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Shaji UP, Tuti N, Das S, Anindya R, Mohan M. Interactions between HIV protease inhibitor ritonavir and human DNA repair enzyme ALKBH2: a molecular dynamics simulation study. Mol Divers 2022; 27:931-938. [PMID: 35543797 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-022-10444-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The human DNA repair enzyme AlkB homologue-2 (ALKBH2) repairs methyl adducts from genomic DNA. Overexpression of ALKBH2 has been implicated in both tumorigenesis and chemotherapy resistance in some cancers, including glioblastoma and renal cancer rendering it a potential therapeutic target and a diagnostic marker. However, no inhibitor is available against these important DNA repair proteins. Intending to repurpose a drug as an inhibitor of ALKBH2, we performed in silico evaluation of HIV protease inhibitors and identified Ritonavir as an ALKBH2-interacting molecule. Using molecular dynamics simulation, we elucidated the molecular details of Ritonavir-ALKBH2 interaction. The present work highlights that Ritonavir might be used to target the ALKBH2-mediated DNA alkylation repair.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nikhil Tuti
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi Sanga Reddy, Telangana, 502284, India
| | - Susmita Das
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi Sanga Reddy, Telangana, 502284, India
| | - Roy Anindya
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi Sanga Reddy, Telangana, 502284, India.
| | - Monisha Mohan
- Department of Science and Humanities, Indian Institute of Information Technology Design and Manufacturing Kancheepuram, Chennai, Tamilnadu, 600127, India.
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2
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Makgoo L, Mosebi S, Mbita Z. Molecular Mechanisms of HIV Protease Inhibitors Against HPV-Associated Cervical Cancer: Restoration of TP53 Tumour Suppressor Activities. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:875208. [PMID: 35620479 PMCID: PMC9127998 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.875208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is a Human Papilloma virus-related disease, which is on the rise in a number of countries, globally. Two essential oncogenes, E6 and E7, drive cell transformation and cancer development. These two oncoproteins target two of the most important tumour suppressors, p53 and pRB, for degradation through the ubiquitin ligase pathway, thus, blocking apoptosis activation and deregulation of cell cycle. This pathway can be exploited for anticancer therapeutic interventions, and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Protease Inhibitors (HIV-PIs) have attracted a lot of attention for this anticancer drug development. HIV-PIs have proven effective in treating HPV-positive cervical cancers and shown to restore impaired or deregulated p53 in HPV-associated cervical cancers by inhibiting the 26S proteasome. This review will evaluate the role players, such as HPV oncoproteins involved cervical cancer development and how they are targeted in HIV protease inhibitors-induced p53 restoration in cervical cancer. This review also covers the therapeutic potential of HIV protease inhibitors and molecular mechanisms behind the HIV protease inhibitors-induced p53-dependent anticancer activities against cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Makgoo
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Limpopo, Sovenga, South Africa
| | - Salerwe Mosebi
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida, South Africa
| | - Zukile Mbita
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Limpopo, Sovenga, South Africa
- *Correspondence: Zukile Mbita,
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3
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Zhang J, Chen X, Ye Y, Shen W, Ye X, Lin Y, Lin Z, Tan S, Gao M, Ding Y, Lin H, Wang Y, He N, Liu X. Increased CD4 + T cell count is associated with lower anal human papillomavirus prevalence among HIV-positive male cohort in Taizhou, China: a cross-sectional study. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:250. [PMID: 35287600 PMCID: PMC8919533 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07251-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aims to investigate the association between CD4+ T cell count and combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) with the prevalence of anal human papillomavirus (HPV) infection among HIV-positive male cohort in China. Methods A survey was conducted in men from a HIV cohort in Taizhou, China between 2016 and 2019. A face-to-face questionnaire interview was administered, and an anal-canal swab was collected for HPV genotyping. Results A total of 766 HIV-positive men were recruited. The HPV prevalence was lower among those with increased CD4+ T cell count than those with decreased or unchanged (46.5 vs. 56.6%, p = 0.033) from baseline. In multivariable models, having the current CD4+ T cell count of 350–499 cells/µL (aOR 0.28, 95% CI 0.13–0.64), and of ≥ 500 cells/µL (aOR 0.26, 95% CI 0.11–0.60) were associated with lower prevalence of any type HPV infection compared with those with < 200 cells/µL. Having taken NVP + 3TC + AZT was inversely associated with any high-risk (HR)-HPV (aOR 0.47, 95% CI 0.25–0.90) and any low-risk (LR)-HPV infection (aOR 0.40, 95% CI 0.18–0.88), compared with those taking EFV + 3TC + TDF. Conclusions Increased CD4+ T cell count at follow-up was significantly associated with lower prevalence of anal HPV infection. Inverse associations between NVP + 3TC + AZT and HR-HPV or LR-HPV infecton were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, and the Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Chen
- Taizhou City Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yiwen Ye
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, and the Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiwei Shen
- Taizhou City Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaohong Ye
- Linhai District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yajun Lin
- Sanmen District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhebin Lin
- Wenling District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shigang Tan
- Huangyan District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Meiyang Gao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, and the Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingying Ding
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, and the Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haijiang Lin
- Taizhou City Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Youyi Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, and the Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Na He
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, and the Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xing Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, and the Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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4
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Rapanotti MC, Cugini E, Nuccetelli M, Terrinoni A, Di Raimondo C, Lombardo P, Costanza G, Cosio T, Rossi P, Orlandi A, Campione E, Bernardini S, Blot-Chabaud M, Bianchi L. MCAM/MUC18/CD146 as a Multifaceted Warning Marker of Melanoma Progression in Liquid Biopsy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12416. [PMID: 34830300 PMCID: PMC8623757 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human malignant melanoma shows a high rate of mortality after metastasization, and its incidence is continuously rising worldwide. Several studies have suggested that MCAM/MUC18/CD146 plays an important role in the progression of this malignant disease. MCAM/MUC18/CD146 is a typical single-spanning transmembrane glycoprotein, existing as two membrane isoforms, long and short, and an additional soluble form, sCD146. We previously documented that molecular MCAM/MUC18/CD146 expression is strongly associated with disease progression. Recently, we showed that MCAM/MUC18/CD146 and ABCB5 can serve as melanoma-specific-targets in the selection of highly primitive circulating melanoma cells, and constitute putative proteins associated with disease spreading progression. Here, we analyzed CD146 molecular expression at onset or at disease recurrence in an enlarged melanoma case series. For some patients, we also performed the time courses of molecular monitoring. Moreover, we explored the role of soluble CD146 in different cohorts of melanoma patients at onset or disease progression, rather than in clinical remission, undergoing immune therapy or free from any clinical treatment. We showed that MCAM/MUC18/CD146 can be considered as: (1) a membrane antigen suitable for identification and enrichment in melanoma liquid biopsy; (2) a highly effective molecular "warning" marker for minimal residual disease monitoring; and (3) a soluble protein index of inflammation and putative response to therapeutic treatments.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Biomarkers, Tumor/blood
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- CD146 Antigen/blood
- CD146 Antigen/chemistry
- CD146 Antigen/genetics
- Disease Progression
- Female
- Follow-Up Studies
- Gene Expression
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Liquid Biopsy
- Longitudinal Studies
- Male
- Melanoma/blood
- Melanoma/genetics
- Melanoma/pathology
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/blood
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/genetics
- Neoplasm, Residual/blood
- Neoplasm, Residual/genetics
- Neoplastic Cells, Circulating/metabolism
- Skin Neoplasms/blood
- Skin Neoplasms/genetics
- Skin Neoplasms/pathology
- Solubility
- Young Adult
- Melanoma, Cutaneous Malignant
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina Rapanotti
- Department of Onco-Haematology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy; (E.C.); (M.N.); (A.T.); (G.C.); (S.B.)
