1
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Tang Y, Wang Z, Du D. Challenges and opportunities in research on BK virus infection after renal transplantation. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 141:112793. [PMID: 39146777 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Renal transplantation is one of the primary approaches for curing end-stage kidney disease. With advancements in immunosuppressive agents, the short-term and long-term survival rates of transplanted kidneys have significantly improved. However, infections associated with potent immunosuppression have remained a persistent challenge. Among them, BK virus (BKV) reactivation following renal transplantation leading to BK virus-associated nephropathy (BKVAN) is a major cause of graft dysfunction. However, we still face significant challenges in understanding the pathogenesis, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of BKVAN. These challenges include: 1. The mechanism of BKV reactivation under immunosuppressive conditions has not been well elucidated, leading to difficulties in breakthroughs in clinical research on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. 2. Lack of proper identification of high-risk individuals, and effective personalized clinical management strategies. 3.Lack of early and sensitive diagnostic markers. 4. Lack of direct and effective treatment options due to the absence of specific antiviral drugs. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current status and cutting-edge advancements in BKV-related research, providing new methods and perspectives to address future research challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukun Tang
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Zipei Wang
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Dunfeng Du
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China.
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Helle F, Aubry A, Morel V, Descamps V, Demey B, Brochot E. Neutralizing Antibodies Targeting BK Polyomavirus: Clinical Importance and Therapeutic Potential for Kidney Transplant Recipients. J Am Soc Nephrol 2024; 35:1425-1433. [PMID: 39352862 PMCID: PMC11452134 DOI: 10.1681/asn.0000000000000457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Most of the world's adult population is latently infected by the BK polyomavirus. It causes asymptomatic infection in healthy individuals but emerged as a threat to kidney transplant recipients because of virus-associated nephropathy caused by immunosuppressive therapy. In these conditions, when a functional cellular response is impaired by immunosuppression, neutralizing antibodies may play a major role because they can directly prevent infection of target cells, independently of cell-mediated immunity, by binding to the viral particles. Studying the contribution of anti-BK virus neutralizing antibodies in viral control has long been hampered by the lack of convenient in vitro models, but major progress has been made in the past decade. The four BK virus genotypes have been demonstrated to behave as distinct serotypes. A low recipient neutralizing antibody titer against the donor's serotype before kidney transplant has been significantly associated with BK virus replication after transplant. Different mechanisms exploited by the BK virus to evade neutralizing antibodies have been described. Recent studies also support the potential benefit of administering intravenous Igs or monoclonal neutralizing antibodies as a therapeutic strategy, and more interestingly, this could also be used as preventive or preemptive therapy before advanced kidney damage has occurred. Besides, neutralizing antibodies could be induced by vaccination. In this review, we summarize accumulated knowledge on anti-BK virus neutralizing antibodies as well as their clinical importance and therapeutic potential for kidney transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois Helle
- UR-UPJV4294, Agents Infectieux, Résistance et chimiothérapie (AGIR), Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Aurélien Aubry
- UR-UPJV4294, Agents Infectieux, Résistance et chimiothérapie (AGIR), Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Amiens, France
| | - Virginie Morel
- UR-UPJV4294, Agents Infectieux, Résistance et chimiothérapie (AGIR), Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Amiens, France
| | - Véronique Descamps
- UR-UPJV4294, Agents Infectieux, Résistance et chimiothérapie (AGIR), Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Amiens, France
| | - Baptiste Demey
- UR-UPJV4294, Agents Infectieux, Résistance et chimiothérapie (AGIR), Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Amiens, France
| | - Etienne Brochot
- UR-UPJV4294, Agents Infectieux, Résistance et chimiothérapie (AGIR), Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Amiens, France
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3
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Kotton CN, Kamar N, Wojciechowski D, Eder M, Hopfer H, Randhawa P, Sester M, Comoli P, Tedesco Silva H, Knoll G, Brennan DC, Trofe-Clark J, Pape L, Axelrod D, Kiberd B, Wong G, Hirsch HH. The Second International Consensus Guidelines on the Management of BK Polyomavirus in Kidney Transplantation. Transplantation 2024; 108:1834-1866. [PMID: 38605438 PMCID: PMC11335089 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) remains a significant challenge after kidney transplantation. International experts reviewed current evidence and updated recommendations according to Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations (GRADE). Risk factors for BKPyV-DNAemia and biopsy-proven BKPyV-nephropathy include recipient older age, male sex, donor BKPyV-viruria, BKPyV-seropositive donor/-seronegative recipient, tacrolimus, acute rejection, and higher steroid exposure. To facilitate early intervention with limited allograft damage, all kidney transplant recipients should be screened monthly for plasma BKPyV-DNAemia loads until month 9, then every 3 mo until 2 