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Pasternak AO, Tsukamoto T, Berkhout B. 'Zombie' proviruses in the spotlight: exploring the dark side of HIV persistence. AIDS 2023; 37:2239-2241. [PMID: 37877277 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander O Pasternak
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tetsuo Tsukamoto
- Department of Health Informatics, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ben Berkhout
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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2
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Ward AR, Thomas AS, Stevenson EM, Huang SH, Keating SM, Gandhi RT, McMahon DK, Bosch RJ, Macatangay BJ, Cyktor JC, Eron JJ, Mellors JW, Jones RB. No evidence that circulating HIV-specific immune responses contribute to persistent inflammation and immune activation in persons on long-term ART. AIDS 2022; 36:1617-1628. [PMID: 35730388 PMCID: PMC9444951 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE People with HIV (PWH) have persistently elevated levels of inflammation and immune activation despite suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART), with specific biomarkers showing associations with non-AIDS-defining morbidities and mortality. We investigated the potential role of the HIV-specific adaptive immune response, which also persists under ART, in driving levels of these clinically relevant biomarkers. DESIGN Cohort-based study. METHODS HIV-specific IFN-γ-producing T-cell responses and antibody concentrations were measured in blood at study entry in the ACTG A5321 cohort, following a median of 7 years of suppressive ART. HIV persistence measures including cell-associated (CA)-DNA, CA-RNA, and plasma HIV RNA (single-copy assay) were also assessed at study entry. Plasma inflammatory biomarkers and T-cell activation and cycling were measured at a pre-ART time point and at study entry. RESULTS Neither the magnitudes of HIV-specific T-cell responses nor HIV antibody levels were correlated with levels of the inflammatory or immune activation biomarkers, including hs-CRP, IL-6, neopterin, sCD14, sCD163, TNF-α, %CD38 + HLA-DR + CD8 + and CD4 + cells, and %Ki67 + CD8 + and CD4 + cells - including after adjustment for pre-ART biomarker level. Plasma HIV RNA levels were modestly correlated with CD8 + T-cell activation ( r = 0.25, P = 0.027), but other HIV persistence parameters were not associated with these biomarkers. In mediation analysis, relationships between HIV persistence parameters and inflammatory biomarkers were not influenced by either HIV-specific T-cell responses or antibody levels. CONCLUSION Adaptive HIV-specific immune responses do not appear to contribute to the elevated inflammatory and immune activation profile in persons on long-term ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam R. Ward
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC USA
- PhD Program in Epidemiology, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC USA
| | - Allison S. Thomas
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA USA
| | - Eva M. Stevenson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY USA
| | - Szu-Han Huang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC USA
| | - Sheila M. Keating
- GigaGen, Inc., San Francisco, CA USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Rajesh T. Gandhi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - Deborah K. McMahon
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Ronald J. Bosch
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA
| | - Bernard J. Macatangay
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Joshua C. Cyktor
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Joseph J. Eron
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - John W. Mellors
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - R. Brad Jones
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC USA
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Nelson AN, Dennis M, Mangold JF, Li K, Saha PT, Cronin K, Cross KA, Kumar A, Mangan RJ, Shaw GM, Bar KJ, Haynes B, Moody AM, Munir Alam S, Pollara J, Hudgens MG, Van Rompay KKA, De Paris K, Permar SR. Leveraging antigenic seniority for maternal vaccination to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1. NPJ Vaccines 2022; 7:87. [PMID: 35907918 PMCID: PMC9338948 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-022-00505-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of a maternal HIV vaccine to synergize with current antiretroviral drug prophylaxis can overcome implementation challenges and further reduce mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV. Both the epitope-specificity and autologous neutralization capacity of maternal HIV envelope (Env)-specific antibodies have been implicated in decreased risk of MTCT of HIV. Our goal was to determine if heterologous HIV Env immunization of SHIV.C.CH505-infected, ART-suppressed female rhesus macaques (RMs) could boost autologous Env-specific antibodies. SHIV.C.CH505-infected female RMs (n = 12), began a daily ART regimen at 12 weeks post-infection (wpi), which was continued for 12 weeks. Starting 2 weeks after ART initiation, RMs received 3 monthly immunizations with HIV b.63521/1086.C gp120 or placebo (n = 6/group) vaccine with adjuvant STR8S-C. Compared to the placebo-immunized animals, Env-vaccinated, SHIV-infected RMs exhibited enhanced IgG binding, avidity, and ADCC responses against the vaccine immunogens and the autologous SHIV.C.CH505 Env. Notably, the Env-specific memory B cells elicited by heterologous vaccination were dominated by cells that recognized the SHIV.C.CH505 Env, the antigen of primary exposure. Thus, vaccination of SHIV-infected, ART-suppressed RMs with heterologous HIV Envs can augment multiple components of the antibody response against the Env antigen of primary exposure, suggesting antigenic seniority. Our results suggest that a universal maternal HIV vaccination regimen can be developed to leverage antigenic seniority in targeting the maternal autologous virus pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley N Nelson
