal antibody test. Results. Twenty male patients (median age 31.5, 21–59 years) with oral secondary syphilis lesions were included. Oral lesions were the first clinical sign of syphilis in 16 (80%) cases. Mucous patch was the most common oral manifestation (17, 85.5%), followed by shallow ulcers (2, 10%) and macular lesions (1, 5%). Conclusions. Due to the recent rise in HIV-syphilis coinfection, dental and medical practitioners should consider secondary syphilis in the differential diagnosis of oral lesions, particularly in HIV-infected patients.
Collapse
|
34
|
Knaute DF, Graf N, Lautenschlager S, Weber R, Bosshard PP. Serological response to treatment of syphilis according to disease stage and HIV status. Clin Infect Dis 2012; 55:1615-22. [PMID: 22955437 PMCID: PMC3501331 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cis757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The serological response to treatment was studied in 264 syphilis patients; it was influenced by syphilis stage but not by human immunodeficiency virus infection and reinfection. Some of the recommendations of current guidelines are critically discussed, and amendments are proposed. Background. Serology is the mainstay for syphilis diagnosis and treatment monitoring. We investigated serological response to treatment of syphilis according to disease stage and HIV status. Methods. A retrospective cohort study of 264 patients with syphilis was conducted, including 90 primary, 133 secondary, 33 latent, and 8 tertiary syphilis cases. Response to treatment as measured by the Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) test and a specific IgM (immunoglobulin M) capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA; Pathozyme-IgM) was assessed by Cox regression analysis. Results. Forty-two percent of primary syphilis patients had a negative VDRL test at their diagnosis. Three months after treatment, 85%–100% of primary syphilis patients had reached the VDRL endpoint, compared with 76%–89% of patients with secondary syphilis and 44%–79% with latent syphilis. In the overall multivariate Cox regression analysis, serological response to treatment was not influenced by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and reinfection. However, within primary syphilis, HIV patients with a CD4 count of <500 cells/μL had a slower treatment response (P = .012). Compared with primary syphilis, secondary and latent syphilis showed a slower serological response of VDRL (P = .092 and P < .001) and Pathozyme-IgM tests (P < .001 and P = .012). Conclusions. The VDRL should not be recommended as a screening test owing to lack of sensitivity. The syphilis disease stage significantly influences treatment response whereas HIV coinfection only within primary syphilis has an impact. VDRL test titers should decline at least 4-fold within 3–6 months after therapy for primary or secondary syphilis, and within 12–24 months for latent syphilis. IgM ELISA might be a supplement for diagnosis and treatment monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damaris Fröhlich Knaute
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Gloriastrasse 31, CH-8091 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Results of a 25-year longitudinal analysis of the serologic incidence of syphilis in a cohort of HIV-infected patients with unrestricted access to care. Sex Transm Dis 2012; 39:440-8. [PMID: 22592829 DOI: 10.1097/olq.0b013e318249d90f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The well-described biologic and epidemiologic associations of syphilis and HIV are particularly relevant to the military, as service members are young and at risk for sexually transmitted infections. We therefore used the results of serial serologic testing to determine the prevalence, incidence, and risk factors for incident syphilis in a cohort of HIV-infected Department of Defense beneficiaries. METHODS Participants with a positive nontreponemal test at HIV diagnosis that was confirmed on treponemal testing were categorized as prevalent cases, and participants with an initial negative nontreponemal test who subsequently developed a confirmed positive nontreponemal test were categorized as incident cases. RESULTS At HIV diagnosis, the prevalence of syphilis was 5.8% (n = 202). A total of 4239 participants contributed 27,192 person-years (PY) to the incidence analysis and 347 (8%) developed syphilis (rate, 1.3/100 PY; [1.1, 1.4]). Syphilis incidence was highest during the calendar years 2006 to 2009 (2.5/100 PY; [2.0, 2.9]). In multivariate analyses, younger age (per 10 year increase hazard ratio [HR], 0.8; [0.8-0.9]), male gender (HR, 5.6; [2.3-13.7]), non-European-American ethnicity (African-American HR, 3.2; [2.5-4.2]; Hispanic HR, 1.9; [1.2-3.0]), and history of hepatitis B (HR, 1.5; [1.2-1.9]) or gonorrhea (HR, 1.4; [1.1-1.8]) were associated with syphilis. CONCLUSIONS The significant burden of disease both at and after HIV diagnosis, observed in this cohort, suggests that the cost-effectiveness of extending syphilis screening to at-risk military members should be assessed. In addition, HIV-infected persons continue to acquire syphilis, emphasizing the continued importance of prevention for positive programs.