y posttransplant (3 y for children). In resource-limited settings, urine cytology screening at similar time points can exclude BKPyV-nephropathy, and testing for plasma BKPyV-DNAemia when decoy cells are detectable. For patients with BKPyV-DNAemia loads persisting >1000 copies/mL, or exceeding 10 000 copies/mL (or equivalent), or with biopsy-proven BKPyV-nephropathy, immunosuppression should be reduced according to predefined steps targeting antiproliferative drugs, calcineurin inhibitors, or both. In adults without graft dysfunction, kidney allograft biopsy is not required unless the immunological risk is high. For children with persisting BKPyV-DNAemia, allograft biopsy may be considered even without graft dysfunction. Allograft biopsies should be interpreted in the context of all clinical and laboratory findings, including plasma BKPyV-DNAemia. Immunohistochemistry is preferred for diagnosing biopsy-proven BKPyV-nephropathy. Routine screening using the proposed strategies is cost-effective, improves clinical outcomes and quality of life. Kidney retransplantation subsequent to BKPyV-nephropathy is feasible in otherwise eligible recipients if BKPyV-DNAemia is undetectable; routine graft nephrectomy is not recommended. Current studies do not support the usage of leflunomide, cidofovir, quinolones, or IVIGs. Patients considered for experimental treatments (antivirals, vaccines, neutralizing antibodies, and adoptive T cells) should be enrolled in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille N. Kotton
- Transplant and Immunocompromised Host Infectious Diseases Unit, Infectious Diseases Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Nassim Kamar
- Department of Nephrology and Organ Transplantation, Toulouse Rangueil University Hospital, INSERM UMR 1291, Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - David Wojciechowski
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Michael Eder
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Helmut Hopfer
- Division of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Parmjeet Randhawa
- Division of Transplantation Pathology, The Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Martina Sester
- Department of Transplant and Infection Immunology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Patrizia Comoli
- Cell Factory and Pediatric Hematology/Oncology Unit, Department of Mother and Child Health, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Helio Tedesco Silva
- Division of Nephrology, Hospital do Rim, Fundação Oswaldo Ramos, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Greg Knoll
- Department of Medicine (Nephrology), University of Ottawa and The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Jennifer Trofe-Clark
- Renal-Electrolyte Hypertension Division, Associated Faculty of the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, PA
- Transplantation Division, Associated Faculty of the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, PA
| | - Lars Pape
- Pediatrics II, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - David Axelrod
- Kidney, Pancreas, and Living Donor Transplant Programs at University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Bryce Kiberd
- Division of Nephrology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Germaine Wong
- Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Kidney Research, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Hans H. Hirsch
- Division of Transplantation and Clinical Virology, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Chiodini B, Guillaume-Gentil P, Vanhomwegen C, Hennaut E, Lolin K, Tram N, Le Moine A, Ismaili K. BK Polyomavirus in Pediatric Renal Transplantation-What We Know and What We Do Not. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1093. [PMID: 38791055 PMCID: PMC11118040 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12051093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) is still a real threat in the management of kidney transplantation. Immunosuppressive treatment disrupts the equilibrium between virus replication and immune response, and uncontrolled BKPyV replication leads to nephropathy (BKPyV nephropathy). The first evidence of BKPyV reactivation in transplant recipients is the detection of viral shedding in urine, which appears in 20% to 60% of patients, followed by BKPyV viremia in 10-20% of kidney transplant recipients. BKPyV nephropathy eventually occurs in 1-10% of this population, mainly within the first 2 years post-transplantation, causing graft loss in about half of those patients. Few data exist regarding the pediatric population and we focus on them. In this paper, we review the existing diagnostic methods and summarize the evidence on the role of BKPyV humoral and cellular immunity in modulating the clinical course of BKPyV infection and as potential predictors of the outcome. We look at the known risk factors for BKPyV nephropathy in the immunosuppressed patient. Finally, we propose a sensible clinical attitude in order to screen and manage BKPyV infection in kidney transplant children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Chiodini
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-HUDERF (HUB-HUDERF), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pauline Guillaume-Gentil
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-HUDERF (HUB-HUDERF), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Vanhomwegen
- Department of Nephrology, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Erasme (HUB-Erasme), European Plotkin Institute for Vaccinology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Elise Hennaut
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-HUDERF (HUB-HUDERF), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ksenija Lolin
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-HUDERF (HUB-HUDERF), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Tram
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-HUDERF (HUB-HUDERF), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alain Le Moine
