1
|
High incidence of tuberculosis in the first year of antiretroviral therapy in the Botswana National antiretroviral therapy programme between 2011 and 2015. AIDS 2019; 33:2415-2422. [PMID: 31764106 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity among people living with HIV. We sought to estimate the incidence of TB in a national database of HIV-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Botswana. DESIGN A retrospective analysis of HIV-infected adult patients (≥18years) who initiated ART between 2011 and 2015 in the Botswana ART program. METHODS Multivariable analysis using Cox regression included sex, age, viral load and CD4 T-cell counts. RESULTS Of 45 729 patients, with a median follow-up of 1.7 years Q1 : Q3, 0.5, 3.1), 1791 patients developed TB over a median of 1.5 years (Q1 : Q3, 0.3, 3.1) of follow-up (incidence rate 1.9 per 100 person-years; 95% CI 1.8-2.0). At baseline, the median CD4 T-cell count was 272 cells/μl (Q1, Q3 146, 403). The risk of TB was greatest within the first year of ART (incidence rate 2.9 per 100 person-years; 95% CI 2.7-3.1) and in patients with CD4 T-cell counts below 50 cells/μl (incidence rate 8.3/100 person-years; 95% CI 7.1-9.7). Patients with viral loads above 10 000 copies/ml at 3 months post-ART initiation had two times higher risk of TB, hazard ratio 2.5 (95% CI 1.8-2.3). CONCLUSION We report a high incidence of TB within the first year of ART and in patients with advanced immunodeficiency. Improved screening strategies and virologic monitoring during this early period on ART, coupled with TB preventive treatment, will reduce the burden of TB.
Collapse
|
2
|
Corbett EL, MacPherson P. Tuberculosis screening in high human immunodeficiency virus prevalence settings: turning promise into reality. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2014; 17:1125-38. [PMID: 23928165 DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.13.0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Twenty years of sky-high tuberculosis (TB) incidence rates and high TB mortality in high human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence countries have so far not been matched by the same magnitude or breadth of responses as seen in malaria or HIV programmes. Instead, recommendations have been narrowly focused on people presenting to health facilities for investigation of TB symptoms, or for HIV testing and care. However, despite the recent major investment and scale-up of TB and HIV services, undiagnosed TB remains highly prevalent at community level, implying that diagnosis of TB remains slow and incomplete. This maintains high transmission rates and exposes people living with HIV to high rates of morbidity and mortality. More intensive use of TB screening, with broader definitions of target populations, expanded indications for screening both inside and outside of health facilities, and appropriate selection of new diagnostic tools, offers the prospect of rapidly improving population-level control of TB. Diagnostic accuracy of suitable (high throughput) algorithms remains the major barrier to realising this goal. In the present study, we review the evidence available to guide expanded TB screening in HIV-prevalent settings, ideally through combined TB-HIV interventions that provide screening for both TB and HIV, and maximise entry to HIV and TB care and prevention. Ideally, we would systematically test, treat and prevent TB and HIV comprehensively, offering both TB and HIV screening to all health facility attendees, TB households and all adults in the highest risk communities. However, we are still held back by inadequate diagnostics, financing and paucity of population-impact data. Relevant contemporary research showing the high need for potential gains, and pitfalls from expanded and intensified TB screening in high HIV prevalence settings are discussed in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E L Corbett
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Périssé ARS, Smeaton L, Chen Y, La Rosa A, Walawander A, Nair A, Grinsztejn B, Santos B, Kanyama C, Hakim J, Nyirenda M, Kumarasamy N, Lalloo UG, Flanigan T, Campbell TB, Hughes MD. Outcomes among HIV-1 infected individuals first starting antiretroviral therapy with concurrent active TB or other AIDS-defining disease. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83643. [PMID: 24391801 PMCID: PMC3877069 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tuberculosis (TB) is common among HIV-infected individuals in many resource-limited countries and has been associated with poor survival. We evaluated morbidity and mortality among individuals first starting antiretroviral therapy (ART) with concurrent active TB or other AIDS-defining disease using data from the “Prospective Evaluation of Antiretrovirals in Resource-Limited Settings” (PEARLS) study. Methods Participants were categorized retrospectively into three groups according to presence of active confirmed or presumptive disease at ART initiation: those with pulmonary and/or extrapulmonary TB (“TB” group), those with other non-TB AIDS-defining disease (“other disease”), or those without concurrent TB or other AIDS-defining disease (“no disease”). Primary outcome was time to the first of virologic failure, HIV disease progression or death. Since the groups differed in characteristics, proportional hazard models were used to compare the hazard of the primary outcome among study groups, adjusting for age, sex, country, screening CD4 count, baseline viral load and ART regimen. Results 31 of 102 participants (30%) in the “TB” group, 11 of 56 (20%) in the “other disease” group, and 287 of 1413 (20%) in the “no disease” group experienced a primary outcome event (p = 0.042). This difference reflected higher mortality in the TB group: 15 (15%), 0 (0%) and 41 (3%) participants died, respectively (p<0.001). The adjusted hazard ratio comparing the “TB” and “no disease” groups was 1.39 (95% confidence interval: 0.93–2.10; p = 0.11) for the primary outcome and 3.41 (1.72–6.75; p<0.001) for death. Conclusions Active TB at ART initiation was associated with increased risk of mortality in HIV-1 infected patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- André R. S. Périssé
