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Munusamy Ponnan S, Hayes P, Fernandez N, Thiruvengadam K, Pattabiram S, Nesakumar M, Srinivasan A, Kathirvel S, Shankar J, Goyal R, Singla N, Mukherjee J, Chatrath S, Gilmour J, Subramanyam S, Prasad Tripathy S, Swaminathan S, Hanna LE. Evaluation of antiviral T cell responses and TSCM cells in volunteers enrolled in a phase I HIV-1 subtype C prophylactic vaccine trial in India. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229461. [PMID: 32097435 PMCID: PMC7041807 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells play an important role in controlling viral replication during HIV infection. An effective vaccine should, therefore, lead to the induction of a strong and early viral-specific CD8+ T cell response. While polyfunctional T cell responses are thought to be important contributors to the antiviral response, there is evidence to show that polyfunctional HIV- specific CD8+ T cells are just a small fraction of the total HIV-specific CD8+ T cells and may be absent in many individuals who control HIV replication, suggesting that other HIV-1 specific CD8+ effector T cell subsets may be key players in HIV control. Stem cell-like memory T cells (TSCM) are a subset of T cells with a long half-life and self-renewal capacity. They serve as key reservoirs for HIV and contribute a significant barrier to HIV eradication. The present study evaluated vaccine-induced antiviral responses and TSCM cells in volunteers vaccinated with a subtype C prophylactic HIV-1 vaccine candidate administered in a prime-boost regimen. We found that ADVAX DNA prime followed by MVA boost induced significantly more peripheral CD8+ TSCM cells and higher levels of CD8+ T cell-mediated inhibition of replication of different HIV-1 clades as compared to MVA alone and placebo. These findings are novel and provide encouraging evidence to demonstrate the induction of TSCM and cytotoxic immune responses by a subtype C HIV-1 prophylactic vaccine administered using a prime-boost strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Hayes
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College, London, England, United Kingdom
| | - Natalia Fernandez
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College, London, England, United Kingdom
| | - Kannan Thiruvengadam
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Sathyamurthi Pattabiram
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Manohar Nesakumar
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Ashokkumar Srinivasan
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Sujitha Kathirvel
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Janani Shankar
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Rajat Goyal
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New Delhi, India
| | - Nikhil Singla
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Jill Gilmour
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College, London, England, United Kingdom
| | - Sudha Subramanyam
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Srikanth Prasad Tripathy
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Soumya Swaminathan
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Luke Elizabeth Hanna
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
- * E-mail:
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2
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Munusamy Ponnan S, Pattabiram S, Thiruvengadam K, Goyal R, Singla N, Mukherjee J, Chatrath S, Bergin P, T. Kopycinski J, Gilmour J, Kumar S, Muthu M, Subramaniam S, Swaminathan S, Prasad Tripathy S, Luke HE. Induction and maintenance of bi-functional (IFN-γ + IL-2+ and IL-2+ TNF-α+) T cell responses by DNA prime MVA boosted subtype C prophylactic vaccine tested in a Phase I trial in India. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213911. [PMID: 30921340 PMCID: PMC6438518 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Effective vaccine design relies on accurate knowledge of protection against a pathogen, so as to be able to induce relevant and effective protective responses against it. An ideal Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine should induce humoral as well as cellular immune responses to prevent initial infection of host cells or limit early events of viral dissemination. A Phase I HIV-1 prophylactic vaccine trial sponsored by the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) was conducted in India in 2009.The trial tested a HIV-1 subtype C vaccine in a prime-boost regimen, comprising of a DNA prime (ADVAX) and Modified Vaccine Ankara (MVA) (TBC-M4) boost. The trial reported that the vaccine regimen was safe, well tolerated, and resulted in enhancement of HIV-specific immune responses. However, preliminary immunological studies were limited to vaccine-induced IFN-γ responses against the Env and Gag peptides. The present study is a retrospective study to characterize in detail the nature of the vaccine-induced cell mediated immune responses among volunteers, using Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMC) that were archived during the trial. ELISpot was used to measure IFN-γ responses and polyfunctional T cells were analyzed by intracellular multicolor flow cytometry. It was observed that DNA priming and MVA boosting induced Env and Gag specific bi-functional and multi-functional CD4+ and CD8+ T cells expressing IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-2. The heterologous prime-boost regimen appeared to be slightly superior to the homologous prime-boost regimen in inducing favorable cell mediated immune responses. These results suggest that an in-depth analysis of vaccine-induced cellular immune response can aid in the identification of correlates of an effective immunogenic response, and inform future design of HIV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivasankaran Munusamy Ponnan
- Department of HIV, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Sathyamurthy Pattabiram
- Department of HIV, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Kannan Thiruvengadam
- Department of HIV, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Rajat Goyal
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New Delhi, India
| | - Nikhil Singla
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Philip Bergin
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jill Gilmour
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sriram Kumar
- Department of HIV, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Malathy Muthu
- Department of HIV, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Sudha Subramaniam