- Department of Nephrology, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Erasme (HUB-Erasme), European Plotkin Institute for Vaccinology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Khalid Ismaili
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-HUDERF (HUB-HUDERF), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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Chandraker A, Regmi A, Gohh R, Sharma A, Woodle ES, Ansari MJ, Nair V, Chen LX, Alhamad T, Norman S, Cibrik D, Singh M, Alper A, Jain D, Zaky Z, Knechtle S, Sharfuddin A, Gupta G, Lonze BE, Young JAH, Adey D, Faravardeh A, Dadhania DM, Rossi AP, Florescu D, Cardarelli F, Ma J, Gilmore S, Vasileiou S, Jindra PT, Wojciechowski D. Posoleucel in Kidney Transplant Recipients with BK Viremia: Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Phase 2 Trial. J Am Soc Nephrol 2024; 35:618-629. [PMID: 38470444 PMCID: PMC11149047 DOI: 10.1681/asn.0000000000000329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Key Points Posoleucel was generally safe, well tolerated, and associated with a greater reduction of BK viremia compared with placebo. BK viremia reduction occurred coincident with an increase in the circulating frequency of BK virus–specific T cells in posoleucel recipients. The presence and persistence of posoleucel was confirmed by T-cell receptor variable β sequencing. Background Kidney transplant recipients with BK virus infection are at risk of developing BK virus–associated nephropathy, allograft rejection, and subsequent graft loss. There are no approved treatments for BK virus infection. Posoleucel is an off-the-shelf, allogeneic, multivirus-specific T-cell investigational therapy targeting BK virus, as well as five other opportunistic viruses: adenovirus, cytomegalovirus, Epstein–Barr virus, human herpesvirus 6, and John Cunningham virus. Methods In this phase 2, double-blind study, kidney transplant recipients with BK viremia were randomized 1:1:1 to receive posoleucel weekly for 3 weeks and then every 14 days (bi-weekly dosing) or every 28 days (monthly dosing) or placebo for 12 weeks. Participants were followed for 12 weeks after completing treatment. The primary objective was safety; the secondary objective was plasma BK viral load reduction. Results Sixty-one participants were randomized and dosed. Baseline characteristics were similar across groups. No deaths, graft-versus-host disease, or cytokine release syndrome occurred. The proportion of patients who had adverse events (AEs) judged by the investigators to be treatment-related was slightly lower in recipients of posoleucel: 20% (4 of 20 patients) and 18% (4 of 22) in those infused on a bi-weekly and monthly schedule, respectively, and 26% (5 of 19) in placebo recipients. None of the grade 3–4 AEs or serious AEs in any group were deemed treatment-related. No deaths, graft-versus-host disease, or cytokine release syndrome occurred. Three participants had allograft rejection, but none were deemed treatment-related by investigators. In posoleucel recipients, BK viremia reduction was associated with an increase in the circulating frequency of BK virus–specific T cells, and the presence and persistence of posoleucel was confirmed by T-cell receptor sequencing. Conclusions Posoleucel was generally safe, well tolerated, and associated with a larger reduction of BK viremia compared with placebo. Limitations of this study include the relatively short duration of follow-up and lack of power to detect significant differences in clinical outcomes. Clinical Trial registry name and registration number: Study of Posoleucel (Formerly Known as ALVR105; Viralym-M) in Kidney Transplant Patients With BK Viremia, NCT04605484 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Chandraker
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Anil Regmi
- Inova Transplant Center, Falls Church, Virginia
| | | | - Akhil Sharma
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | - Vinay Nair
- Northwell Health, New Hyde Park, New York
| | - Ling-Xin Chen
- University of California Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Tarek Alhamad
- Washington University School of Medicine at St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Asif Sharfuddin
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | | | | | - Deborah Adey
- University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Arman Faravardeh
- SHARP Kidney and Pancreas Transplant Center, San Diego, California
| | | | | | | | | | - Julie Ma
- AlloVir, Inc., Waltham, Massachusetts
| | | | - Spyridoula Vasileiou
- AlloVir, Inc., Waltham, Massachusetts
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Peter T. Jindra
- Immune Evaluation Laboratory, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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Durairaj J, Follonier OM, Leuzinger K, Alexander LT, Wilhelm M, Pereira J, Hillenbrand CA, Weissbach FH, Schwede T, Hirsch HH. Structural implications of BK polyomavirus sequence variations in the major viral capsid protein Vp1 and large T-antigen: a computational study. mSphere 2024; 9:e0079923. [PMID: 38501831 PMCID: PMC11036806 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00799-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) is a double-stranded DNA virus causing nephropathy, hemorrhagic cystitis, and urothelial cancer in transplant patients. The BKPyV-encoded capsid protein Vp1 and large T-antigen (LTag) are key targets of neutralizing antibodies and cytotoxic T-cells, respectively. Our single-center data suggested that variability in Vp1 and LTag may contribute to failing BKPyV-specific immune control and impact vaccine design. We, therefore, analyzed all available entries in GenBank (1516 VP1; 742 LTAG) and explored potential structural effects using computational approaches. BKPyV-genotype (gt)1 was found in 71.18% of entries, followed by BKPyV-gt4 (19.26%), BKPyV-gt2 (8.11%), and BKPyV-gt3 (1.45%), but rates differed according to country and specimen type. Vp1-mutations matched a serotype