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Maria Dennis
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jesse F Mangold
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Katherine Li
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Pooja T Saha
- Gillings School of Public Health and Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kenneth Cronin
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kaitlyn A Cross
- Gillings School of Public Health and Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Amit Kumar
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Riley J Mangan
- Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - George M Shaw
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Katharine J Bar
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Barton Haynes
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Anthony M Moody
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - S Munir Alam
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Justin Pollara
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Michael G Hudgens
- Gillings School of Public Health and Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Koen K A Van Rompay
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Kristina De Paris
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Center for AIDS Research, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sallie R Permar
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
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4
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Calvet-Mirabent M, Sánchez-Cerrillo I, Martín-Cófreces N, Martínez-Fleta P, de la Fuente H, Tsukalov I, Delgado-Arévalo C, Calzada MJ, de Los Santos I, Sanz J, García-Fraile L, Sánchez-Madrid F, Alfranca A, Muñoz-Fernández MÁ, Buzón MJ, Martín-Gayo E. Antiretroviral therapy duration and immunometabolic state determine efficacy of ex vivo dendritic cell-based treatment restoring functional HIV-specific CD8+ T cells in people living with HIV. EBioMedicine 2022; 81:104090. [PMID: 35665682 PMCID: PMC9301875 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dysfunction of CD8+ T cells in people living with HIV-1 (PLWH) receiving anti-retroviral therapy (ART) has restricted the efficacy of dendritic cell (DC)-based immunotherapies against HIV-1. Heterogeneous immune exhaustion and metabolic states of CD8+ T cells might differentially associate with dysfunction. However, specific parameters associated to functional restoration of CD8+ T cells after DC treatment have not been investigated. Methods We studied association of restoration of functional HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cell responses after stimulation with Gag-adjuvant-primed DC with ART duration, exhaustion, metabolic and memory cell subsets profiles. Findings HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cell responses from a larger proportion of PLWH on long-term ART (more than 10 years; LT-ARTp) improved polyfunctionality and capacity to eliminate autologous p24+ infected CD4+ T cells in vitro. In contrast, functional improvement of CD8+ T cells from PLWH on short-term ART (less than a decade; ST-ARTp) after DC treatment was limited. This was associated with lower frequencies of central memory CD8+ T cells, increased co-expression of PD1 and TIGIT and reduced mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis induction upon TCR activation. In contrast, CD8+ T cells from LT-ARTp showed increased frequencies of TIM3+ PD1− cells and preserved induction of glycolysis. Treatment of dysfunctional CD8+ T cells from ST-ARTp with combined anti-PD1 and anti-TIGIT antibodies plus a glycolysis promoting drug restored their ability to eliminate infected CD4+ T cells. Interpretation Together, our study identifies specific immunometabolic parameters for different PLWH subgroups potentially useful for future personalized DC-based HIV-1 vaccines. Funding NIH (R21AI140930), MINECO/FEDER RETOS (RTI2018-097485-A-I00) and CIBERINF grants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Calvet-Mirabent
- Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ildefonso Sánchez-Cerrillo
- Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Noa Martín-Cófreces
- Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cardiovascular, CIBERCV, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Martínez-Fleta
- Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hortensia de la Fuente
- Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cardiovascular, CIBERCV, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Cristina Delgado-Arévalo
- Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ignacio de Los Santos
- Infectious Diseases Unit from Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Infecciosas, CIBERINF, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Sanz
- Infectious Diseases Unit from Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Infecciosas, CIBERINF, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucio García-Fraile
- Infectious Diseases Unit from Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Infecciosas, CIBERINF, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Sánchez-Madrid
- Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cardiovascular, CIBERCV, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Arantzazu Alfranca
- Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Muñoz-Fernández