| | - Elisa Cugini
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy; (E.C.); (M.N.); (A.T.); (G.C.); (S.B.)
| | - Marzia Nuccetelli
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy; (E.C.); (M.N.); (A.T.); (G.C.); (S.B.)
| | - Alessandro Terrinoni
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy; (E.C.); (M.N.); (A.T.); (G.C.); (S.B.)
| | - Cosimo Di Raimondo
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (C.D.R.); (P.L.); (T.C.); (E.C.); (L.B.)
| | - Paolo Lombardo
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (C.D.R.); (P.L.); (T.C.); (E.C.); (L.B.)
| | - Gaetana Costanza
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy; (E.C.); (M.N.); (A.T.); (G.C.); (S.B.)
| | - Terenzio Cosio
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (C.D.R.); (P.L.); (T.C.); (E.C.); (L.B.)
| | - Piero Rossi
- Department of Surgery Sciences, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Augusto Orlandi
- Anatomic Pathology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Elena Campione
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (C.D.R.); (P.L.); (T.C.); (E.C.); (L.B.)
| | - Sergio Bernardini
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy; (E.C.); (M.N.); (A.T.); (G.C.); (S.B.)
| | - Marcel Blot-Chabaud
- Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), UMR-S 1076, Aix-Marseille University, UFR Pharmacy, 13005 Marseille, France;
| | - Luca Bianchi
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (C.D.R.); (P.L.); (T.C.); (E.C.); (L.B.)
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5
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Park S, Auyeung A, Lee DL, Lambert PF, Carchman EH, Sherer NM. HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors Slow HPV16-Driven Cell Proliferation through Targeted Depletion of Viral E6 and E7 Oncoproteins. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:949. [PMID: 33668328 PMCID: PMC7956332 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13050949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
High-risk human papillomavirus strain 16 (HPV16) causes oral and anogenital cancers through the activities of two viral oncoproteins, E6 and E7, that dysregulate the host p53 and pRb tumor suppressor pathways, respectively. The maintenance of HPV16-positive cancers requires constitutive expression of E6 and E7. Therefore, inactivating these proteins could provide the basis for an anticancer therapy. Herein we demonstrate that a subset of aspartyl protease inhibitor drugs currently used to treat HIV/AIDS cause marked reductions in HPV16 E6 and E7 protein levels using two independent cell culture models: HPV16-transformed CaSki cervical cancer cells and NIKS16 organotypic raft cultures (a 3-D HPV16-positive model of epithelial pre-cancer). Treatment of CaSki cells with some (lopinavir, ritonavir, nelfinavir, and saquinavir) but not other (indinavir and atazanavir) protease inhibitors reduced E6 and E7 protein levels, correlating with increased p53 protein levels and decreased cell viability. Long-term (>7 day) treatment of HPV16-positive NIKS16 raft cultures with saquinavir caused epithelial atrophy with no discernible effects on HPV-negative rafts, demonstrating selectivity. Saquinavir also reduced HPV16's effects on markers of the cellular autophagy pathway in NIKS16 rafts, a hallmark of HPV-driven pre-cancers. Taken together, these data suggest HIV-1 protease inhibitors be studied further in the context of treating or preventing HPV16-positive cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyeong Park
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Deptartment of Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (S.P.); (D.L.L.); (P.F.L.)
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (A.A.); (E.H.C.)
| | - Andrew Auyeung
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (A.A.); (E.H.C.)
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Denis L. Lee
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Deptartment of Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (S.P.); (D.L.L.); (P.F.L.)
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (A.A.); (E.H.C.)
| | - Paul F. Lambert
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Deptartment of Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (S.P.); (D.L.L.); (P.F.L.)
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (A.A.); (E.H.C.)
| | - Evie H. Carchman
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (A.A.); (E.H.C.)
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Nathan M. Sherer
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Deptartment of Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (S.P.); (D.L.L.); (P.F.L.)
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (A.A.); (E.H.C.)
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6
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Tong Y, Yu Z, Chen Z, Zhang R, Ding X, Yang X, Niu X, Li M, Zhang L, Billiar TR, Pitt BR, Li Q. The HIV protease inhibitor Saquinavir attenuates sepsis-induced acute lung injury and promotes M2 macrophage polarization via targeting matrix metalloproteinase-9. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:67. [PMID: 33431821 PMCID: PMC7798387 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03320-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Imbalance of macrophage polarization plays an indispensable role in acute lung injury (ALI), which is considered as a promising target. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is expressed in the macrophage, and has a pivotal role in secreting inflammatory cytokines. We reported that saquinavir (SQV), a first-generation human immunodeficiency virus-protease inhibitor, restricted exaggerated inflammatory response. However, whether MMP-9 could regulate macrophage polarization and inhibit by SQV is still unknown. We focused on the important role of macrophage polarization in CLP (cecal ligation puncture)-mediated ALI and determined the ability of SQV to maintain M2 over M1 phenotype partially through the inhibition of MMP-9. We also performed a limited clinical study to determine if MMP-9 is a biomarker of sepsis. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) increased MMP-9 expression and recombinant MMP-9 (rMMP-9) exacerbated LPS-mediated M1 switching. Small interfering RNA to MMP-9 inhibited LPS-mediated M1 phenotype and SQV inhibition of this switching was reversed with rMMP-9, suggesting an important role for MMP-9 in mediating LPS-induced M1 phenotype. MMP-9 messenger RNA levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of these 14 patients correlated with their clinical assessment. There was a significant dose-dependent decrease in mortality and ALI after CLP with SQV. SQV significantly inhibited LPS-mediated M1 phenotype and increased M2 phenotype in cultured RAW 264.7 and primary murine bone marrow-derived macrophages as well as lung macrophages from CLP-treated mice. This study supports an important role for MMP-9 in macrophage phenotypic switching and suggests that SQV-mediated inhibition of MMP-9 may be involved in suppressing ALI during systemic sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Tong
- Department of Anesthesiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital and Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 518116, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 200000, Shanghai, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 200120, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuang Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 200120, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhixia Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital and Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 518116, Shenzhen, China
| | - Renlingzi Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 200120, Shanghai, China
| | - Xibing Ding
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 200120, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohu Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 200120, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyin Niu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 200072, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengzhu Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 200072, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingling Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 200072, Shanghai, China
| | - Timothy R Billiar
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Bruce R Pitt
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
| | - Quan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital and Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 518116, Shenzhen, China.