different than the assigned one or were serotype-independent in 43%, 18% affected more than one amino acid. Notable Vp1-mutations altered antibody-binding domains, interactions with sialic acid receptors, or were predicted to change conformation. LTag-sequences were more conserved, with only 16 mutations detectable in more than one entry and without significant effects on LTag-structure or interaction domains. However, LTag changes were predicted to affect HLA-class I presentation of immunodominant 9mers to cytotoxic T-cells. These global data strengthen single center observations and specifically our earlier findings revealing mutant 9mer epitopes conferring immune escape from HLA-I cytotoxic T cells. We conclude that variability of BKPyV-Vp1 and LTag may have important implications for diagnostic assays assessing BKPyV-specific immune control and for vaccine design. IMPORTANCE Type and rate of amino acid variations in BKPyV may provide important insights into BKPyV diversity in human populations and an important step toward defining determinants of BKPyV-specific immunity needed to protect vulnerable patients from BKPyV diseases. Our analysis of BKPyV sequences obtained from human specimens reveals an unexpectedly high genetic variability for this double-stranded DNA virus that strongly relies on host cell DNA replication machinery with its proof reading and error correction mechanisms. BKPyV variability and immune escape should be taken into account when designing further approaches to antivirals, monoclonal antibodies, and vaccines for patients at risk of BKPyV diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janani Durairaj
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Océane M. Follonier
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Basel, Switzerland
- Transplantation & Clinical Virology, Department of Biomedicine, Medical Faculty, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Karoline Leuzinger
- Transplantation & Clinical Virology, Department of Biomedicine, Medical Faculty, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Clinical Virology, Laboratory Medicine, Department Theragnostic, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Leila T. Alexander
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maud Wilhelm
- Transplantation & Clinical Virology, Department of Biomedicine, Medical Faculty, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Joana Pereira
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Caroline A. Hillenbrand
- Transplantation & Clinical Virology, Department of Biomedicine, Medical Faculty, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fabian H. Weissbach
- Transplantation & Clinical Virology, Department of Biomedicine, Medical Faculty, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Torsten Schwede
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hans H. Hirsch
- Transplantation & Clinical Virology, Department of Biomedicine, Medical Faculty, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Infectious Diseases & Hospital Epidemiology, Department Acute Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Aubry A, Demey B, Castelain S, Helle F, Brochot E. The value and complexity of studying cellular immunity against BK Polyomavirus in kidney transplant recipients. J Clin Virol 2024; 171:105656. [PMID: 38412681 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2024.105656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
BK Polyomavirus is of particular concern for kidney transplant recipients, due to their immunosuppression. This problem is exacerbated by the high effectiveness of antirejection therapies, which also compromise the organism's ability to fight viral infections. The long-term risk is loss of graft function through BKPyV-associated nephropathy (BKPyVAN). The assessment of host immunity and its link to the control of viral infections is a major challenge. In terms of humoral immunity, researchers have highlighted the prognostic value of the pre-transplantation anti-BKPyV immunoglobulin G titer. However, humoral immunity alone does not guarantee viral clearance, and the correlation between the humoral response and the time course of the infection remains weak. In contrast, cellular immunity variables appear to be more closely associated with viral clearance, given that the cellular immune response to the kidney transplant is the main target of immunosuppressive treatments in recipients. However, the assessment of the cellular immune response to BK Polyomavirus is complex, and many details still need to be characterized. Here, we review the current state of knowledge about BKPyV cellular immunity, as well as the difficulties that may be encountered in studying it in kidney transplant recipient. This is an essential area of research for optimizing the management of transplant recipients and minimizing the risks associated with insidious BKPyV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Aubry
- Department of Virology, Amiens University Medical Center, Amiens, France; Agents infectieux résistance et chimiothérapie Research Unit, UR4294, Jules Verne University of Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - Baptiste Demey
- Department of Virology, Amiens University Medical Center, Amiens, France; Agents infectieux résistance et chimiothérapie Research Unit, UR4294, Jules Verne University of Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - Sandrine Castelain
- Department of Virology, Amiens University Medical Center, Amiens, France; Agents infectieux résistance et chimiothérapie Research Unit, UR4294, Jules Verne University of Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - François Helle
- Agents infectieux résistance et chimiothérapie Research Unit, UR4294, Jules Verne University of Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - Etienne Brochot
- Department of Virology, Amiens University Medical Center, Amiens, France; Agents infectieux résistance et chimiothérapie Research Unit, UR4294, Jules Verne University of Picardie, Amiens, France.
