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Design, fabrication and characterisation of drug-loaded vaginal films: State-of-the-art. J Control Release 2020; 327:477-499. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Sanyal A, Shen C, Ding M, Reinhart TA, Chen Y, Sankapal S, Gupta P. Neisseria gonorrhoeae uses cellular proteins CXCL10 and IL8 to enhance HIV-1 transmission across cervical mucosa. Am J Reprod Immunol 2019; 81:e13111. [PMID: 30903720 PMCID: PMC6540971 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Problem Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) infection has been shown to increase sexual transmission of HIV‐1. However, the mechanism of NG‐induced enhanced HIV‐1 transmission is unknown. Methods (a) The cervical tissues were exposed to NG, and cytokine induction was monitored by measuring cytokine proteins in culture supernatants and cytokine mRNAs in tissues. (b) Transcription and replication of HIV‐1 in TZM‐bl, U1, and ACH2 cells were measured by Beta‐Gal activity and p24 proteins in the supernatant, respectively. (c) HIV‐1 transmission was assayed in an organ culture system by measuring transmitted HIV‐1 in supernatant and HIV‐1 gag mRNA in the tissues. (d) Transcriptome analysis was done using second generation sequencing. Results (a) NG induced membrane ruffling of epithelial layer, caused migration of CD3+ cells to the intraepithelial region, and induced high levels of inflammatory cytokines IL‐1β and TNF‐α. (b) NG‐induced supernatants (NGIS) increased HIV‐1 transcription, induced HIV‐1 from latently infected cells, and increased transmission of HIV‐1 across cervical mucosa. (c) Transcriptome analysis of the epithelial layer of the tissues exposed to NG, and HIV‐1 showed significant upregulation of CXCL10 and IL8. IL‐1β increased the induction of CXCL10 and IL‐8 expression in cervical mucosa with a concomitant increase in HIV‐1 transmission. Conclusion We present a model in which IL‐1β produced from cervical epithelium during NG exposure increases CXCL10 and IL8 in epithelia. This in turn causes upon HIV‐1 infection, the migration of HIV‐1 target cells toward the subepithelium, resulting in increased HIV‐1 transcription in the sub‐mucosa and subsequent enhancement of transmission across cervical mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwesha Sanyal
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Chengli Shen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Ming Ding
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Yue Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Soni Sankapal
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Phalguni Gupta
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Sankapal S, Gupta P, Ratner D, Ding M, Shen C, Sanyal A, Stolz D, Cu-Uvin S, Ramratnam B, Chen Y. HIV Exposure to the Epithelia in Ectocervical and Colon Tissues Induces Inflammatory Cytokines Without Tight Junction Disruption. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2016; 32:1054-1066. [PMID: 27153934 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2015.0185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells in human cervical and colonic mucosa do not express HIV receptor. However, HIV transmission occurs across the unbreached epithelia by an unknown mechanism. In this study, the effect of HIV exposure on tight junction (TJ) and cytokine production in ectocervical and colon mucosal epithelia in tissue biopsies was investigated in an organ culture model. After HIV exposure, the distribution patterns and quantities of epithelial TJ and adherens proteins were evaluated by immunofluorescence staining followed by confocal microscopy. Cytokine mRNA in the mucosal epithelia was also evaluated by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). HIV transmission was evaluated by measuring p24 production in culture supernatant. Our results showed there were no significant changes in the distribution and quantities of epithelial TJ/adherens junction (AJ) proteins after exposure to HIV. However, higher levels of CXCL10 and CXCL11 mRNA expression were detected in HIV-exposed ectocervical epithelia. In case of colon mucosa, higher levels of CXCL10 and IL-6 mRNA expression were detected in HIV-exposed colon mucosa. Our study suggests that HIV induces cytokine production in epithelial cells, which may facilitate HIV transmission by recruiting HIV target cells in the submucosal region. Furthermore, HIV transmission may not occur through epithelial TJ/AJ disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soni Sankapal
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Phalguni Gupta
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Deena Ratner
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Ming Ding
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Chengli Shen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Anwesha Sanyal
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Donna Stolz
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Susan Cu-Uvin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Miriam Hospital/Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Miriam Hospital/Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Bharat Ramratnam