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7
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Yousefi H, Mashouri L, Okpechi SC, Alahari N, Alahari SK. Repurposing existing drugs for the treatment of COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2 infection: A review describing drug mechanisms of action. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 183:114296. [PMID: 33191206 PMCID: PMC7581400 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a major public health concern across the globe. SARS-CoV-2 is the seventh coronavirus that is known to cause human disease. As of September 2020, SARS-CoV-2 has been reported in 213 countries and more than 31 million cases have been confirmed, with an estimated mortality rate of ∼3%. Unfortunately, a drug or vaccine is yet to be discovered to treat COVID-19. Thus, repurposing of existing cancer drugs will be a novel approach in treating COVID-19 patients. These drugs target viral replication cycle, viral entry and translocation to the nucleus. Some can enhance innate antiviral immune response as well. Hence this review focuses on comprehensive list of 22 drugs that work against COVID-19 infection. These drugs include fingolimod, colchicine, N4-hydroxycytidine, remdesivir, methylprednisone, oseltamivir, icatibant, perphanizine, viracept, emetine, homoharringtonine, aloxistatin, ribavirin, valrubicin, famotidine, almitrine, amprenavir, hesperidin, biorobin, cromolyn sodium, and antibodies- tocilzumab and sarilumab. Also, we provide a list of 31 drugs that are predicted to function against SARS-CoV-2 infection. In summary, we provide succinct overview of various therapeutic modalities. Among these 53 drugs, based on various clinical trials and literature, remdesivir, nelfinavir, methylpredinosolone, colchicine, famotidine and emetine may be used for COVID-19. SIGNIFICANCE: It is of utmost important priority to develop novel therapies for COVID-19. Since the effect of SARS-CoV-2 is so severe, slowing the spread of diseases will help the health care system, especially the number of visits to Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of any country. Several clinical trials are in works around the globe. Moreover, NCI developed a recent and robust response to COVID-19 pandemic. One of the NCI's goals is to screen cancer related drugs for identification of new therapies for COVID-19. https://www.cancer.gov/news-events/cancer-currents-blog/2020/covid-19-cancer-nci-response?cid=eb_govdel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Yousefi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Ladan Mashouri
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Arkansas, Little Rock, AK, USA
| | - Samuel C Okpechi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Nikhilesh Alahari
- Department of Biological Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Suresh K Alahari
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA; Stanley Scott Cancer Research Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA.
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8
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Qiu Y, Maione F, Capano S, Meda C, Picconi O, Brundu S, Pisacane A, Sapino A, Palladino C, Barillari G, Monini P, Bussolino F, Ensoli B, Sgadari C, Giraudo E. HIV Protease Inhibitors Block HPV16-Induced Murine Cervical Carcinoma and Promote Vessel Normalization in Association with MMP-9 Inhibition and TIMP-3 Induction. Mol Cancer Ther 2020; 19:2476-2489. [PMID: 33082275 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-20-0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Antiretrovirals belonging to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitor (HIV-PI) class exert inhibitory effects across several cancer types by targeting tumor cells and its microenvironment. Cervical carcinoma represents a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly in women doubly infected with high-risk human papillomaviruses (HR-HPV) and HIV; of note, combined antiretroviral therapy has reduced cervical carcinoma onset and progression in HIV-infected women. We evaluated the effectiveness and mechanism(s) of action of HIV-PI against cervical carcinoma using a transgenic model of HR-HPV-induced estrogen-promoted cervical carcinoma (HPV16/E2) and found that treatment of mice with ritonavir-boosted HIV-PI, including indinavir, saquinavir, and lopinavir, blocked the growth and promoted the regression of murine cervical carcinoma. This was associated with inhibition of tumor angiogenesis, coupled to downregulation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, reduction of VEGF/VEGFR2 complex, and concomitant upregulation of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 (TIMP-3). HIV-PI also promoted deposition of collagen IV at the epithelial and vascular basement membrane and normalization of both vessel architecture and functionality. In agreement with this, HIV-PI reduced tumor hypoxia and enhanced the delivery and antitumor activity of conventional chemotherapy. Remarkably, TIMP-3 expression gradually decreased during progression of human dysplastic lesions into cervical carcinoma. This study identified the MMP-9/VEGF proangiogenic axis and its modulation by TIMP-3 as novel HIV-PI targets for the blockade of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia/cervical carcinoma development and invasiveness and the normalization of tumor vessel functions. These findings may lead to new therapeutic indications of HIV-PI to treat cervical carcinoma and other tumors in either HIV-infected or uninfected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Qiu
- Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Turin, Italy.,Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Turin, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - Federica Maione
- Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Turin, Italy.,Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Turin, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - Stefania Capano
- Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Turin, Italy.,Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Turin, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - Claudia Meda
- Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Turin, Italy.,Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Turin, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - Orietta Picconi
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Serena Brundu
- Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Turin, Italy.,Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Turin, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - Alberto Pisacane
- Pathology Unit, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - Anna Sapino
- Pathology Unit, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Turin, Italy.,Department of Medical Science, University of Turin, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - Clelia Palladino
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Barillari
- Department of Medical Science, University of Turin, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - Paolo Monini
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Federico Bussolino
- Laboratory of Vascular Oncology, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Turin, Italy.,Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - Barbara Ensoli
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Cecilia Sgadari
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
| | - Enrico Giraudo
- Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Turin, Italy. .,Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Turin, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
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9
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Barillari G. The Impact of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 on the Sequential Steps of the Metastatic Process. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124526. [PMID: 32630531 PMCID: PMC7350258 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In industrialized countries, cancer is the second leading cause of death after cardiovascular disease. Most cancer patients die because of metastases, which consist of the self-transplantation of malignant cells in anatomical sites other than the one from where the tumor arose. Disseminated cancer cells retain the phenotypic features of the primary tumor, and display very poor differentiation indices and functional regulation. Upon arrival at the target organ, they replace preexisting, normal cells, thereby permanently compromising the patient's health; the metastasis can, in turn, metastasize. The spread of cancer cells implies the degradation of the extracellular matrix by a variety of enzymes, among which the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 is particularly effective. This article reviews the available published literature concerning the important role that MMP-9 has in the metastatic process. Additionally, information is provided on therapeutic approaches aimed at counteracting, or even preventing, the development of metastasis via the use of MMP-9 antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Barillari