- Immunology Section, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria J Buzón
- Infectious Diseases Department, Institut de Recerca Hospital Univesritari Vall d'Hebrón (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enrique Martín-Gayo
- Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Infecciosas, CIBERINF, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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5
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Liang Y, Lin H, Dzakah EE, Tang S. Influence of Combination Antiretroviral Therapy on HIV-1 Serological Responses and Their Implications: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:844023. [PMID: 35432309 PMCID: PMC9006953 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.844023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to analyze HIV-1 seroreversion caused by combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) and to explore antibody levels of anti-HIV-1 as an alternative biomarker of HIV-1 reservoir. We searched PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and Web of Science up to August 2021 for publications about the performance of HIV-1 serological assays or the association between antibody responses against HIV-1 and HIV-1 reservoirs. Potential sources of heterogeneity were explored by meta-regression analysis, including the year of publication, country, pretreatment viral load, sample size, the timing of treatment, time on cART, and principle or type of serological assay. Twenty-eight eligible studies with a total population of 1,883 were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled frequency of HIV-1 seronegativity is 38.0% (95% CI: 28.0%–49.0%) among children with vertical HIV-1 infection and cART initiation at the age of less than 6 months, while the percentage of HIV-1 seronegativity declined to 1.0% (95% CI: 0%–3.0%) when cART was initiated at the age of >6 months. For adult patients, 16.0% (95% CI: 9.0%–24.0%) of them were serologically negative when cART was initiated at acute/early infection of HIV-1, but the seronegative reaction was rarely detected when cART was started at chronic HIV-1 infection. Substantial heterogeneity was observed among the studies to estimate the frequency of HIV-1 seronegativity in the early-cART population (I2 ≥ 70%, p < 0.05 and all), while mild heterogeneity existed for the deferred-cART subjects. Moreover, anti-HIV-1 antibody response positively correlates with HIV-1 reservoir size with a pooled rho of 0.43 (95% CI: 0.28–0.55), suggesting that anti-HIV antibody level may be a feasible biomarker of HIV-1 reservoir size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhao Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongqing Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Emmanuel Enoch Dzakah
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Shixing Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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6
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Matavele Chissumba R, Magul C, Macamo R, Monteiro V, Enosse M, Macicame I, Cumbane V, Bhatt N, Viegas E, Imbach M, Eller LA, Polyak CS, Kestens L. Helios expressing regulatory T cells are correlated with decreased IL-2 producing CD8 T cells and antibody diversity in Mozambican individuals living chronically with HIV-1. BMC Immunol 2022; 23:12. [PMID: 35287587 PMCID: PMC8922818 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-022-00487-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) causes impairment of T and B cell responses, which begins during the acute phase of infection and is not completely restored by antiretroviral treatment. Regulatory T cell (Tregs) can improve overall disease outcome by controlling chronic inflammation but may also suppress beneficial HIV-1 specific immune responses. We aimed to analyze the profile of Tregs and their correlation with the status of T cells activation, the expression of IL-2 and IFNγ and the profile of HIV-1 specific antibodies response in Mozambican people living chronically with HIV-1 (PLWH-C). Results In PLWH-C, the proportion of total Tregs was positively correlated with the proportion of IL-2+CD4 T cells (r = 0.647; p = 0.032) and IL-2+IFNγ+CD8 T cells (r = 0.551; p = 0.014), while the proportions of Helios+Tregs correlated inversely with levels of IL-2+CD8 T cells (r = − 0.541; p = 0.017). Overall, PLWH-C, with (82%) or without virologic suppression (64%), were seronegative for at least HIV-1 p31, gp160 or p24, and the breadth of antibody responses was positively correlated with proportions of CD38+HLA-DR+CD8 T cells (r = 0.620; p = 0.012), viral load (r = 0.452; p = 0.040) and inversely with absolute CD4 T cells count (r = − 0.481; p = 0.027). Analysis of all individuals living HIV-1 showed that the breadth of HIV-1 antibody responses was inversely correlated with the proportion of Helios+Tregs (r = − 0.45; p = 0.02). Conclusion Among Mozambican people living with HIV-1, seronegativity to some HIV-1 proteins is common, particularly in virologically suppressed individuals. Furthermore, lower diversity of HIV-specific antibodies is correlated to lower immune activation, lower viral replication and higher CD4 counts, in PLWH-C. Elevation in the proportion of Helios+Tregs is related to a reduction of CD8 T expressing intracellular IL-2, in PLWH-C, but may contribute to impairment of B cell function. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12865-022-00487-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Matavele Chissumba
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Distrito de Marracuene, Estrada Nacional N°1, Marracuene, Província de Maputo, Mozambique. .,Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Cacildo Magul