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Laura Smeaton
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yun Chen
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alberto La Rosa
- Asociacion Civil Impacta Salud y Educacion - Barranco, Lima, Peru
| | - Ann Walawander
- Frontier Science and Technology Research Foundation, Amherst, New York, United States of America
| | - Apsara Nair
- Frontier Science and Technology Research Foundation, Amherst, New York, United States of America
| | - Beatriz Grinsztejn
- Evandro Chagas Clinical Research Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Breno Santos
- Hospital Nossa Senhora da Conceição, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - James Hakim
- University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Mulinda Nyirenda
- Mulinda Nyirenda, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | | | | | - Timothy Flanigan
- Brown Medical School, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Thomas B. Campbell
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Michael D. Hughes
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Soeters HM, Poole C, Patel MR, Van Rie A. The effect of tuberculosis treatment at combination antiretroviral therapy initiation on subsequent mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78073. [PMID: 24143260 PMCID: PMC3797056 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis examining the impact of TB treatment at the time of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) initiation on subsequent mortality. METHODS We searched PubMed, EMBASE, and selected conference proceedings for studies that report adult mortality on cART, stratified by TB treatment status at cART initiation. Stratified random-effects and meta-regression analyses were used to examine the influence of study and population characteristics. RESULTS 22 eligible cohort studies reported data on 98,350 (range 74-15,225) adults, of whom 14,779 (15%) were receiving TB treatment at cART initiation. Studies of those receiving vs. not receiving TB treatment had an average mortality relative risk of 1.10 (95% confidence interval 0.87-1.40) at 1-3 months (based upon 8 estimates), 1.15 (0.94-1.41) at 6-12 months (11 estimates), and 1.33 (1.02-1.75) at 18-98 months (10 estimates) following cART initiation. However, there was a wide range of estimates and those at later time points were markedly heterogeneous. Meta-regression identified factors associated with elevated average risk estimates: lower median baseline CD4 counts and adjustment for baseline hemoglobin at 1-3 months; longer length of follow-up and women-only studies at 6-12 months; and not adjusting for BMI/weight at 18-98 months. CONCLUSIONS Patients receiving TB treatment at cART initiation did not have a statistically significant estimated increase in short-term risk of all-cause mortality as compared to those not receiving TB treatment. TB treatment was significantly associated with increased mortality after about a year of cART, suggesting that patients with concurrent TB treatment at cART initiation may benefit from continued support after TB treatment completion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heidi M. Soeters
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Charles Poole
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Monita R. Patel
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Annelies Van Rie
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Incident pregnancy and time to death or AIDS among HIV-positive women receiving antiretroviral therapy. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58117. [PMID: 23520489 PMCID: PMC3592862 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Little is known about the impact of pregnancy on response to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in sub-Saharan Africa. We examined the effect of incident pregnancy after HAART initiation on clinical response to HAART. Methods We evaluated a prospective clinical cohort of adult women initiating HAART in Johannesburg, South Africa between 1 April 2004 and 31 March 2011, and followed up until an event, transfer, drop-out, or administrative end of follow-up on 30 September 2011. Women over age 45 and women who were pregnant at HAART initiation were excluded from the study. Main exposure was having experienced pregnancy after HAART initiation; main outcome was death and (separately) death or new AIDS event. We calculated adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence limits (CL) using marginal structural Cox proportional hazards models. Results The study included 7,534 women, and 20,813 person-years of follow-up; 918 women had at least one recognized pregnancy during follow-up. For death alone, the weighted (adjusted) HR was 0.84 (95% CL 0.44, 1.60). Sensitivity analyses confirmed main results, and results were similar for analysis of death or new AIDS event. Incident pregnancy was associated with a substantially reduced hazard of drop-out (HR = 0.62, 95% CL 0.51, 0.75). Conclusions Recognized incident pregnancy after HAART initiation was not associated with increases in hazard of clinical events, but was associated with a decreased hazard of drop-out. High rates of pregnancy after initiation of HAART may point to a need to better integrate family planning services into clinical care for HIV-infected women.
Collapse
|
6
|
Lawn SD, Gupta A, Wood R. Assessing the impact of prevalent tuberculosis on mortality among antiretroviral treatment initiators: accurate tuberculosis diagnosis is essential. AIDS 2012; 26:1730-1; author reply 1728-9. [PMID: 22874482 PMCID: PMC3819502 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e3283565ebe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D. Lawn
- The Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Ankur Gupta
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Robin Wood
- The Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Response to Lawn et al. AIDS 2012. [DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e3283565e60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|