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 1 via Montpellier, 00133 Rome, Italy
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10
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Barillari G. The Anti-Angiogenic Effects of Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Drugs. Front Oncol 2020; 10:806. [PMID: 32528888 PMCID: PMC7253758 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth and metastasis of malignant tumors benefit from the formation of blood vessels within the tumor area. There, new vessels originate from angiogenesis (the sprouting of pre-existing neighboring vessels) and/or vasculogenesis (the mobilization of bone marrow-derived endothelial cell precursors which incorporate in tumor vasculature and then differentiate into mature endothelial cells). These events are induced by soluble molecules (the angiogenic factors) and modulated by endothelial cell interactions with the perivascular matrix. Given angiogenesis/vasculogenesis relevance to tumor progression, anti-angiogenic drugs are often employed to buttress surgery, chemotherapy or radiation therapy in the treatment of a wide variety of cancers. Most of the anti-angiogenic drugs have been developed to functionally impair the angiogenic vascular endothelial growth factor: however, this leaves other angiogenic factors unaffected, hence leading to drug resistance and escape. Other anti-angiogenic strategies have exploited classical inhibitors of enzymes remodeling the perivascular matrix. Disappointingly, these inhibitors have been found toxic and/or ineffective in clinical trials, even though they block angiogenesis in pre-clinical models. These findings are stimulating the identification of other anti-angiogenic compounds. In this regard, it is noteworthy that drugs utilized for a long time to counteract human immune deficiency virus (HIV) can directly and effectively hamper molecular pathways leading to blood vessel formation. In this review the mechanisms leading to angiogenesis and vasculogenesis, and their susceptibility to anti-HIV drugs will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Barillari
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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11
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Lee A, Saito E, Ekins S, McMurtray A. Extracellular binding of indinavir to matrix metalloproteinase-2 and the alpha-7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor: implications for use in cancer treatment. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02526. [PMID: 31687607 PMCID: PMC6819839 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Results from recent studies have suggested a role for protease inhibitors in altering mechanisms involved in the initiation and proliferation of cancer cells. One such inhibitor, indinavir, may act as an anti-cancer agent by modulating the alpha-7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, which is a pro-carcinogenic protein that has been researched in conjunction with nicotine in lung cancer development. In our study, we compare indinavir's binding affinity towards α7-nAchR and MMP-2, another promoter of malignancy, to determine what extracellular effects the drug has before being internalized to inhibit HIV-1 protease. Methods A computer program, PyRx, was used to compare indinavir's binding affinity with digital models for α7-nAchR, MMP-2 and HIV-1 protease, which were then compared to the results of in vitro binding assays for these targets. Results PyRx testing predicted the highest binding affinity values for indinavir to MMP-2 (mean = 8.77 kcal/mol, S.D. = 0.29), followed by the α7-nAchR (mean = 8.53 kcal/mol, S.D. = 0.15) and HIV-1 protease (mean = 7.5 kcal/mol, S.D. = 0.44). In vitro, indinavir's mean percent inhibition of control values were 103.2 for HIV-1 protease, 5.3 for MMP-2, and 7.7 for the α7-nAchR. Conclusions Binding affinity values for indinavir to MMP-2 and α7-nAchR were not significantly different. Using PyRx to predict affinity compared with in vitro testing did not yield comparable results. However, indinavir was shown to slightly inhibit both α7-nAchR and MMP-2, which may have ramifications in the drug's delivery to the intracellularly located HIV-1 protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lee
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Erin Saito
- OC Neuroscience, Inc., Irvine, CA, 92604, USA
| | - Sean Ekins
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
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12
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Abstract
The prevalence of anal human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) remain high among HIV-infected individuals on effective antiretroviral therapy (ART). The incidence of HPV-related anal cancers has continued to increase since the introduction of ART. Therefore, ART may confer only limited benefit with respect to reducing the risk of anal HSIL and cancer. Efforts are in progress to define the efficacy of secondary prevention programs for prevention of anal cancer. In the modern ART era, anal cancer recurrence and survival outcomes are similar in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected patients, but HIV-infected patients may experience more toxicities. This article reviews the current literature on HPV-associated anal cancer in the HIV-infected population, including epidemiology, screening, clinical characteristics, and treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Ching J Wang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA, USA
- , 995 Potrero Avenue, Building 80, 4th Floor, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA
| | - Joel M Palefsky
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- , 513 Parnassus Ave, Med Sci Room 420E, Box 0654, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
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13
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Barillari G, Monini P, Sgadari C, Ensoli B. The Impact of Human Papilloma Viruses, Matrix Metallo-Proteinases and HIV Protease Inhibitors on the Onset and Progression of Uterine Cervix Epithelial Tumors: A Review of Preclinical and Clinical Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1418. [PMID: 29747434 PMCID: PMC5983696 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of uterine cervix epithelial cells by the Human Papilloma Viruses (HPV) is associated with the development of dysplastic/hyperplastic lesions, termed cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). CIN lesions may regress, persist or progress to invasive cervical carcinoma (CC), a leading cause of death worldwide. CIN is particularly frequent and aggressive in women infected by both HPV and the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), as compared to the general female population. In these individuals, however, therapeutic regimens employing HIV protease inhibitors (HIV-PI) have reduced CIN incidence and/or clinical progression, shedding light on the mechanism(s) of its development. This article reviews published work concerning: (i) the role of HPV proteins (including HPV-E5, E6 and E7) and of matrix-metalloproteinases (MMPs) in CIN evolution into invasive CC; and (ii) the effect of HIV-PI on events leading to CIN progression such as basement membrane and extracellular matrix invasion by HPV-positive CIN cells and the formation of new blood vessels. Results from the reviewed literature indicate that CIN clinical progression can be monitored by evaluating the expression of MMPs and HPV proteins and they suggest the use of HIV-PI or their derivatives for the block of CIN evolution into CC in both HIV-infected and uninfected women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Barillari
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 1 via Montpellier, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Paolo Monini
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 299 viale Regina Elena, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Cecilia Sgadari
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 299 viale Regina Elena, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Barbara Ensoli
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 299 viale Regina Elena, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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14