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Miriam Hospital/Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Miriam Hospital/Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Yue Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Fraietta JA, Mueller YM, Lozenski KL, Ratner D, Boesteanu AC, Hancock AS, Lackman-Smith C, Zentner IJ, Chaiken IM, Chung S, LeGrice SFJ, Snyder BA, Mankowski MK, Jones NM, Hope JL, Gupta P, Anderson SH, Wigdahl B, Katsikis PD. Abasic phosphorothioate oligomers inhibit HIV-1 reverse transcription and block virus transmission across polarized ectocervical organ cultures. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:7056-71. [PMID: 25224013 PMCID: PMC4249537 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02991-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the absence of universally available antiretroviral (ARV) drugs or a vaccine against HIV-1, microbicides may offer the most immediate hope for controlling the AIDS pandemic. The most advanced and clinically effective microbicides are based on ARV agents that interfere with the earliest stages of HIV-1 replication. Our objective was to identify and characterize novel ARV-like inhibitors, as well as demonstrate their efficacy at blocking HIV-1 transmission. Abasic phosphorothioate 2' deoxyribose backbone (PDB) oligomers were evaluated in a variety of mechanistic assays and for their ability to inhibit HIV-1 infection and virus transmission through primary human cervical mucosa. Cellular and biochemical assays were used to elucidate the antiviral mechanisms of action of PDB oligomers against both lab-adapted and primary CCR5- and CXCR4-utilizing HIV-1 strains, including a multidrug-resistant isolate. A polarized cervical organ culture was used to test the ability of PDB compounds to block HIV-1 transmission to primary immune cell populations across ectocervical tissue. The antiviral activity and mechanisms of action of PDB-based compounds were dependent on oligomer size, with smaller molecules preventing reverse transcription and larger oligomers blocking viral entry. Importantly, irrespective of molecular size, PDBs potently inhibited virus infection and transmission within genital tissue samples. Furthermore, the PDB inhibitors exhibited excellent toxicity and stability profiles and were found to be safe for vaginal application in vivo. These results, coupled with the previously reported intrinsic anti-inflammatory properties of PDBs, support further investigations in the development of PDB-based topical microbicides for preventing the global spread of HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Fraietta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Center for Immunology and Vaccine Science, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yvonne M Mueller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Center for Immunology and Vaccine Science, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Karissa L Lozenski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Center for Immunology and Vaccine Science, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Deena Ratner
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alina C Boesteanu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Center for Immunology and Vaccine Science, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Aidan S Hancock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Center for Immunology and Vaccine Science, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Isaac J Zentner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Irwin M Chaiken
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Suhman Chung
- HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Stuart F J LeGrice
- HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Beth A Snyder
- Southern Research Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Jennifer L Hope
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Center for Immunology and Vaccine Science, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Phalguni Gupta
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sharon H Anderson
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA Main Line Fertility Center, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Brian Wigdahl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Center for Immunology and Vaccine Science, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Peter D Katsikis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Center for Immunology and Vaccine Science, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Abstract
There is a pressing need to develop new antiviral treatments; of the 60 drugs currently available, half are aimed at HIV-1 and the remainder target only a further six viruses. This demand has led to the emergence of possible peptide therapies, with 15 currently in clinical trials. Advancements in understanding the antiviral potential of naturally occurring host defence peptides highlights the potential of a whole new class of molecules to be considered as antiviral therapeutics. Cationic host defence peptides, such as defensins and cathelicidins, are important components of innate immunity with antimicrobial and immunomodulatory capabilities. In recent years they have also been shown to be natural, broad-spectrum antivirals against both enveloped and non-enveloped viruses, including HIV-1, influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus and herpes simplex virus. Here we review the antiviral properties of several families of these host peptides and their potential to inform the design of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Gwyer Findlay
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ Scotland, UK
| | - Silke M. Currie
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ Scotland, UK
| | - Donald J. Davidson
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ Scotland, UK