- Department of HIV, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Soumya Swaminathan
- Department of HIV, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Srikanth Prasad Tripathy
- Department of HIV, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Hanna Elizabeth Luke
- Department of HIV, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
- * E-mail:
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3
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Tang J, Cai Y, Liang J, Tan Z, Tang X, Zhang C, Cheng L, Zhou J, Wang H, Yam WC, Chen X, Wang H, Chen Z. In vivo electroporation of a codon-optimized BER opt DNA vaccine protects mice from pathogenic Mycobacterium tuberculosis aerosol challenge. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2018; 113:65-75. [PMID: 30514515 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
DNA vaccines have been extensively studied as preventative and therapeutic interventions for various infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS and influenza. Despite promising progresses made, improving the immunogenicity of DNA vaccine remains a technical challenge for clinical development. In this study, we investigated a tuberculosis DNA vaccine BERopt, which contained a codon-optimized fusion immunogen Ag85B-ESAT-6-Rv2660c for enhanced mammalian cell expression and immunogenicity. BERopt immunization through in vivo electroporation in BALB/c mice induced surprisingly high frequencies of Ag85B tetramer+ CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood and IFN-γ-secreting CD8+ T cells in splenocytes. Meanwhile, the BERopt vaccine-induced long-lasting T cell immunity protected BALB/c mice from high dose viral challenge using a modified vaccinia virus Tiantan strain expressing mature Ag85B protein (MVTT-m85B) and the virulent M. tb H37Rv aerosol challenge. Since the BERopt DNA vaccine does not induce anti-vector immunity, the strong immunogenicity and protective efficacy of this novel DNA vaccine warrant its future development for M. tb prevention and immunotherapy to alleviate the global TB burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiansong Tang
- AIDS Institute and Department of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong SAR, PR China; HKU AIDS Institute Shenzhen Research Laboratory and Guangdong Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Yi Cai
- HKU AIDS Institute Shenzhen Research Laboratory and Guangdong Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Jianguo Liang
- AIDS Institute and Department of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Zhiwu Tan
- AIDS Institute and Department of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Xian Tang
- HKU AIDS Institute Shenzhen Research Laboratory and Guangdong Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Chi Zhang
- HKU AIDS Institute Shenzhen Research Laboratory and Guangdong Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Lin Cheng
- AIDS Institute and Department of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Jingying Zhou
- AIDS Institute and Department of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Haibo Wang
- AIDS Institute and Department of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Wing-Cheong Yam
- Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Xinchun Chen
- HKU AIDS Institute Shenzhen Research Laboratory and Guangdong Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Hui Wang
- HKU AIDS Institute Shenzhen Research Laboratory and Guangdong Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, PR China.
| | - Zhiwei Chen
- AIDS Institute and Department of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong SAR, PR China; HKU AIDS Institute Shenzhen Research Laboratory and Guangdong Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, PR China.
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Mukhopadhyay M, Galperin M, Patgaonkar M, Vasan S, Ho DD, Nouël A, Claireaux M, Benati D, Lambotte O, Huang Y, Chakrabarti LA. DNA Vaccination by Electroporation Amplifies Broadly Cross-Restricted Public TCR Clonotypes Shared with HIV Controllers. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2017; 199:3437-3452. [PMID: 28993513 PMCID: PMC5675813 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Rare patients who spontaneously control HIV replication provide a useful model to inform HIV vaccine development. HIV controllers develop particularly efficient antiviral CD4+ T cell responses mediated by shared high-affinity TCRs. To determine whether the candidate DNA vaccine ADVAX could induce similar responses, we analyzed Gag-specific primary CD4+ T cells from healthy volunteers who received ADVAX DNA by electroporation. Vaccinated volunteers had an immunodominant response to the Gag293 epitope with a functional avidity intermediate between that of controllers and treated patients. The TCR repertoire of Gag293-specific CD4+ T cells proved highly biased, with a predominant usage of the TCRβ variable gene 2 (TRBV2) in vaccinees as well as controllers. TCRα variable gene (TRAV) gene usage was more diverse, with the dominance of TRAV29 over TRAV24 genes in vaccinees, whereas TRAV24 predominated in controllers. Sequence analysis revealed an unexpected degree of overlap between the specific repertoires of vaccinees and controllers, with the sharing of TRAV24 and TRBV2 public motifs (>30%) and of public clonotypes characteristic of high-affinity TCRs. MHC class II tetramer binding revealed a broad HLA-DR cross-restriction, explaining how Gag293-specific public clonotypes could be selected in individuals with diverse genetic backgrounds. TRAV29 clonotypes also proved cross-restricted, but conferred responses of lower functional avidity upon TCR transfer. In conclusion, DNA vaccination by electroporation primed for TCR clonotypes that were associated with HIV control, highlighting the potential of this vaccine delivery method. To our knowledge, this study provides the first proof-of-concept that clonotypic analysis may be used as a tool to monitor the quality of vaccine-induced responses and modulate these toward "controller-like" responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhura Mukhopadhyay
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Pathogénie Virale, 75724 Paris, France
- INSERM U1108, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Moran Galperin
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Pathogénie Virale, 75724 Paris, France
- INSERM U1108, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Mandar Patgaonkar