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Bacigalupo I, Palladino C, Leone P, Toschi E, Sgadari C, Ensoli B, Barillari G. Inhibition of MMP-9 expression by ritonavir or saquinavir is associated with inactivation of the AKT/Fra-1 pathway in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia cells. Oncol Lett 2017; 13:2903-2908. [PMID: 28521396 PMCID: PMC5431249 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.5835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A reduced incidence and decreased clinical progression of uterine cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) has been observed in women infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) treated with HIV-protease inhibitors (PIs). The HIV-PIs saquinavir (SQV) and ritonavir (RTV) have been demonstrated to efficiently inhibit invasion of human primary CIN cells by downregulating the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9. The present study further investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying the activity of SQV and RTV in CIN. The results of the present study indicate that the treatment of human primary CIN cells with SQV or RTV directly impairs events leading to MMP-9 expression, including the phosphorylation of AKT and the nuclear localisation of the Fos-related antigen transcription factor. In addition, neither SQV nor RTV affected the expression of human papilloma virus proteins, such as E6 or E7. In view of the important role that the AKT/Fra-1/MMP-9 signalling pathway serves in CIN progression to invasive cervical carcinoma, these data further support the use of HIV-PIs in the treatment of CIN in women infected with HIV and women who are not infected with HIV. Furthermore, the present study identified a molecular mechanism underlying the anti-invasive effects of SQV/RTV, providing useful information for the development of SQV/RTV derivatives, which may be employed as novel anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Bacigalupo
- National Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Center, National Institute of Health, I-00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Clelia Palladino
- National Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Center, National Institute of Health, I-00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Leone
- National Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Center, National Institute of Health, I-00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Toschi
- Department of Haematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Health, I-00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Cecilia Sgadari
- National Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Center, National Institute of Health, I-00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Ensoli
- National Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Center, National Institute of Health, I-00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Barillari
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, I-00133 Rome, Italy
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Maksimovic-Ivanic D, Fagone P, McCubrey J, Bendtzen K, Mijatovic S, Nicoletti F. HIV-protease inhibitors for the treatment of cancer: Repositioning HIV protease inhibitors while developing more potent NO-hybridized derivatives? Int J Cancer 2017; 140:1713-1726. [PMID: 27870005 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The possible use of HIV protease inhibitors (HIV-PI) as new therapeutic option for the treatment of cancer primarily originated from their success in treating HIV-related Kaposi's sarcoma (KS). While these findings were initially attributed to immune reconstitution and better control of oncogenic viral infections, the number of reports on solid tumors, KS, lymphoma, fibrosarcoma, multiple myeloma and prostate cancer suggest other mechanisms for the anti-neoplastic activity of PIs. However, a major drawback for the possible adoption of HIV-PIs in the therapy of cancer relies on their relatively weak anticancer potency and important side effects. This has propelled several groups to generate derivatives of HIV-PIs for anticancer use, through modifications such as attachment of different moieties, ligands and transporters, including saquinavir-loaded folic acid conjugated nanoparticles and nitric oxide (NO) derivatives of HIV-PIs. In this article, we discuss the current preclinical and clinical evidences for the potential use of HIV-PIs, and of novel derivatives, such as saquinavir-NO in the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danijela Maksimovic-Ivanic
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic," Belgrade University, Serbia
| | - Paolo Fagone
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Italy
| | - James McCubrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
| | - Klaus Bendtzen
- Institute for Inflammation Research (IIR), Rigshospitalet University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sanja Mijatovic
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic," Belgrade University, Serbia
| | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Italy
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16
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Bandiera E, Todeschini P, Romani C, Zanotti L, Erba E, Colmegna B, Bignotti E, Santin AD, Sartori E, Odicino FE, Pecorelli S, Tassi RA, Ravaggi A. The HIV-protease inhibitor saquinavir reduces proliferation, invasion and clonogenicity in cervical cancer cell lines. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:2493-2500. [PMID: 27698818 PMCID: PMC5038480 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.5008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Innovative therapies in cervical cancer (CC) remain a priority. Recent data indicate that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-protease inhibitors used in highly active antiretroviral therapy can exert direct antitumor activities also in HIV-free preclinical and clinical models. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antineoplastic effects of various HIV-protease inhibitors (indinavir, ritonavir and saquinavir) on primary and established CC cell lines. Two CC cell lines established in our laboratory and four commercially available CC cell lines were treated with indinavir, ritonavir and saquinavir at different concentrations and for different times. Proliferation, clonogenicity and radiosensitivity were evaluated by crystal violet staining. Proteasomal activities were assessed using a cell-based assay and immunoblotting. Cell cycle was analyzed by propidium iodide staining and flow cytometric analysis. Invasion was tested with Matrigel chambers. A t-test for paired samples was used for statistical analysis. In all cell lines, saquinavir was more effective than ritonavir in reducing cell proliferation and inhibiting proteasomal activities (P≤0.05). Conversely, indinavir exerted a negligible effect. The saquinavir concentrations required to modulate the proteasome activities were higher than those observed to be effective in inhibiting cell proliferation. In HeLa cells, saquinavir was strongly effective in inhibiting cell invasion and clonogenicity (P≤0.05) at concentrations much lower than those required to perturb proteasomal activities. Saquinavir did not contribute to increase the sensitivity of HeLa cells to X-rays. In conclusion, the present results demonstrate that saquinavir is able to significantly reduce cell proliferation, cell invasion and clonogenicity in a proteasome-independent manner in in vitro models of CC, and suggest that saquinavir could be a promising CC therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Bandiera
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 'Angelo Nocivelli' Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Brescia, I-25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Paola Todeschini
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 'Angelo Nocivelli' Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Brescia, I-25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Chiara Romani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 'Angelo Nocivelli' Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Brescia, I-25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Laura Zanotti
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 'Angelo Nocivelli' Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Brescia, I-25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Eugenio Erba
- Department of Oncology, Flow Cytometry Unit, IRCCS - 'Mario Negri' Institute for Pharmacological Research, I-20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Benedetta Colmegna
- Department of Oncology, Flow Cytometry Unit, IRCCS - 'Mario Negri' Institute for Pharmacological Research, I-20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Eliana Bignotti
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 'Angelo Nocivelli' Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Brescia, I-25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Davide Santin
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Enrico Sartori
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 'Angelo Nocivelli' Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Brescia, I-25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Franco Edoardo Odicino
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 'Angelo Nocivelli' Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Brescia, I-25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Sergio Pecorelli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 'Angelo Nocivelli' Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Brescia, I-25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Renata Alessandra Tassi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 'Angelo Nocivelli' Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Brescia, I-25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Antonella Ravaggi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 'Angelo Nocivelli' Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Brescia, I-25123 Brescia, Italy