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Dezzutti CS, Hladik F. Use of human mucosal tissue to study HIV-1 pathogenesis and evaluate HIV-1 prevention modalities. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2013; 10:12-20. [PMID: 23224426 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-012-0148-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The use of human mucosal tissue models is an important tool advancing our understanding of the specific mechanisms of sexual HIV transmission. Despite 30 years of study, major gaps remain, including how HIV-1 transverses the epithelium and the identity of the early immune targets (gate keepers). Because defining HIV-1 transmission in vivo is difficult, mucosal tissue is being used ex vivo to identify key steps in HIV-1 entry and early dissemination. Elucidating early events of HIV-1 infection will help us develop more potent and specific HIV-1 preventatives such as microbicides and vaccines. Mucosal tissue has been incorporated into testing regimens for antiretroviral drugs and monoclonal antibodies. The use of mucosal tissue recapitulates the epithelium and immune cells that would be exposed in vivo to virus and drug. This review will discuss the use of mucosal tissue to better understand HIV-1 pathogenesis and prevention modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlene S Dezzutti
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Magee-Womens Research Institute, 204 Craft Avenue, Rm 503B, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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Anderson MJ, Scholz MT, Parks PJ, Peterson ML. Ex vivo porcine vaginal mucosal model of infection for determining effectiveness and toxicity of antiseptics. J Appl Microbiol 2013; 115:679-88. [PMID: 23773892 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To develop a semi-high-throughput ex vivo mucosal model for determining efficacy and toxicity of antiseptics. METHODS AND RESULTS Explants (5 mm) from freshly excised, porcine vaginal mucosa were infected with methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (1 × 10(6) CFU) at the epithelial surface for 2 h. Haematoxylin and eosin staining revealed healthy uninfected tissue and only minor disruptions in tissue infected with methicillin susceptible Staph. aureus (MSSA), which remained in outer epithelial cell layers. After 2 h infection, 10 μl of chlorhexidine digluconate (CHG, 3%), povidone-iodine (PI, 7·5%), octenidine dihydrochloride (OCT, 0·1%) or polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB, 0·1%) was applied. Antiseptics significantly reduced MSSA (1-4 log10 CFU/explants) after 0·25 h to 4 h. CHG, PHMB and OCT exhibited persistence at 24 h. In broth culture, CHG 0·012% and PI 0·625% achieved >6 log10 reductions at 2 h. PI-based formulations were more efficacious than unformulated PI. PI-based formulations exhibited no significant cytotoxicity on explants using an MTT assay. CONCLUSIONS All antiseptics tested in the mucosal MSSA infection model reduced MSSA. CHG and PI were more potent in broth culture. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY We developed a semi-high-throughput mucosal model that can identify compounds or formulations with promising antimicrobial and limited cytotoxic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Anderson
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Patent Highlights. Pharm Pat Anal 2013. [DOI: 10.4155/ppa.13.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Snapshot of recent key developments in the patent literature of relevance to the advancement of pharmaceutical and medical R&D
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Eade CR, Cole AL, Diaz C, Rohan LC, Parniak MA, Marx P, Tarwater PM, Gupta P, Cole AM. The anti-HIV microbicide candidate RC-101 inhibits pathogenic vaginal bacteria without harming endogenous flora or mucosa. Am J Reprod Immunol 2013; 69:150-8. [PMID: 23167830 PMCID: PMC3541468 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Vaginal microbicides represent a promising approach for preventing heterosexual HIV transmission. However, preclinical evaluation should be conducted to ensure that microbicides will be safe for human cells and healthy microflora of the female reproductive tract. One microbicide candidate, RC-101, has been effective and well tolerated in preliminary cell culture and macaque models. However, the effect of RC-101 on primary vaginal tissues and resident vaginal microflora requires further evaluation. METHOD OF STUDY We treated primary vaginal tissues and vaginal bacteria, both pathogenic and commensal, with RC-101 to investigate effects of this microbicide. RESULTS RC-101 was well tolerated by host tissues, and also by commensal vaginal bacteria. Simultaneously, pathogenic vaginal bacteria, which are known to increase susceptibility to HIV acquisition, were inhibited by RC-101. CONCLUSIONS By establishing vaginal microflora, the specific antibacterial activity of RC-101 may provide a dual mechanism of HIV protection. These findings support advancement of RC-101 to clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen R. Eade
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, 4000 Central Florida Boulevard, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Amy L. Cole
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, 4000 Central Florida Boulevard, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Camila Diaz
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, 4000 Central Florida Boulevard, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Lisa C. Rohan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 130 DeSoto Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Magee Women’s Research Institute and the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, 204 Craft Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Michael A. Parniak
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Preston Marx
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, 18703 Three Rivers Road, Covington, LA 70433, USA
| | - Patrick M. Tarwater
- Department of Biostatistics, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 4800 Alberta, El Paso, Texas 79905, USA
| | - Phalguni Gupta
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 130 DeSoto Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Alexander M. Cole
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, 4000 Central Florida Boulevard, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
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