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Pathogénie Virale, 75724 Paris, France
- INSERM U1108, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Sandhya Vasan
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, New York, NY 10016
| | - David D Ho
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, New York, NY 10016
| | - Alexandre Nouël
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Pathogénie Virale, 75724 Paris, France
- INSERM U1108, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Claireaux
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Pathogénie Virale, 75724 Paris, France
- INSERM U1108, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Daniela Benati
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Pathogénie Virale, 75724 Paris, France
- INSERM U1108, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Lambotte
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bicêtre, Service de Médecine Interne et Immunologie Clinique, 94275 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Université Paris Sud, UMR 1184, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- DSV/iMETI, IDMIT, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, 92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; and
- INSERM U1184, Centre d'Immunologie des Infections Virales et Maladies Autoimmunes, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Yaoxing Huang
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, New York, NY 10016
| | - Lisa A Chakrabarti
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Pathogénie Virale, 75724 Paris, France;
- INSERM U1108, 75015 Paris, France
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5
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Chen YL, Chen YS, Hung YC, Liu PJ, Tasi HY, Ni WF, Hseuh PT, Lin HH. Improvement in T helper 1-related immune responses in BALB/c mice immunized with an HIV-1 gag plasmid combined with a chimeric plasmid encoding interleukin-18 and flagellin. Microbiol Immunol 2016; 59:483-94. [PMID: 26094825 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Both flagellin (fliC) and IL-18 (INF-γ-inducing factor) have been developed as adjuvants for improving immunogenicity in DNA-vaccinated hosts. An HIV-1 gag plasmid encodes a protein harboring broad epitopes for cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. In this study, the immunogenicity of BALB/c mice immunized with an HIV-1 gag plasmid (pVAX/gag) combined with a chimeric plasmid encoding IL-18 fused to flagellin (pcDNA3/IL-18_fliC) or a single plasmid encoding IL-18 (pcDNA3/IL-18) and/or flagellin (pcDNA3/fliC) was assessed. Through in vitro transcription and translation, it was demonstrated that both mRNA and protein were appropriately expressed by each construct. The IL-18 and flagellin fusion protein, which could be detected in supernatants from transfected cells, was effective in inducing IFN-γ by lymphocytes. Following i.m. immunization, expressions of flagellin or IL-18 were detected in muscle cells by immunohistochemistry analysis from 72 hr. At 12 weeks post-immunization, both gag-specific IgG in sera and spleen cell proliferation were high in all murine groups. However, the IgG2a/IgG1 ratio, Th1 cytokine (IL-2 and IFN-γ) production and proportion of gag-specific CD3(+) CD8(+) IFN-γ-secreting cells were significantly higher in the murine group co-immunized with pVAX/gag plasmid and pcDNA3/IL-18_fliC than in the mice immunized with pVAX/gag plasmid combined with either pcDNA3/fliC or pcDNA3/IL-18 plasmid or both. These findings suggest that a chimeric plasmid encoding IL-18 fused to flagellin can be used as an adjuvant-like plasmid to improve the Th1 immune response, particularly for induction of CD3(+) CD8(+) IFN-γ-secreting cells in gag plasmid-vaccinated mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Lei Chen
- Department of Biotechnology, National Kaohsiung Normal University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Shen Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung/National Yang-Ming University, Taipei
| | - Yi-Chien Hung
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Disease, E-Da Hospital/I-Shou University, Kaohsiung
| | - Pei-Ju Liu
- Department of Biotechnology, National Kaohsiung Normal University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsi-Ying Tasi
- Department of Biotechnology, National Kaohsiung Normal University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Feng Ni
- Department of Biotechnology, National Kaohsiung Normal University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Tan Hseuh
- Department of Biological Science, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsi-Hsun Lin
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Disease, E-Da Hospital/I-Shou University, Kaohsiung
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Tang J, Yam WC, Chen Z. Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and vaccine development. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2016; 98:30-41. [PMID: 27156616 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Following HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis (TB) continues to be the second most deadly infectious disease in humans. The global TB prevalence has become worse in recent years due to the emergence of multi-drug resistant (MDR) and extensively-drug resistant (XDR) strains, as well as co-infection with HIV. Although Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine has nearly been used for a century in many countries, it does not protect adult pulmonary tuberculosis and even causes disseminated BCG disease in HIV-positive population. It is impossible to use BCG to eliminate the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) infection or to prevent TB onset and reactivation. Consequently, novel vaccines are urgently needed for TB prevention and immunotherapy. In this review, we discuss the TB prevalence, interaction between M. tb and host immune system, as well as recent progress of TB vaccine research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiansong Tang
- AIDS Institute and Department of Microbiology, Research Centre for Infection and Immunity, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Wing-Cheong Yam
- Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Zhiwei Chen
- AIDS Institute and Department of Microbiology, Research Centre for Infection and Immunity, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; HKU-AIDS Institute Shenzhen Research Laboratory and AIDS Clinical Research Laboratory, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, PR China.