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Distrito de Marracuene, Estrada Nacional N°1, Marracuene, Província de Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Rosa Macamo
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Distrito de Marracuene, Estrada Nacional N°1, Marracuene, Província de Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Vânia Monteiro
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Distrito de Marracuene, Estrada Nacional N°1, Marracuene, Província de Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Maria Enosse
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Distrito de Marracuene, Estrada Nacional N°1, Marracuene, Província de Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Ivalda Macicame
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Distrito de Marracuene, Estrada Nacional N°1, Marracuene, Província de Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Victória Cumbane
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Distrito de Marracuene, Estrada Nacional N°1, Marracuene, Província de Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Nilesh Bhatt
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Distrito de Marracuene, Estrada Nacional N°1, Marracuene, Província de Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Edna Viegas
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Distrito de Marracuene, Estrada Nacional N°1, Marracuene, Província de Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Michelle Imbach
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Leigh Anne Eller
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christina S Polyak
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Luc Kestens
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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7
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Ivison GT, Vendrame E, Martínez-Colón GJ, Ranganath T, Vergara R, Zhao NQ, Martin MP, Bendall SC, Carrington M, Cyktor JC, McMahon DK, Eron J, Jones RB, Mellors JW, Bosch RJ, Gandhi RT, Holmes S, Blish CA. Natural Killer Cell Receptors and Ligands Are Associated With Markers of HIV-1 Persistence in Chronically Infected ART Suppressed Patients. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:757846. [PMID: 35223535 PMCID: PMC8866573 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.757846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The latent HIV-1 reservoir represents a major barrier to achieving a long-term antiretroviral therapy (ART)-free remission or cure for HIV-1. Natural Killer (NK) cells are innate immune cells that play a critical role in controlling viral infections and have been shown to be involved in preventing HIV-1 infection and, in those who are infected, delaying time to progression to AIDS. However, their role in limiting HIV-1 persistence on long term ART is still uncharacterized. To identify associations between markers of HIV-1 persistence and the NK cell receptor-ligand repertoire, we used twin mass cytometry panels to characterize the peripheral blood NK receptor-ligand repertoire in individuals with long-term antiretroviral suppression enrolled in the AIDS Clinical Trial Group A5321 study. At the time of testing, participants had been on ART for a median of 7 years, with virological suppression <50 copies/mL since at most 48 weeks on ART. We found that the NK cell receptor and ligand repertoires did not change across three longitudinal samples over one year-a median of 25 weeks and 50 weeks after the initial sampling. To determine the features of the receptor-ligand repertoire that associate with markers of HIV-1 persistence, we performed a LASSO normalized regression. This analysis revealed that the NK cell ligands CD58, HLA-B, and CRACC, as well as the killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) KIR2DL1, KIR2DL3, and KIR2DS4 were robustly predictive of markers of HIV-1 persistence, as measured by total HIV-1 cell-associated DNA, HIV-1 cell-associated RNA, and single copy HIV-RNA assays. To characterize the roles of cell populations defined by multiple markers, we augmented the LASSO analysis with FlowSOM clustering. This analysis found that a less mature NK cell phenotype (CD16+CD56dimCD57-LILRB1-NKG2C-) was associated with lower HIV-1 cell associated DNA. Finally, we found that surface expression of HLA-Bw6 measured by CyTOF was associated with lower HIV-1 persistence. Genetic analysis revealed that this was driven by lower HIV-1 persistence in HLA-Bw4/6 heterozygotes. These findings suggest that there may be a role for NK cells in controlling HIV-1 persistence in individuals on long-term ART, which must be corroborated by future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey T Ivison
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.,Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.,Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Elena Vendrame
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Giovanny J Martínez-Colón
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Thanmayi Ranganath
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Rosemary Vergara
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Nancy Q Zhao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.,Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Maureen P Martin
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National, Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, United States.,Laboratory of Integrative Cancer, Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Sean C Bendall
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Mary Carrington
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National, Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, United States.,Laboratory of Integrative Cancer, Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and Harvard, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Joshua C Cyktor