Collapse
|
36
|
Wandeler G, Gsponer T, Bregenzer A, Günthard HF, Clerc O, Calmy A, Stöckle M, Bernasconi E, Furrer H, Rauch A. Hepatitis C virus infections in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study: a rapidly evolving epidemic. Clin Infect Dis 2012; 55:1408-16. [PMID: 22893583 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cis694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has a growing impact on morbidity and mortality in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We assessed trends in HCV incidence in the different HIV transmission groups in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study (SHCS). METHODS HCV infection incidence was assessed from 1998, when routine serial HCV screening was introduced in the SHCS, until 2011. All HCV-seronegative patients with at least 1 follow-up serology were included. Incidence rates (IRs) of HCV infections were compared between men who have sex with men (MSM), injection drug users (IDU), and heterosexuals (HET). RESULTS HCV incidence was assessed in 3333 MSM, 123 IDU, and 3078 HET with a negative HCV serology at baseline. Over 23 707 person-years (py) for MSM, 733 py for IDU, and 20 752 py for HET, 101 (3%), 41 (33%), and 25 (1%) of patients seroconverted, respectively. The IR of HCV infections in MSM increased from 0.23 (95% credible interval [CrI], .08-.54) per 100 py in 1998 to 4.09 (95% CrI, 2.57-6.18) in 2011. The IR decreased in IDU and remained <1 per 100 py in HET. In MSM, history of inconsistent condom use (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 2.09; 95% CI, 1.33-3.29) and past syphilis (adjusted HR, 2.11; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.39-3.20) predicted HCV seroconversion. CONCLUSIONS In the SHCS, HCV infection incidence decreased in IDU, remained stable in HET, and increased 18-fold in MSM in the last 13 years. These observations underscore the need for improved HCV surveillance and prevention among HIV-infected MSM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Wandeler
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Holtz TH, Thienkrua W, McNicholl JM, Wimonsate W, Chaikummao S, Chonwattana W, Wasinrapee P, Varangrat A, Mock PA, Sirivongrangson P, van Griensven F. Prevalence of Treponema pallidum seropositivity and herpes simplex virus type 2 infection in a cohort of men who have sex with men, Bangkok, Thailand, 2006–2010. Int J STD AIDS 2012; 23:424-8. [DOI: 10.1258/ijsa.2011.011256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We report prevalence of Treponema pallidum (TP) seropositivity and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection and risk factors associated with their prevalence in a cohort of men who have sex with men (MSM) in Bangkok, Thailand. Between April 2006 and March 2010 we enrolled Thai MSM into a cohort study based at the Silom Community Clinic, with baseline behavioural data and laboratory testing for sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Logistic regression was used to analyse risk factors associated with the prevalence of TP seropositivity and HSV-2 infection. From a total of 1544 enrolled men (mean age 26 years) TP, HSV-2 and HIV seropositive rates were 4.4%, 20.7% and 21.6%, respectively. After multivariable analysis, participating in group sex, reporting paying for sex, reporting sex with a casual partner in a park and being HSV-2 seropositive were associated with TP prevalence. Age ≥30 years, having less than a high school education, past use of recreational drugs, meeting casual sexual partners at a public venue (sauna) and TP seropositivity were associated with HSV-2 infection. The significant baseline prevalence of TP seropositivity and HSV-2 infection in this cohort demonstrates the need for screening and treatment of these STIs and targeted prevention interventions in Thai MSM in Bangkok.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T H Holtz
- Thailand Ministry of Public Health – US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Collaboration, DDC7 Building, 4th Floor, Ministry of Public Health Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - W Thienkrua
- Thailand Ministry of Public Health – US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Collaboration, DDC7 Building, 4th Floor, Ministry of Public Health Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand
| | - J M McNicholl
- Thailand Ministry of Public Health – US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Collaboration, DDC7 Building, 4th Floor, Ministry of Public Health Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - W Wimonsate
- Thailand Ministry of Public Health – US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Collaboration, DDC7 Building, 4th Floor, Ministry of Public Health Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand
| | - S Chaikummao
- Thailand Ministry of Public Health – US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Collaboration, DDC7 Building, 4th Floor, Ministry of Public Health Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand
| | - W Chonwattana
- Thailand Ministry of Public Health – US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Collaboration, DDC7 Building, 4th Floor, Ministry of Public Health Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand
| | - P Wasinrapee
- Thailand Ministry of Public Health – US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Collaboration, DDC7 Building, 4th Floor, Ministry of Public Health Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand
| | - A Varangrat
- Thailand Ministry of Public Health – US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Collaboration, DDC7 Building, 4th Floor, Ministry of Public Health Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand
| | - P A Mock
- Thailand Ministry of Public Health – US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Collaboration, DDC7 Building, 4th Floor, Ministry of Public Health Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand
| | - P Sirivongrangson
- Bureau of AIDS, Tuberculosis and STI, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand
| | - F van Griensven
- Thailand Ministry of Public Health – US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Collaboration, DDC7 Building, 4th Floor, Ministry of Public Health Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
|
39
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Clinicians should be aware of the shift in the cutaneous infectious disease burden in human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals as a reflection of immune restoration in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). RECENT FINDINGS As in the general population but to greater extent, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) soft-tissue infection is a rising problem among those with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Human papilloma virus (HPV) is exceedingly prevalent and persistent despite HAART, and HPV-associated malignancy is increasing as those with HIV live longer. Herpes, syphilis, and Kaposi's sarcoma continue to plague individuals with HIV. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) is common and often presents with infectious cutaneous manifestations. SUMMARY This review implicates the importance of the acknowledgment of MRSA infections risk factors, screening for HPV-related neoplasia, continuance of trials to establish the efficacy of herpes vaccines, and awareness of prevalent cutaneous infections presenting with IRIS in those with HIV.
Collapse
|
40
|
Drummond F, Guy R, Kaldor JM, Donovan B. The intersection between HIV and syphilis in men who have sex with men: some fresh perspectives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.2217/hiv.10.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Syphilis is increasing in men who have sex with men and disproportionately affects HIV-infected men. Here we review the epidemiology, diagnostic techniques, treatment guidelines, follow-up procedures and control of syphilis. The difference in these factors in HIV-infected men and uninfected men and evidence for this is reviewed. We explain that HIV-infected men are at higher risk of syphilis acquisition as a result of different behavioral factors. Thus, some control strategies may be different for HIV-infected men owing to these factors and also because HIV-infected men are more closely linked with medical care. There is no strong evidence to suggest there should be any differences in diagnostic techniques, treatment guidelines or follow-up procedures between HIV-infected and uninfected men.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rebecca Guy
- National Centre in HIV Epidemiology & Clinical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
| | - John M Kaldor
- National Centre in HIV Epidemiology & Clinical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Basil Donovan
- National Centre in HIV Epidemiology & Clinical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
- Sydney Sexual Health Centre, Sydney Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
| |
Collapse
|