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Abstract
Vaccines to prevent HIV remain desperately needed, but a number of challenges, including retroviral integration, establishment of anatomic reservoir sites, high sequence diversity, and heavy envelope glycosylation. have precluded development of a highly effective vaccine. DNA vaccines have been utilized as candidate HIV vaccines because of their ability to generate cellular and humoral immune responses, the lack of anti-vector response allowing for repeat administration, and their ability to prime the response to viral-vectored vaccines. Because the HIV epidemic has disproportionately affected the developing world, the favorable thermostability profile and relative ease and low cost of manufacture of DNA vaccines offer additional advantages. In vivo electroporation (EP) has been utilized to improve immune responses to DNA vaccines as candidate HIV-1 vaccines in standalone or prime-boost regimens with both proteins and viral-vectored vaccines in several animal models and, more recently, in human clinical trials. This chapter describes the preclinical and clinical development of candidate DNA vaccines for HIV-1 delivered by EP, including challenges to bringing this technology to the developing world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Vasan
- Department of Retrovirology, US Army Medical Component, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
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Kalams SA, Parker SD, Elizaga M, Metch B, Edupuganti S, Hural J, De Rosa S, Carter DK, Rybczyk K, Frank I, Fuchs J, Koblin B, Kim DH, Joseph P, Keefer MC, Baden LR, Eldridge J, Boyer J, Sherwat A, Cardinali M, Allen M, Pensiero M, Butler C, Khan AS, Yan J, Sardesai NY, Kublin JG, Weiner DB. Safety and comparative immunogenicity of an HIV-1 DNA vaccine in combination with plasmid interleukin 12 and impact of intramuscular electroporation for delivery. J Infect Dis 2013; 208:818-29. [PMID: 23840043 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA vaccines have been very poorly immunogenic in humans but have been an effective priming modality in prime-boost regimens. Methods to increase the immunogenicity of DNA vaccines are needed. METHODS HIV Vaccine Trials Network (HVTN) studies 070 and 080 were multicenter, randomized, clinical trials. The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) PENNVAX®-B DNA vaccine (PV) is a mixture of 3 expression plasmids encoding HIV-1 Clade B Env, Gag, and Pol. The interleukin 12 (IL-12) DNA plasmid expresses human IL-12 proteins p35 and p40. Study subjects were healthy HIV-1-uninfected adults 18-50 years old. Four intramuscular vaccinations were given in HVTN 070, and 3 intramuscular vaccinations were followed by electroporation in HVTN 080. Cellular immune responses were measured by intracellular cytokine staining after stimulation with HIV-1 peptide pools. RESULTS Vaccination was safe and well tolerated. Administration of PV plus IL-12 with electroporation had a significant dose-sparing effect and provided immunogenicity superior to that observed in the trial without electroporation, despite fewer vaccinations. A total of 71.4% of individuals vaccinated with PV plus IL-12 plasmid with electroporation developed either a CD4(+) or CD8(+) T-cell response after the second vaccination, and 88.9% developed a CD4(+) or CD8(+) T-cell response after the third vaccination. CONCLUSIONS Use of electroporation after PV administration provided superior immunogenicity than delivery without electroporation. This study illustrates the power of combined DNA approaches to generate impressive immune responses in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spyros A Kalams
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA.