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Deborah K McMahon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Joseph Eron
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - R Brad Jones
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - John W Mellors
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Ronald J Bosch
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Rajesh T Gandhi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Center for AIDS Research, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Susan Holmes
- Department of Statistics, School of Humanities and Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Catherine A Blish
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, United States
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8
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Zhang C, Hu W, Jin JH, Zhou MJ, Song JW, Deng JN, Huang L, Wang SY, Wang FS. The role of CD8 T cells in controlling HIV beyond the antigen-specific face. HIV Med 2020; 21:692-700. [PMID: 33369032 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.13021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Understanding the determinants of HIV immune control is important for seeking viable HIV prevention, treatment and curative strategies. The antigen-specific roles of CD8 T cells in controlling primary HIV infection have been well documented, but their abilities to control the latent HIV reservoir is less well studied. METHODS The scientific literature on this issue was searched on PubMed. RESULTS Recent reports have demonstrated that CD8 T cells are also involved in the control of viral replication in HIV-infected individuals receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). However, based on accumulating evidence, the antiviral role of CD8 T cells in ART patients may not be achieved via an antigen-specific manner as HIV-specific CD8 T cells can sense, but not effectively eliminate, cells harbouring intact provirus without first being activated. Our recent study indicated that virtual memory CD8 T cells, a semi-differentiated component of CD8 T cells, may be involved in the mechanism restraining the HIV DNA reservoir in ART patients. CONCLUSIONS In this review, we summarize recent findings on the role of CD8 T cells in controlling HIV, highlighting differences between conventional antigen-specific and innate-like CD8 T cells. A better understanding of the roles of CD8 T cells during HIV infection should benefit the informed design of immune-based treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fifth Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China.,Guangxi AIDS Clinical Treatment Centre, The Fourth People's Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, China
| | - W Hu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fifth Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China.,Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - J H Jin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fifth Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - M J Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fifth Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - J W Song
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fifth Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - J N Deng
- Guangxi AIDS Clinical Treatment Centre, The Fourth People's Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, China
| | - L Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fifth Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China.,Guangxi AIDS Clinical Treatment Centre, The Fourth People's Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, China
| | - S Y Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fifth Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China.,Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - F S Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fifth Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China.,Guangxi AIDS Clinical Treatment Centre, The Fourth People's Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, China.,Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
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9
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Rolot M, Dewals BG. Unconventional CD45RA+ memory CD8 T cells to control HIV infection during antiretroviral therapy. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 17:897-898. [PMID: 32503999 PMCID: PMC7608230 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-0478-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marion Rolot
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 900953, USA
| | - Benjamin G Dewals
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine-FARAH, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
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10