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8
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Lorentzen EM, Henriksen S, Rinaldo CH. Modelling BK Polyomavirus dissemination and cytopathology using polarized human renal tubule epithelial cells. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011622. [PMID: 37639485 PMCID: PMC10491296 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Most humans have a lifelong imperceptible BK Polyomavirus (BKPyV) infection in epithelial cells lining the reno-urinary tract. In kidney transplant recipients, unrestricted high-level replication of donor-derived BKPyV in the allograft underlies polyomavirus-associated nephropathy, a condition with massive epithelial cell loss and inflammation causing premature allograft failure. There is limited understanding on how BKPyV disseminates throughout the reno-urinary tract and sometimes causes kidney damage. Tubule epithelial cells are tightly connected and have unique apical and basolateral membrane domains with highly specialized functions but all in vitro BKPyV studies have been performed in non-polarized cells. We therefore generated a polarized cell model of primary renal proximal tubule epithelial cells (RPTECs) and characterized BKPyV entry and release. After 8 days on permeable inserts, RPTECs demonstrated apico-basal polarity. BKPyV entry was most efficient via the apical membrane, that in vivo faces the tubular lumen, and depended on sialic acids. Progeny release started between 48 and 58 hours post-infection (hpi), and was exclusively detected in the apical compartment. From 72 hpi, cell lysis and detachment gradually increased but cells were mainly shed by extrusion and the barrier function was therefore maintained. The decoy-like cells were BKPyV infected and could transmit BKPyV to uninfected cells. By 120 hpi, the epithelial barrier was disrupted by severe cytopathic effects, and BKPyV entered the basolateral compartment mimicking the interstitial space. Addition of BKPyV-specific neutralizing antibodies to this compartment inhibited new infections. Taken together, we propose that during in vivo low-level BKPyV replication, BKPyV disseminates inside the tubular system, thereby causing minimal damage and delaying immune detection. However, in kidney transplant recipients lacking a well-functioning immune system, replication in the allograft will progress and eventually cause denudation of the basement membrane, leading to an increased number of decoy cells, high-level BKPyV-DNAuria and DNAemia, the latter a marker of allograft damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Myrvoll Lorentzen
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Metabolic and Renal Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Stian Henriksen
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Metabolic and Renal Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Christine Hanssen Rinaldo
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Metabolic and Renal Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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9
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Koldehoff M, Eiz-Vesper B, Maecker-Kolhoff B, Steckel NK, Dittmer U, Horn PA, Lindemann M. Long-Term Follow-Up after Adoptive Transfer of BK-Virus-Specific T Cells in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11040845. [PMID: 37112757 PMCID: PMC10141379 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11040845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The BK virus (BKV) causes severe hemorrhagic cystitis in hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients. To eliminate reactivated BKV, symptomatic patients can be treated with a reduction of the immunosuppressive therapy, with the antiviral drug cidofovir, or with virus-specific T cells (VSTs). In the current study, we compared the effect of VSTs to other treatment options, following up specific T cells using interferon-gamma ELISpot assay. We observed BKV large T-specific cellular responses in 12 out of 17 HSCT recipients with BKV-related cystitis (71%). In recipients treated with VSTs, 6 out of 7 showed specific T-cell responses, and that number in those without VSTs was 6 out of 10. In comparison, 27 out of 50 healthy controls (54%) responded. In HSCT recipients treated for BKV-related cystitis, absolute CD4+ T-cell numbers and renal function correlated with BKV-specific cellular responses (p = 0.03 and 0.01, respectively). In one patient, BKV-specific cellular immunity could already be detected at baseline, on day 35 after HSCT and prior to VSTs, and remained increased until day 226 after VSTs (78 vs. 7 spots increment). In conclusion, the ELISpot appears to be suitable to sensitively monitor BKV-specific cellular immunity in HSCT recipients, even early after transplantation or in the long term after VSTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Koldehoff
- Zotz Klimas, MVZ Düsseldorf, 40210 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Britta Eiz-Vesper
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Britta Maecker-Kolhoff
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Nina K Steckel
- Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Ruhr University Bochum, 44892 Bochum, Germany
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Peter A Horn
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Monika Lindemann
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
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10