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Zhou J, Cheung AKL, Tan Z, Wang H, Yu W, Du Y, Kang Y, Lu X, Liu L, Yuen KY, Chen Z. PD1-based DNA vaccine amplifies HIV-1 GAG-specific CD8+ T cells in mice. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:2629-42. [PMID: 23635778 DOI: 10.1172/jci64704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral vector-based vaccines that induce protective CD8+ T cell immunity can prevent or control pathogenic SIV infections, but issues of preexisting immunity and safety have impeded their implementation in HIV-1. Here, we report the development of what we believe to be a novel antigen-targeting DNA vaccine strategy that exploits the binding of programmed death-1 (PD1) to its ligands expressed on dendritic cells (DCs) by fusing soluble PD1 with HIV-1 GAG p24 antigen. As compared with non-DC-targeting vaccines, intramuscular immunization via electroporation (EP) of the fusion DNA in mice elicited consistently high frequencies of GAG-specific, broadly reactive, polyfunctional, long-lived, and cytotoxic CD8+ T cells and robust anti-GAG antibody titers. Vaccination conferred remarkable protection against mucosal challenge with vaccinia GAG viruses. Soluble PD1-based vaccination potentiated CD8+ T cell responses by enhancing antigen binding and uptake in DCs and activation in the draining lymph node. It also increased IL-12-producing DCs and engaged antigen cross-presentation when compared with anti-DEC205 antibody-mediated DC targeting. The high frequency of durable and protective GAG-specific CD8+ T cell immunity induced by soluble PD1-based vaccination suggests that PD1-based DNA vaccines could potentially be used against HIV-1 and other pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingying Zhou
- AIDS Institute and Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Mehendale S, Thakar M, Sahay S, Kumar M, Shete A, Sathyamurthi P, Verma A, Kurle S, Shrotri A, Gilmour J, Goyal R, Dally L, Sayeed E, Zachariah D, Ackland J, Kochhar S, Cox JH, Excler JL, Kumaraswami V, Paranjape R, Ramanathan VD. Safety and immunogenicity of DNA and MVA HIV-1 subtype C vaccine prime-boost regimens: a phase I randomised Trial in HIV-uninfected Indian volunteers. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55831. [PMID: 23418465 PMCID: PMC3572184 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Study Design A randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled phase I trial. Methods The trial was conducted in 32 HIV-uninfected healthy volunteers to assess the safety and immunogenicity of prime-boost vaccination regimens with either 2 doses of ADVAX, a DNA vaccine containing Chinese HIV-1 subtype C env gp160, gag, pol and nef/tat genes, as a prime and 2 doses of TBC-M4, a recombinant MVA encoding Indian HIV-1 subtype C env gp160, gag, RT, rev, tat, and nef genes, as a boost in Group A or 3 doses of TBC-M4 alone in Group B participants. Out of 16 participants in each group, 12 received vaccine candidates and 4 received placebos. Results Both vaccine regimens were found to be generally safe and well tolerated. The breadth of anti-HIV binding antibodies and the titres of anti-HIV neutralizing antibodies were significantly higher (p<0.05) in Group B volunteers at 14 days post last vaccination. Neutralizing antibodies were detected mainly against Tier-1 subtype B and C viruses. HIV-specific IFN-γ ELISPOT responses were directed mostly to Env and Gag proteins. Although the IFN-γ ELISPOT responses were infrequent after ADVAX vaccinations, the response rate was significantly higher in group A after 1st and 2nd MVA doses as compared to the responses in group B volunteers. However, the priming effect was short lasting leading to no difference in the frequency, breadth and magnitude of IFN-γELISPOT responses between the groups at 3, 6 and 9 months post-last vaccination. Conclusions Although DNA priming resulted in enhancement of immune responses after 1st MVA boosting, the overall DNA prime MVA boost was not found to be immunologically superior to homologous MVA boosting. Trial Registration Clinical Trial Registry CTRI/2009/091/000051
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Safety and immunogenicity of DNA prime and modified vaccinia ankara virus-HIV subtype C vaccine boost in healthy adults. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2013; 20:397-408. [PMID: 23345581 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00637-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase I trial was conducted in 32 HIV-uninfected healthy volunteers to assess the safety and immunogenicity of 3 doses of DNA vaccine (Advax) plus 1 dose of recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) (TBC-M4) or 3 doses of TBC-M4 alone (groups A and B, respectively). Both vaccine regimens were found to be safe and well tolerated. Gamma interferon (IFN-γ) enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISPOT) assay responses were detected in 1/10 (10%) individuals in group A after three Advax primes and in 9/9 individuals (100%) after the MVA boost. In group B, IFN-γ ELISPOT responses were detected in 6/12 (50%) and 7/11 (64%) individuals after the second and third MVA vaccinations, respectively. Responses to all vaccine components, but predominantly to Env, were seen. The breadth and magnitude of the T cell response and viral inhibition were greater in group A than in group B, indicating that the quality of the T-cell response was enhanced by the DNA prime. Intracellular cytokine staining indicated that the T-cell responses were polyfunctional but were skewed toward Env with a CD4(+) phenotype. At 2 weeks after the last vaccination, HIV-specific antibody responses were detected in all (100%) group B and 1/11 (9.1%) group A vaccinees. Vaccinia virus-specific responses were detected in all (100%) group B and 2/11 (18.2%) group A vaccinees. In conclusion, HIV-specific T-cell responses were seen in the majority of volunteers in groups A and B but with a trend toward greater quality of the T-cell response in group A. Antibody responses were better in group B than in group A.