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17
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Barillari G, Palladino C, Bacigalupo I, Leone P, Falchi M, Ensoli B. Entrance of the Tat protein of HIV-1 into human uterine cervical carcinoma cells causes upregulation of HPV-E6 expression and a decrease in p53 protein levels. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:2389-2394. [PMID: 27698804 PMCID: PMC5038842 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The infection of uterine cervical epithelial cells by oncogenic, high-risk human papilloma viruses (HR-HPVs) may lead to the development of cervical carcinoma. Of note, the incidence of this tumor is significantly increased in women infected by both HR-HPV and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1. In this regard, previous studies have linked the HIV-1 Tat protein, a trans-activator of viral gene expression, to the pathogenesis of HIV-associated malignancies. In particular, it has been shown that upon its release by acutely infected cells, Tat protein can enter human cells, thus modifying their phenotype. Based on these findings, the present study evaluated whether extracellular Tat protein could be taken up by human uterine cervical carcinoma cells, and whether this could affect the expression of HPV (E6 or E7) or cellular (p16 or p53) molecules, which are key to cervical carcinoma development or progression. The results indicated that extracellular, biologically active HIV-1 Tat protein is taken up by human uterine cervical carcinoma cells, and that this is followed by an increase in the expression of the E6 protein of HPV, and by a reduction in the protein levels of the cellular oncosuppressor p53. Since p53 loss is associated with cell dedifferentiation and immortalization, these findings suggest a possible link between extracellular Tat protein and the high incidence and clinical aggressiveness of uterine cervical carcinoma observed in HIV/HPV doubly infected women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Barillari
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University 'Tor Vergata', I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Clelia Palladino
- National AIDS Center, National Institute of Health, I-00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Bacigalupo
- National AIDS Center, National Institute of Health, I-00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Leone
- National AIDS Center, National Institute of Health, I-00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Falchi
- National AIDS Center, National Institute of Health, I-00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Ensoli
- National AIDS Center, National Institute of Health, I-00161 Rome, Italy
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18
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Yang L, Wang P, Wu JF, Yang LM, Wang RR, Pang W, Li YG, Shen YM, Zheng YT, Li X. Design, synthesis and anti-HIV-1 evaluation of hydrazide-based peptidomimetics as selective gelatinase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:2125-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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19
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Hampson L, Maranga IO, Masinde MS, Oliver AW, Batman G, He X, Desai M, Okemwa PM, Stringfellow H, Martin-Hirsch P, Mwaniki AM, Gichangi P, Hampson IN. A Single-Arm, Proof-Of-Concept Trial of Lopimune (Lopinavir/Ritonavir) as a Treatment for HPV-Related Pre-Invasive Cervical Disease. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147917. [PMID: 26824902 PMCID: PMC4732739 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical cancer is the most common female malignancy in the developing nations and the third most common cancer in women globally. An effective, inexpensive and self-applied topical treatment would be an ideal solution for treatment of screen-detected, pre-invasive cervical disease in low resource settings. METHODS Between 01/03/2013 and 01/08/2013, women attending Kenyatta National Hospital's Family Planning and Gynaecology Outpatients clinics were tested for HIV, HPV (Cervista®) and liquid based cervical cytology (LBC-ThinPrep®). HIV negative women diagnosed as high-risk HPV positive with high grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) were examined by colposcopy and given a 2 week course of 1 capsule of Lopimune (CIPLA) twice daily, to be self-applied as a vaginal pessary. Colposcopy, HPV testing and LBC were repeated at 4 and 12 weeks post-start of treatment with a final punch biopsy at 3 months for histology. Primary outcome measures were acceptability of treatment with efficacy as a secondary consideration. RESULTS A total of 23 women with HSIL were treated with Lopimune during which time no adverse reactions were reported. A maximum concentration of 10 ng/ml of lopinavir was detected in patient plasma 1 week after starting treatment. HPV was no longer detected in 12/23 (52.2%, 95%CI: 30.6-73.2%). Post-treatment cytology at 12 weeks on women with HSIL, showed 14/22 (63.6%, 95%CI: 40.6-82.8%) had no dysplasia and 4/22 (18.2%, 95%CI: 9.9-65.1%) were now low grade demonstrating a combined positive response in 81.8% of women of which 77.8% was confirmed by histology. These data are supported by colposcopic images, which show regression of cervical lesions. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate the potential of Lopimune as a self-applied therapy for HPV infection and related cervical lesions. Since there were no serious adverse events or detectable post-treatment morbidity, this study indicates that further trials are clearly justified to define optimal regimes and the overall benefit of this therapy. TRIAL REGISTRATION ISRCTN Registry 48776874.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne Hampson
- University of Manchester Viral Oncology Laboratories, Institute of Cancer Sciences, Research Floor 5, St Mary’s Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, United Kingdom
| | - Innocent O. Maranga
- Kenyatta National Hospital, Department of Reproductive Health, PO Box 20723–00202, Nairobi, Kenya
- University of Nairobi, College of Health Sciences, Departments of Gynaecology and Pathology, PO Box 19676–00202, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Millicent S. Masinde
- University of Nairobi, College of Health Sciences, Departments of Gynaecology and Pathology, PO Box 19676–00202, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Anthony W. Oliver
- University of Manchester Viral Oncology Laboratories, Institute of Cancer Sciences, Research Floor 5, St Mary’s Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin Batman
- University of Manchester Viral Oncology Laboratories, Institute of Cancer Sciences, Research Floor 5, St Mary’s Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaotong He
- University of Manchester Viral Oncology Laboratories, Institute of Cancer Sciences, Research Floor 5, St Mary’s Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, United Kingdom
| | - Minaxi Desai
- Cytology Laboratories, PO Box 208, Clinical Sciences Building 2, Central Manchester University Hospital NHS Trust, Oxford Rd, Manchester M13 9WW, United Kingdom
| | - Parmenas M. Okemwa
- University of Nairobi, College of Health Sciences, Departments of Gynaecology and Pathology, PO Box 19676–00202, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Helen Stringfellow
- Department of Pathology, Royal Preston Hospital, Sharoe Green Lane, Fulwood, Preston, PR2 9HT, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre Martin-Hirsch
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Royal Preston Hospital, Sharoe Green Lane, Fulwood, Preston, PR2 9HT, United Kingdom
| | - Alex M. Mwaniki
- University of Nairobi, College of Health Sciences, Departments of Gynaecology and Pathology, PO Box 19676–00202, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Peter Gichangi
- University of Nairobi, College of Health Sciences, Departments of Gynaecology and Pathology, PO Box 19676–00202, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ian N. Hampson
- University of Manchester Viral Oncology Laboratories, Institute of Cancer Sciences, Research Floor 5, St Mary’s Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Mbang PA, Kowalkowski MA, Amirian ES, Giordano TP, Richardson PA, Hartman CM, Chiao EY. Association between Time on Protease Inhibitors and the Incidence of Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Anus among U.S. Male Veterans. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142966. [PMID: 26629701 PMCID: PMC4668039 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease inhibitors (PIs) have been shown to have anti-tumor activity in addition to their antiretroviral properties. We sought to assess the association between PI use and the incidence of squamous cell carcinoma of the anus (SCCA) in HIV-infected individuals. We performed a retrospective cohort study among male US veterans diagnosed with HIV who were diagnosed between 1985 and 2010, using the Veterans Affairs HIV Clinical Case Registry (CCR). We calculated hazards ratios associated with PI use (both as percent time on PI and as 12-month intervals of PI use), utilizing time-dependent Cox models. We adjusted for risk factors, including age, race, year of enrolment into CCR, recent and nadir CD4, and percent time undetectable HIV viral load. A total of 28, 886 HIV-infected men met inclusion criteria. Of these, 373 were newly diagnosed with SCCA during the study period. In multivariate analysis, increasing percent time on PIs was associated with an increased risk of SCCA (aHR 1.07; 95% CI = 1.03–1.10 per 10% increase in time on PI). Poor immunologic recovery and virologic control, a history of condylomata acuminata, and CCR enrolment in the late combined antiretroviral therapy era were also associated with increased SCCA risk. Increasing percent time on a PI-based combined antiretroviral therapy regimen may be associated with an increased risk of developing SCCA in HIV-infected male US veterans. Future studies, better accounting for HIV control and treatment compliance, are necessary to further clarify this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela A. Mbang