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Jin JH, Huang HH, Zhou MJ, Li J, Hu W, Huang L, Xu Z, Tu B, Yang G, Shi M, Jiao YM, Fan X, Song JW, Zhang JY, Zhang C, Wang FS. Virtual memory CD8+ T cells restrain the viral reservoir in HIV-1-infected patients with antiretroviral therapy through derepressing KIR-mediated inhibition. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 17:1257-1265. [PMID: 32210395 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-0408-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The viral reservoir is the major hurdle in developing and establishing an HIV cure. Understanding factors affecting the size and decay of this reservoir is crucial for the development of therapeutic strategies. Recent work highlighted that CD8+ T cells are involved in the control of viral replication in ART-treated HIV-1-infected individuals, but how CD8+ T cells sense and restrict the HIV reservoir are not fully understood. Here, we demonstrate that a population of unconventional CD45RA+, PanKIR+, and/or NKG2A+ virtual memory CD8+ T cells (TVM cells), which confer rapid and robust protective immunity against pathogens, plays an important role in restraining the HIV DNA reservoir in HIV-1-infected patients with effective ART. In patients undergoing ART, TVM cells negatively correlate with HIV DNA and positively correlate with circulating IFN-α2 and IL-15. Moreover, TVM cells constitutively express high levels of cytotoxic granule components, including granzyme B, perforin and granulysin, and demonstrate the capability to control HIV replication through both cytolytic and noncytolytic mechanisms. Furthermore, by using an ex vivo system, we showed that HIV reactivation is effectively suppressed by TVM cells through KIR-mediated recognition. This study suggests that TVM cells are a promising target to predict posttreatment virological control and to design immune-based interventions to reduce the reservoir size in ART-treated HIV-1-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Hua Jin
- Peking University 302 Clinical Medical School, Beijing, China.,Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Hui-Huang Huang
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ming-Ju Zhou
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China.,Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China
| | - Jing Li
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China.,Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Huang
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Xu
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Tu
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Shi
- Peking University 302 Clinical Medical School, Beijing, China.,Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Mei Jiao
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Fan
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Wen Song
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ji-Yuan Zhang
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China.
| | - Fu-Sheng Wang
- Peking University 302 Clinical Medical School, Beijing, China. .,Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China.
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11
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Huang SH, McCann CD, Mota TM, Wang C, Lipkin SM, Jones RB. Have Cells Harboring the HIV Reservoir Been Immunoedited? Front Immunol 2019; 10:1842. [PMID: 31447850 PMCID: PMC6691121 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunoediting is an important concept in oncology, delineating the mechanisms through which tumors are selected for resistance to immune-mediated elimination. The recent emergence of immunotherapies, such as checkpoint inhibitors, as pillars of cancer therapy has intensified interest in immunoediting as a constraint limiting the efficacy of these approaches. Immunoediting manifests at a number of levels for different cancers, for example through the establishment of immunosuppressive microenvironments within solid tumors. Of particular interest to the current review, selection also occurs at the cellular level; and recent studies have revealed novel mechanisms by which tumor cells acquire intrinsic resistance to immune recognition and elimination. While the selection of escape mutations in viral epitopes by HIV-specific T cells, which is a hallmark of chronic HIV infection, can be considered a form of immunoediting, few studies have considered the possibility that HIV-infected cells themselves may parallel tumors in having differential intrinsic susceptibilities to immune-mediated elimination. Such selection, on the level of an infected cell, may not play a significant role in untreated HIV, where infection is propagated by high levels of cell-free virus produced by cells that quickly succumb to viral cytopathicity. However, it may play an unappreciated role in individuals treated with effective antiretroviral therapy where viral replication is abrogated. In this context, an "HIV reservoir" persists, comprising long-lived infected cells which undergo extensive and dynamic clonal expansion. The ability of these cells to persist in infected individuals has generally been attributed to viral latency, thought to render them invisible to immune recognition, and/or to their compartmentalization in anatomical sites that are poorly accessible to immune effectors. Recent data from ex vivo studies have led us to propose that reservoir-harboring cells may additionally have been selected for intrinsic resistance to CD8+ T cells, limiting their elimination even in the context of antigen expression. Here, we draw on knowledge from tumor immunoediting to discuss potential mechanisms by which clones of HIV reservoir-harboring cells may resist elimination by CD8+ T cells. The establishment of such parallels may provide a premise for testing therapeutics designed to sensitize tumor cells to immune-mediated elimination as novel approaches aimed at curing HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szu-Han Huang
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Chase D. McCann
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
- Program in Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, United States
| | - Talia M. Mota
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Steven M. Lipkin
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - R. Brad Jones
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
- Program in Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, United States
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