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A DNA-based candidate HIV vaccine delivered via in vivo electroporation induces CD4 responses toward the α4β7-binding V2 loop of HIV gp120 in healthy volunteers. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2012; 19:1557-9. [PMID: 22837097 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00327-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Administration of a clade C/B' candidate HIV-1 DNA vaccine, ADVAX, by in vivo electroporation (EP) was safe and more immunogenic than intramuscular administration without EP. The breadth and specificity of T-cell responses to full-length Env were mapped. Responses to multiple Env regions were induced, with most focusing on V3/C4 and V2 regions, including the α4β7 integrin-binding domain. The breadth of responses induced by this DNA vaccine regimen was comparable to that of viral-vectored vaccine regimens.
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Zaharatos GJ, Yu J, Pace C, Song Y, Vasan S, Ho DD, Huang Y. HIV-1 and influenza antigens synthetically linked to IgG2a Fc elicit superior humoral responses compared to unmodified antigens in mice. Vaccine 2011; 30:42-50. [PMID: 22064264 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Revised: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Using murine IgG subclass molecules (IgG1 or IgG2a) synthetically fused to HIV-1 or influenza test antigens, we explored the potential for IgG Fc scaffolds to augment immunogenicity. Each antigen (Ag) was grafted onto a hinge-Fc scaffold containing all critical residues necessary for interaction with effector cells, thus retaining effector functions of the native IgG subclass. We hypothesized that the differential affinity of FcγRs for specific IgG subclasses would influence the magnitude of immune responses elicited by immunization with an Ag-IgG Fc fusion vaccine. We demonstrate here that the antigen-specific humoral response elicited by Ag-IgG2a fusion vaccines is at least tenfold greater than that elicited by native antigen, that this response is superior to that elicited by Ag-IgG1, and that the augmented antigen-specific humoral response elicited is Fcγ receptor-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerasimos J Zaharatos
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, 455 First Avenue, 7th Floor, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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Vasan S, Hurley A, Schlesinger SJ, Hannaman D, Gardiner DF, Dugin DP, Boente-Carrera M, Vittorino R, Caskey M, Andersen J, Huang Y, Cox JH, Tarragona-Fiol T, Gill DK, Cheeseman H, Clark L, Dally L, Smith C, Schmidt C, Park HH, Kopycinski JT, Gilmour J, Fast P, Bernard R, Ho DD. In vivo electroporation enhances the immunogenicity of an HIV-1 DNA vaccine candidate in healthy volunteers. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19252. [PMID: 21603651 PMCID: PMC3095594 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background DNA-based vaccines have been safe but weakly immunogenic in humans to
date. Methods and Findings We sought to determine the safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of ADVAX,
a multigenic HIV-1 DNA vaccine candidate, injected intramuscularly by
in vivo electroporation (EP) in a Phase-1,
double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial in healthy volunteers.
Eight volunteers each received 0.2 mg, 1 mg, or 4 mg ADVAX or saline placebo
via EP, or 4 mg ADVAX via standard intramuscular injection at weeks 0 and 8.
A third vaccination was administered to eleven volunteers at week 36. EP was
safe, well-tolerated and considered acceptable for a prophylactic vaccine.
EP delivery of ADVAX increased the magnitude of HIV-1-specific cell mediated
immunity by up to 70-fold over IM injection, as measured by gamma interferon
ELISpot. The number of antigens to which the response was detected improved
with EP and increasing dosage. Intracellular cytokine staining analysis of
ELISpot responders revealed both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses,
with co-secretion of multiple cytokines. Conclusions This is the first demonstration in healthy volunteers that EP is safe,
tolerable, and effective in improving the magnitude, breadth and durability
of cellular immune responses to a DNA vaccine candidate. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00545987
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Vasan
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, New York, New York, United States of America.