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Gras J, Nere ML, Peraldi MN, Bonnet-Madin L, Salmona M, Taupin JL, Desgrandchamps F, Verine J, Brochot E, Amara A, Molina JM, Delaugerre C. BK virus genotypes and humoral response in kidney transplant recipients with BKV associated nephropathy. Transpl Infect Dis 2023; 25:e14012. [PMID: 36748721 DOI: 10.1111/tid.14012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among kidney transplant recipients (KTR) with BK virus associated nephropathy (BKVN), BKV genotypes' evolution and anti-BKV humoral response are not well established. We aim to analyze BKV replication and genetic evolution following transplantation, and characterize concomitant anti-BKV-VP1 humoral response. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed 32 cases of biopsy-proven BKVN. Stored plasma and kidney biopsies were tested for BKV viral load, and VP1 sequencing performed on positive samples. BKV-VP1 genotype-specific neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) titers were determined at transplantation and BKVN. RESULTS At the time of BKVN diagnosis, BKV viral load was 8.2 log10 IU/106 cells and 5.4 log10 IU/mL in kidney and plasma, respectively. VP1 sequencing identified the same BKV-subtype in both compartments in 31/32 cases. At the time of transplantation, 8/20 (40%) of biopsies tested positive for BKV detection, whereas concomitant BKV viremia was negative. VP1 sequencing identified a different subtype compared to BKVN in 5/6 of these samples. This was confirmed following transplantation: 8 patients had a BKV+ biopsy before BKV viremia, and VP1 sequencing identified a different subtype compared to BKVN in all of them. After the onset of BKV viremia and prior to BKVN diagnosis, the BKV subtype in BKV+ plasma and kidney biopsy was the same as the one isolated at BKVN. BKV-VP1 NAbs titers were significantly higher at the time of BKVN compared to transplantation (p = .0031), with similar titers across genotypes. CONCLUSION Altogether, our data suggest that among some KTR with BKVN, the BKV genotype from the donor may not be responsible for BKVN pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Gras
- Infectious Disease Department, APHP-Saint-Louis Hospital, Paris, France.,INSERM U944, Biology of Emerging Viruses Team, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, APHP-Saint-Louis Hospital, Paris, France.,Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | | | - Marie Noëlle Peraldi
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Nephrology and Kidney Transplant Department, APHP-Saint Louis Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Lucie Bonnet-Madin
- INSERM U944, Biology of Emerging Viruses Team, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, APHP-Saint-Louis Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Maud Salmona
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Virology Department, APHP-Saint Louis Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Jean Luc Taupin
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Immunology Department, APHP-Saint Louis Hospital, Paris, France
| | - François Desgrandchamps
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Urology Department, APHP-Saint Louis Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Verine
- Pathology Department, APHP-Saint Louis Hospital, Paris, France
| | | | - Ali Amara
- INSERM U944, Biology of Emerging Viruses Team, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, APHP-Saint-Louis Hospital, Paris, France.,Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Jean Michel Molina
- Infectious Disease Department, APHP-Saint-Louis Hospital, Paris, France.,INSERM U944, Biology of Emerging Viruses Team, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, APHP-Saint-Louis Hospital, Paris, France.,Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Constance Delaugerre
- INSERM U944, Biology of Emerging Viruses Team, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, APHP-Saint-Louis Hospital, Paris, France.,Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Virology Department, APHP-Saint Louis Hospital, Paris, France
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11
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BK DNAemia and native kidney polyomavirus nephropathy following lung transplantation. Am J Transplant 2023; 23:284-290. [PMID: 36804135 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajt.2022.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BK virus DNAemia (BKPyV) and nephropathy are common after kidney transplant; however, there are limited data on BK infections in nonrenal solid organ transplant recipients. We examined the frequency, clinical and pathologic features, and kidney and lung outcomes of BKPyV and BK virus native kidney nephropathy (BKVN) in lung transplant recipients at our center. Among 878 recipients transplanted from 2003 to 2019, 56 (6%) developed BKPyV at a median of 30.1 months after transplant (range, 0.6-213) and 11 (1.3%) developed BKVN at a median of 46 months after transplant (range, 9-213). The incidence of end-stage kidney disease was significantly higher in patients with peak viral load ≥10 000 copies/mL (39% vs 8%, P < .001). All cases of BKVN were in patients with peak viral load of ≥10 000 copies/mL, and 55% of these patients developed end-stage kidney disease. Despite the reduction of immunosuppression to treat BKVN, only 1 patient developed acute rejection, and lung function was stable >1 year. BKPyV and nephropathy are more common after lung transplantation than previously reported. Routine screening for BKPyV should be considered in all lung transplant recipients.
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12
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Hirsch HH, Mengel M, Kamar N. BK Polyomavirus Consensus. Clin Infect Dis 2022; 75:2046-2047. [PMID: 35856634 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciac594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hans H Hirsch
- Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Clinical Virology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedicine, Transplantation and Clinical Virology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Mengel
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Nassim Kamar
- Department of Nephrology and Organ Transplantation, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
- Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- Toulouse Institute for Inflammatory and Infectious Diseases (Infinity), Inserm, CNRS, Toulouse, France
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13