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Marc A. Kowalkowski
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
- Houston Health Services Research and Development Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness and Safety, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - E. Susan Amirian
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
- Dan L Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Thomas P. Giordano
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
- Houston Health Services Research and Development Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness and Safety, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Peter A. Richardson
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
- Houston Health Services Research and Development Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness and Safety, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Christine M. Hartman
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
- Houston Health Services Research and Development Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness and Safety, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Y. Chiao
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
- Houston Health Services Research and Development Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness and Safety, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Hampson L, Martin-Hirsch P, Hampson IN. An overview of early investigational drugs for the treatment of human papilloma virus infection and associated dysplasia. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2015; 24:1529-37. [PMID: 26457651 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2015.1099628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION High-risk HPV (HR-HPV) related invasive cervical cancer (ICC) causes >270,000 deaths per annum world-wide with over 85% of these occurring in low-resource countries. Ablative and excisional treatment modalities are restricted for use with high-grade pre-cancerous cervical disease with HPV infection and low-grade dysplasia mostly managed by a watch-and-wait policy. AREAS COVERED Various pharmacological approaches have been investigated as non-destructive alternatives for the treatment of HR-HPV infection and associated dysplasia. These are discussed dealing with efficacy, ease-of-use (physician or self-applied), systemic or locally applied, side-effects, cost and risks. The main focus is the perceived impact on current clinical practice of a self-applied, effective and safe pharmacological anti-HPV treatment. EXPERT OPINION Current prophylactic HPV vaccines are expensive, HPV type restricted and have little effect in already infected women. Therapeutic vaccines are under development but are also HPV type-restricted. At present, the developed nations use national cytology screening and surgical procedures to treat only women identified with HPV-related high-grade dysplastic disease. However, since HPV testing is rapidly replacing cytology as the test-of-choice, a suitable topically-applied and low-cost antiviral treatment could be an ideal solution for treatment of HPV infection per se with test-of-cure carried out by repeat HPV testing. Cytology would only then be necessary for women who remained HPV positive. Although of significant benefit in the developed countries, combining such a treatment with self-sampled HPV testing could revolutionise the management of this disease in the developing world which lack both the infrastructure and resources to establish national cytology screening programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne Hampson
- a Viral Oncology Laboratories, Research Floor, St Mary's Hospital , University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9WL , UK
| | - Pierre Martin-Hirsch
- b Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , Royal Preston Hospital , Preston PR2 9HT , UK
| | - Ian N Hampson
- a Viral Oncology Laboratories, Research Floor, St Mary's Hospital , University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9WL , UK
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22
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Xiang T, Du L, Pham P, Zhu B, Jiang S. Nelfinavir, an HIV protease inhibitor, induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in human cervical cancer cells via the ROS-dependent mitochondrial pathway. Cancer Lett 2015; 364:79-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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23
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Maksimovic-Ivanic D, Mojic M, Bulatovic M, Radojkovic M, Kuzmanovic M, Ristic S, Stosic-Grujicic S, Miljkovic D, Cavalli E, Libra M, Fagone P, McCubrey J, Nicoletti F, Mijatovic S. The NO-modified HIV protease inhibitor as a valuable drug for hematological malignancies: Role of p70S6K. Leuk Res 2015. [PMID: 26220866 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2015.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Covalent attachment of NO to the first approved HIV protease inhibitor Saquinavir (Saq-NO) expands the therapeutic potential of the original drug. Apart from retained antiviral activity, the modified drug exerts strong antitumor effects and lower toxicity. In the present study, we have evaluated the sensitivity of different hematological malignancies to Saq-NO. Saq-NO efficiently diminished the viability of Jurkat, Raji, HL-60 and K562 cells. While Jurkat and Raji cells (established from pediatric patients) displayed abrogated proliferative potential, HL-60 and K652 cells (originated from adults) exposed to Saq-NO treatment underwent caspase dependent apoptosis. In addition, similar sensitivity to Saq-NO was observed in mononuclear blood cells obtained from pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and adult patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Western blot analysis indicated p70S6 kinase as a possible intracellular target of Saq-NO action. Moreover, the addition of a NO moiety to Lopinavir resulted in improved antitumor potential as compared to the parental compound, suggesting that NO-derived HIV protease inhibitors are a potential new source of anticancer drugs with unique mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danijela Maksimovic-Ivanic
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", Belgrade University, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Mojic
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", Belgrade University, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mirna Bulatovic
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", Belgrade University, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Radojkovic
- Clinical Center "Dr Dragisa Misovic", Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milos Kuzmanovic
- Institute for Health Care of Mother and Child of Serbia "Dr Vukan Cupic", Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Slobodan Ristic
- Clinical Center "Dr Dragisa Misovic", Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Stanislava Stosic-Grujicic
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", Belgrade University, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Djordje Miljkovic
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", Belgrade University, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Eugenio Cavalli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Massimo Libra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Paolo Fagone
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - James McCubrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
| | - Sanja Mijatovic
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", Belgrade University, Belgrade, Serbia
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Kast RE, Karpel-Massler G, Halatsch ME. CUSP9* treatment protocol for recurrent glioblastoma: aprepitant, artesunate, auranofin, captopril, celecoxib, disulfiram, itraconazole, ritonavir, sertraline augmenting continuous low dose temozolomide. Oncotarget 2015; 5:8052-82. [PMID: 25211298 PMCID: PMC4226667 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