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15
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Dolter KE, Evans CF, Ellefsen B, Song J, Boente-Carrera M, Vittorino R, Rosenberg TJ, Hannaman D, Vasan S. Immunogenicity, safety, biodistribution and persistence of ADVAX, a prophylactic DNA vaccine for HIV-1, delivered by in vivo electroporation. Vaccine 2011; 29:795-803. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Revised: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Phase 1 safety and immunogenicity evaluation of ADMVA, a multigenic, modified vaccinia Ankara-HIV-1 B'/C candidate vaccine. PLoS One 2010; 5:e8816. [PMID: 20111599 PMCID: PMC2810329 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2009] [Accepted: 11/11/2009] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We conducted a Phase I dose-escalation trial of ADMVA, a Clade-B'/C-based HIV-1 candidate vaccine expressing env, gag, pol, nef, and tat in a modified vaccinia Ankara viral vector. Sequences were derived from a prevalent circulating HIV-1 recombinant form in Yunnan, China, an area of high HIV incidence. The objective was to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of ADMVA in human volunteers. Methodology/Principal Findings ADMVA or placebo was administered intramuscularly at months 0, 1 and 6 to 50 healthy adult volunteers not at high risk for HIV-1. In each dosage group [1×107 (low), 5×107 (mid), or 2.5×108 pfu (high)] volunteers were randomized in a 3∶1 ratio to receive ADMVA or placebo in a double-blinded design. Subjects were followed for local and systemic reactogenicity, adverse events including cardiac adverse events, and clinical laboratory parameters. Study follow up was 18 months. Humoral immunogenicity was evaluated by anti-gp120 binding ELISA, immunoflourescent staining, and HIV-1 neutralization. Cellular immunogenicity was assessed by a validated IFNγ ELISpot assay and intracellular cytokine staining. Anti-vaccinia binding titers were measured by ELISA. ADMVA was generally well-tolerated, with no vaccine-related serious adverse events or cardiac adverse events. Local or systemic reactogenicity events were reported by 77% and 78% of volunteers, respectively. The majority of events were of mild intensity. The IFNγ ELISpot response rate to any HIV antigen was 0/12 (0%) in the placebo group, 3/12 (25%) in the low dosage group, 6/12 (50%) in the mid dosage group, and 8/13 (62%) in the high dosage group. Responses were often multigenic and occasionally persisted up to one year post vaccination. Antibodies to gp120 were detected in 0/12 (0%), 8/13 (62%), 6/12 (50%) and 10/13 (77%) in the placebo, low, mid, and high dosage groups, respectively. Antibodies persisted up to 12 months after vaccination, with a trend toward agreement with the ability to neutralize HIV-1 SF162 in vitro. Two volunteers mounted antibodies that were able to neutralize clade-matched viruses. Conclusions/Significance ADMVA was well-tolerated and elicited durable humoral and cellular immune responses. Trial Registration Clinicaltrials.gov NCT00252148
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Vasan S, Schlesinger SJ, Huang Y, Hurley A, Lombardo A, Chen Z, Than S, Adesanya P, Bunce C, Boaz M, Boyle R, Sayeed E, Clark L, Dugin D, Schmidt C, Song Y, Seamons L, Dally L, Ho M, Smith C, Markowitz M, Cox J, Gill DK, Gilmour J, Keefer MC, Fast P, Ho DD. Phase 1 safety and immunogenicity evaluation of ADMVA, a multigenic, modified vaccinia Ankara-HIV-1 B'/C candidate vaccine. PLoS One 2010; 5:e8617. [PMID: 20111582 PMCID: PMC2799527 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2009] [Accepted: 11/11/2009] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We conducted a Phase I dose escalation trial of ADVAX, a DNA-based candidate HIV-1 vaccine expressing Clade C/B' env, gag, pol, nef, and tat genes. Sequences were derived from a prevalent circulating recombinant form in Yunnan, China, an area of high HIV-1 incidence. The objective was to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of ADVAX in human volunteers. Methodology/Principal Findings ADVAX or placebo was administered intramuscularly at months 0, 1 and 3 to 45 healthy volunteers not at high risk for HIV-1. Three dosage levels [0.2 mg (low), 1.0 mg (mid), and 4.0 mg (high)] were tested. Twelve volunteers in each dosage group were assigned to receive ADVAX and three to receive placebo in a double-blind design. Subjects were followed for local and systemic reactogenicity, adverse events, and clinical laboratory parameters. Study follow up was 18 months. Humoral immunogenicity was evaluated by anti-gp120 binding ELISA. Cellular immunogenicity was assessed by a validated IFNγ ELISpot assay and intracellular cytokine staining. ADVAX was safe and well-tolerated, with no vaccine-related serious adverse events. Local and systemic reactogenicity events were reported by 64% and 42% of vaccine recipients, respectively. The majority of events were mild. The IFNγ ELISpot response rates to any HIV antigen were 0/9 (0%) in the placebo group, 3/12 (25%) in the low-dosage group, 4/12 (33%) in the mid-dosage group, and 2/12 (17%) in the high-dosage group. Overall, responses were generally transient and occurred to each gene product, although volunteers responded to single antigens only. Binding antibodies to gp120 were not detected in any volunteers, and HIV seroconversion did not occur. Conclusions/Significance ADVAX delivered intramuscularly is safe, well-tolerated, and elicits modest but transient cellular immune responses. Trial Registration Clinicaltrials.gov NCT00249106
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Vasan
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, New York, New York, United States of America.