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Redondo N, Rodríguez-Goncer I, Parra P, López-Medrano F, González E, Hernández A, Trujillo H, Ruiz-Merlo T, San Juan R, Folgueira MD, Andrés A, Aguado JM, Fernández-Ruiz M. Genetic polymorphisms in TLR3, IL10 and CD209 influence the risk of BK polyomavirus infection after kidney transplantation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11338. [PMID: 35790769 PMCID: PMC9255529 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15406-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic determinants of BK polyomavirus infection after kidney transplantation remain poorly investigated. We assessed the potential impact of 13 different single nucleotide polymorphisms within genes mainly involved in innate immune responses on the risk of BKPyV viremia in 204 KT recipients. After a median follow-up of 1121.5 days, the cumulative incidence of any-level BKPyV viremia was 24.5% (50/204). There was a significant association between the minor T allele of TLR3 (rs3775291) SNP and the development of BKPyV viremia (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR]: 2.16; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.08–4.30; P value = 0.029), whereas the minor G allele of CD209 (rs4804803) SNP exerted a protective role (aHR: 0.54; 95% CI: 0.29–1.00; P value = 0.050). A higher incidence of BKPyV viremia was also observed for the minor G allele of IL10 (rs1800872) SNP, although the absence of BKPyV events among homozygotes for the reference allele prevented multivariable analysis. The BKPyV viremia-free survival rate decreased with the increasing number of unfavorable genotypes (100% [no unfavorable genotypes], 85.4% [1 genotype], 70.9% [2 genotypes], 52.5% [3 genotypes]; P value = 0.008). In conclusion, SNPs in TLR3, CD209 and IL10 genes play a role in modulating the susceptibility to any-level BKPyV viremia among KT recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Redondo
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre", Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital "12 de Octubre" (imas12), Centro de Actividades Ambulatorias, 6ª planta, Bloque D. Avda. de Córdoba, s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Isabel Rodríguez-Goncer
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre", Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital "12 de Octubre" (imas12), Centro de Actividades Ambulatorias, 6ª planta, Bloque D. Avda. de Córdoba, s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Parra
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre", Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital "12 de Octubre" (imas12), Centro de Actividades Ambulatorias, 6ª planta, Bloque D. Avda. de Córdoba, s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco López-Medrano
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre", Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital "12 de Octubre" (imas12), Centro de Actividades Ambulatorias, 6ª planta, Bloque D. Avda. de Córdoba, s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther González
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre", Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital "12 de Octubre" (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Hernández
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre", Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital "12 de Octubre" (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Hernando Trujillo
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre", Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital "12 de Octubre" (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Tamara Ruiz-Merlo
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre", Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital "12 de Octubre" (imas12), Centro de Actividades Ambulatorias, 6ª planta, Bloque D. Avda. de Córdoba, s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael San Juan
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre", Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital "12 de Octubre" (imas12), Centro de Actividades Ambulatorias, 6ª planta, Bloque D. Avda. de Córdoba, s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Dolores Folgueira
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Microbiology, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre", Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital "12 de Octubre" (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Amado Andrés
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Nephrology, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre", Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital "12 de Octubre" (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - José María Aguado
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre", Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital "12 de Octubre" (imas12), Centro de Actividades Ambulatorias, 6ª planta, Bloque D. Avda. de Córdoba, s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mario Fernández-Ruiz
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre", Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital "12 de Octubre" (imas12), Centro de Actividades Ambulatorias, 6ª planta, Bloque D. Avda. de Córdoba, s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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14
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Jehn U, Siam S, Wiening V, Pavenstädt H, Reuter S. Belatacept as a Treatment Option in Patients with Severe BK Polyomavirus Infection and High Immunological Risk—Walking a Tightrope between Viral Control and Prevention of Rejection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14051005. [PMID: 35632747 PMCID: PMC9143364 DOI: 10.3390/v14051005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Balancing the immune system with immunosuppressive treatment is essential in kidney transplant recipients to avoid allograft rejection on the one hand and infectious complications on the other. BK polyomavirus nephropathy (BKPyVAN) is a viral complication that seriously threatens kidney allograft survival. Therefore, the main treatment strategy is to reduce immunosuppression, but this is associated with an increased rejection risk. Belatacept is an immunosuppressant that acts by blocking the CD80/86-CD28 co-stimulatory pathway of effector T-cells with marked effects on the humoral response. However, when compared with calcineurin-inhibitors (CNI), the cellular rejection rate is higher. With this in mind, we hypothesized that belatacept could be used as rescue therapy in severely BKPyV-affected patients with high immunological risk. We present three cases of patients with BKPyVAN-associated complications and donor-specific antibodies (DSA) and one patient who developed T-cell-mediated rejection after a reduction in immunosuppression in response to BKPyVAN. Patients were switched to a belatacept-based immunosuppressive regimen and showed significantly improved viral control and stabilized graft function. The cases presented here suggest that belatacept is a potential treatment option in the complicated situation of refractory BKPyV infection in patients with high immunological risk.