CUSP9 treatment protocol for recurrent glioblastoma was published one year ago. We now present a slight modification, designated CUSP9*. CUSP9* drugs--aprepitant, artesunate, auranofin, captopril, celecoxib, disulfiram, itraconazole, sertraline, ritonavir, are all widely approved by regulatory authorities, marketed for non-cancer indications. Each drug inhibits one or more important growth-enhancing pathways used by glioblastoma. By blocking survival paths, the aim is to render temozolomide, the current standard cytotoxic drug used in primary glioblastoma treatment, more effective. Although esthetically unpleasing to use so many drugs at once, the closely similar drugs of the original CUSP9 used together have been well-tolerated when given on a compassionate-use basis in the cases that have come to our attention so far. We expect similarly good tolerability for CUSP9*. The combined action of this suite of drugs blocks signaling at, or the activity of, AKT phosphorylation, aldehyde dehydrogenase, angiotensin converting enzyme, carbonic anhydrase -2,- 9, -12, cyclooxygenase-1 and -2, cathepsin B, Hedgehog, interleukin-6, 5-lipoxygenase, matrix metalloproteinase -2 and -9, mammalian target of rapamycin, neurokinin-1, p-gp efflux pump, thioredoxin reductase, tissue factor, 20 kDa translationally controlled tumor protein, and vascular endothelial growth factor. We believe that given the current prognosis after a glioblastoma has recurred, a trial of CUSP9* is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Georg Karpel-Massler
- University of Ulm, Department of Neurosurgery, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, Ulm, Germany
| | - Marc-Eric Halatsch
- University of Ulm, Department of Neurosurgery, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, Ulm, Germany
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the mechanisms of anti-cancer activity of nelfinavir and other protease inhibitors (PIs) based on evidences reported in the published literature. METHODS We extensively reviewed the literature concerning nelfinavir (NFV) as an off target anti-cancer drug and other PIs. A classification of PIs based on anti-cancer mode of action was proposed. Controversies regarding nelfinavir mode of action were also addressed. CONCLUSIONS The two main mechanisms involved in anti-cancer activity are endoplasmic reticulum stress-unfolded protein response pathway and Akt inhibition. However there are many other effects, partially dependent and independent of those mentioned, that may be useful in cancer treatment, including MMP-9 and MMP-2 inhibition, down-regulation of CDK-2, VEGF, bFGF, NF-kB, STAT-3, HIF-1 alfa, IGF, EGFR, survivin, BCRP, androgen receptor, proteasome, fatty acid synthase (FAS), decrease in cellular ATP concentration and upregulation of TRAIL receptor DR5, Bax, increased radiosensitivity, and autophagy. The end result of all these effects is slower growth, decreased angiogenesis, decreased invasion and increased apoptosis, which means reduced proliferation and increased cancer cells death. PIs may be classified according to their anticancer activity at clinically achievable doses, in AKT inhibitors, ER stressors and Akt inhibitors/ER stressors. Beyond the phase I trials that have been recently completed, adequately powered and well-designed clinical trials are needed in the various cancer type settings, and specific trials where NFV is tested in association with other known anti-cancer pharmaceuticals should be sought, in order to find an appropriate place for NFV in cancer treatment. The analysis of controversies on the molecular mechanisms of NFV hints to the possibility that NFV works in a different way in tumor cells and in hepatocytes and adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Koltai
- Centro de Diagnostico y Tratamiento de la Obra Social del Personal de la Alimentación, Talar de Pacheco, Buenos Aires, 1618, Argentina
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26
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Hampson L, Oliver AW, Hampson IN. Using HIV drugs to target human papilloma virus. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 12:1021-3. [DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2014.950229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lynne Hampson
- University of Manchester Viral Oncology Laboratories, Institute of Cancer Sciences, Research Floor 5, St Mary’s Hospital,
Oxford Rd, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Anthony W Oliver
- University of Manchester Viral Oncology Laboratories, Institute of Cancer Sciences, Research Floor 5, St Mary’s Hospital,
Oxford Rd, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Ian N Hampson
- University of Manchester Viral Oncology Laboratories, Institute of Cancer Sciences, Research Floor 5, St Mary’s Hospital,
Oxford Rd, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
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Insights into the broad cellular effects of nelfinavir and the HIV protease inhibitors supporting their role in cancer treatment and prevention. Curr Opin Oncol 2014; 25:495-502. [PMID: 23872785 DOI: 10.1097/cco.0b013e328363dfee] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The development of HIV protease inhibitors more than two decades ago heralded a new era in HIV care, changing the infection from universally fatal to chronic but controllable. With the widespread use of protease inhibitors, there was a reduction in the incidence and mortality of HIV-associated malignancies. Studies later found these drugs to have promising direct antitumor effects. RECENT FINDINGS Protease inhibitors have a wide range of effects on several cellular pathways that are important for tumorigenesis and independent of inhibition of the HIV protease, including reducing angiogenesis and cell invasion, inhibition of the Akt pathway, induction of autophagy, and promotion of apoptosis. Among protease inhibitors, nelfinavir appears to have the most potent and broad antineoplastic activities, and also affects replication of the oncogenic herpesviruses Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus and Epstein-Barr virus. Nelfinavir is being studied for the prevention and treatment of a wide range of malignancies in persons with and without HIV infection. SUMMARY Nelfinavir and other protease inhibitors are well tolerated, oral drugs that have promising antitumor properties, and may prove to play an important role in the prevention and treatment of several cancers. Additional insights into protease inhibitors' mechanisms of action may lead to the development of novel cancer chemotherapy agents.
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Tumor growth inhibition by ritonavir: an emerging role in addition to its primary role as an anti-HIV agent. AIDS 2014; 28:285. [PMID: 24413313 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e32836352c2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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A conceptually new treatment approach for relapsed glioblastoma: coordinated undermining of survival paths with nine repurposed drugs (CUSP9) by the International Initiative for Accelerated Improvement of Glioblastoma Care. Oncotarget 2013; 4:502-30. [PMID: 23594434 PMCID: PMC3720600 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To improve prognosis in recurrent glioblastoma we developed a treatment protocol based on a combination of drugs not traditionally thought of as cytotoxic chemotherapy agents but that have a robust history of being well-tolerated and are already marketed and used for other non-cancer indications. Focus was on adding drugs which met these criteria: a) were pharmacologically well characterized, b) had low likelihood of adding to patient side effect burden, c) had evidence for interfering with a recognized, well-characterized growth promoting element of glioblastoma, and d) were coordinated, as an ensemble had reasonable likelihood of concerted activity against key biological features of glioblastoma growth. We found nine drugs meeting these criteria and propose adding them to continuous low dose temozolomide, a currently accepted treatment for relapsed glioblastoma, in patients with recurrent disease after primary treatment with the Stupp Protocol. The nine adjuvant drug regimen, Coordinated Undermining of Survival Paths, CUSP9, then are aprepitant, artesunate, auranofin, captopril, copper gluconate, disulfiram, ketoconazole, nelfinavir, sertraline, to be added to continuous low dose temozolomide. We discuss each drug in turn and the specific rationale for use- how each drug is expected to retard glioblastoma growth and undermine glioblastoma's compensatory mechanisms engaged during temozolomide treatment. The risks of pharmacological interactions and why we believe this drug mix will increase both quality of life and overall survival are reviewed.
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Palefsky J. HIV protease inhibitors to prevent progression of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia to cervical cancer: therapeutic opportunities and challenges. AIDS 2012; 26:1035-6. [PMID: 22552478 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e328352ae2f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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