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Caputo A, Gavioli R, Bellino S, Longo O, Tripiciano A, Francavilla V, Sgadari C, Paniccia G, Titti F, Cafaro A, Ferrantelli F, Monini P, Ensoli F, Ensoli B. HIV-1 Tat-based vaccines: an overview and perspectives in the field of HIV/AIDS vaccine development. Int Rev Immunol 2009; 28:285-334. [PMID: 19811313 DOI: 10.1080/08830180903013026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The HIV epidemic continues to represent one of the major problems worldwide, particularly in the Asia and Sub-Saharan regions of the world, with social and economical devastating effects. Although antiretroviral drugs have had a dramatically beneficial impact on HIV-infected individuals that have access to treatment, it has had a negligible impact on the global epidemic. Hence, the inexorable spreading of the HIV pandemic and the increasing deaths from AIDS, especially in developing countries, underscore the urgency for an effective vaccine against HIV/AIDS. However, the generation of such a vaccine has turned out to be extremely challenging. Here we provide an overview on the rationale for the use of non-structural HIV proteins, such as the Tat protein, alone or in combination with other HIV early and late structural HIV antigens, as novel, promising preventative and therapeutic HIV/AIDS vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Caputo
- Department of Histology, Microbiology and Medical Biotechnology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Characterization of DNA and MVA vectors expressing Nef from HIV-1 CRF12_BF revealed high immune specificity with low cross-reactivity against subtype B. Virus Res 2009; 146:1-12. [PMID: 19715734 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2009.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2009] [Revised: 08/06/2009] [Accepted: 08/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The HIV epidemic in Argentina is characterized by the high prevalence of infections caused by subtype B and BF variants. In this study, the Nef protein was used as a tool to study the impact of HIV-1 BF variants in the design of future vaccines. DNA and MVA vectors expressing Nef of the CRF12_BF recombinant form of HIV-1 were generated and characterized. After the administration of single DNAprime/MVAboost immunization schedules in Balb/c mice we found that NefBF delivered from these vectors generated a response of high specificity with low cross-reactivity against subtype B. But, when a more potent response was induced after 3 priming DNA doses and a booster with MVA virus, cross-reactivity against NefB was detected, although of lower magnitude than the NefBF specific. These results will be pivotal for vaccines designs in our region, indicating that antigens from these viral variants must be considered for a future vaccine.
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Gardiner DF, Rosenberg T, Zaharatos J, Franco D, Ho DD. A DNA vaccine targeting the receptor-binding domain of Clostridium difficile toxin A. Vaccine 2009; 27:3598-604. [PMID: 19464540 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.03.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2008] [Revised: 03/07/2009] [Accepted: 03/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium difficile is a pathogen with increasing severity for which host antibody responses provide protection from disease. DNA vaccination has several advantages compared to traditional vaccine methods, however no study has examined this platform against C. difficile toxins. A synthetic gene was created encoding the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of C. difficile toxin A, optimized for expression in human cells. Gene expression was examined in vitro. Mice were inoculated and then challenged with parenteral toxin A. Vaccination provided high titer antibodies and protected mice from death. This represents the first report of DNA vaccine inducing neutralizing antibodies to C. difficile toxin A.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F Gardiner
- Division of International Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States.
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Bodles-Brakhop AM, Heller R, Draghia-Akli R. Electroporation for the delivery of DNA-based vaccines and immunotherapeutics: current clinical developments. Mol Ther 2009; 17:585-92. [PMID: 19223870 PMCID: PMC2835112 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2009.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2008] [Accepted: 12/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Electroporation (EP) has been used in basic research for the past 25 years to aid in the transfer of DNA into cells in vitro. EP in vivo enhances transfer of DNA vaccines and therapeutic plasmids to the skin, muscle, tumors, and other tissues resulting in high levels of expression, often with serological and clinical benefits. The recent interest in nonviral gene transfer as treatment options for a vast array of conditions has resulted in the refinement and optimization of EP technology. Current research has revealed that EP can be successfully used in many species, including humans. Clinical trials are currently under way. Herein, the transition of EP from basic science to clinical trials will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Bodles-Brakhop
- VGX Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2700 Research Forest Drive, Suite 180, The Woodlands, Texas 77381, USA.
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Caputo A, Gavioli R, Bellino S, Longo O, Tripiciano A, Francavilla V, Sgadari C, Paniccia G, Titti F, Cafaro A, Ferrantelli F, Monini P, Ensoli F, Ensoli B. HIV-1 Tat-Based Vaccines: An Overview and Perspectives in the Field of HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development. Int Rev Immunol 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/08830180903013026 10.1080/08830180903013026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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