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15
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Komorniczak M, Król E, Lizakowski S, Dębska-Ślizień A. Screening for Polyomavirus Viruria Like Early Detection of Human Polyomavirus Infection and Replication: The Results of a Single-Center Observation. Transplant Proc 2022; 54:989-994. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2022.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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16
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Redondo N, Navarro D, Aguado JM, Fernández-Ruiz M. Viruses, friends and foes: The case of Torque Teno virus and the net state of immunosuppression. Transpl Infect Dis 2021; 24:e13778. [PMID: 34933413 DOI: 10.1111/tid.13778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
New reliable biomarkers are needed to improve individual risk assessment for post-transplant infection, acute graft rejection and other immune-related complications after solid organ transplantation (SOT) and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). One promising strategy relies on the monitoring of replication kinetics of virome components as functional surrogate for the net state of immunosuppression. Torque Teno Virus (TTV) is a small, non-enveloped, circular, single-stranded DNA anellovirus with no attributable pathological effects. A major component of the human blood virome, TTV exhibits various features that facilitate its application as immune biomarker: high prevalence rates, nearly ubiquitous distribution, stable viral loads with little intra-individual variability, insensitivity to antiviral drugs, and availability of commercial PCR assays for DNA quantification. The present review summarizes the available studies supporting the use of post-transplant TTV viremia to predict patient and graft outcomes after SOT and allo-HSCT. Taken together, this evidence suggests that high or increasing TTV DNA levels precede the occurrence of infectious complications in the SOT setting, whereas low or decreasing viral loads are associated with the development of acute rejection. The interpretation in allo-HSCT recipients is further complicated by complex interplay with the underlying disease, conditioning regimen and timing of recovery of lymphocyte counts, although TTV kinetics may act as a marker of immunological reconstitution at the early post-transplant period. The standardization of PCR methods and reporting units for TTV DNAemia and the results from ongoing interventional trials evaluating a TTV load-guided strategy to adjust immunosuppressive therapy are achievements expected in the coming years. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Redondo
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre", Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital "12 de Octubre" (imas12), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Spain
| | - David Navarro
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Spain.,Department of Microbiology, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain.,Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - José María Aguado
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre", Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital "12 de Octubre" (imas12), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Spain.,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mario Fernández-Ruiz
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre", Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital "12 de Octubre" (imas12), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Spain.,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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17
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Beyond antivirals: virus-specific T-cell immunotherapy for BK virus haemorrhagic cystitis and JC virus progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2021; 34:627-634. [PMID: 34751182 DOI: 10.1097/qco.0000000000000794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The clinical manifestations of the polyomaviruses BK and JC in immunocompromised patients include BK virus (BKV) induced haemorrhagic cystitis and nephropathy, and JC virus (JCV) associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) and are typically a consequence of impaired adaptive immunity in the host. To date, little clinical success has been achieved with antiviral agents or other drug therapies to treat these conditions. Here we review the methods and outcomes of the most recent clinical studies utilising adoptive immunotherapy with BK and/or JC virus-specific T-cells (VST) as either prophylaxis or treatment alternatives. RECENT FINDINGS In the last 12-18 months, several clinical trials have been published in the post-haemopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) setting showing good clinical success with the use of VST for treatment of BK viremia ± haemorrhagic cystitis. Between 82 and 100% clinical response has been observed in haemorrhagic cystitis using either third-party or donor-derived VST. The therapy was well tolerated with few cases of graft versus host disease in HSCT recipients, but immune mediated renal allograft loss was observed in one renal transplant recipient. Studies using BKV/JCV VST to treat PML are hindered by few patients who are sufficiently stable to receive VST. In a condition that otherwise carries such poor prognosis, VST were associated with clearance of JC virus, clinical and radiological improvement in some patients. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome was a noted adverse event. SUMMARY Restoration of BK and JC virus immunity using VST immunotherapy has shown good clinical outcomes in BKV associated infections. Further evaluation with the administration of VST earlier in the course of disease is warranted for the treatment of BKV associated nephropathy in renal allograft and in JCV PML. In both indications, larger cohorts and standardisation of dosing and outcome measures would be of benefit.
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18
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Acitretin and Retinoic Acid Derivatives Inhibit BK Polyomavirus Replication in Primary Human Proximal Renal Tubular Epithelial and Urothelial Cells. J Virol 2021; 95:e0012721. [PMID: 34011542 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00127-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Small-molecule drugs inhibiting BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) represent a significant unmet clinical need in view of polyomavirus-associated nephropathy or hemorrhagic cystitis, which complicate 5% to 25% of kidney and hematopoietic cell transplantations. We characterized the inhibitory activity of acitretin on BKPyV replication in primary human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (RPTECs). Effective inhibitory concentrations of 50% (EC50) and 90% (EC90) were determined in dilution series measuring BKPyV loads, transcripts, and protein expression, using cell proliferation, metabolic activity, and viability to estimate cytotoxic concentrations and selectivity indices (SI). The acitretin EC50 and EC90 in RPTECs were 0.64 (SI50, 250) and 3.25 μM (SI90, 49.2), respectively. Acitretin effectively inhibited BKPyV replication until 72 h postinfection when added 24 h before infection until 12 h after infection, but decreased to <50% at later time points. Acitretin did not interfere with nuclear delivery of BKPyV genomes, but it decreased large T-antigen transcription and protein expression. Acitretin did not inhibit the initial round of BKPyV replication following transfection of full-length viral genomes, but it affected subsequent rounds of reinfection. Acitretin also inhibited BKPyV replication in human urothelial cells and in Vero cells, but not in COS-7 cells constitutively expressing Simian virus 40 (SV40) large T antigen. Retinoic acid agonists (all-trans retinoic acid, 9-cis retinoic acid [9-cis-RA], 13-cis-RA, bexarotene, and tamibarotene) and the RAR/RXR antagonist RO41-5253 also inhibited BKPyV replication, pointing to an as-yet-undefined mechanism. IMPORTANCE Acitretin selectively inhibits BKPyV replication in primary human cell culture models of nephropathy and hemorrhagic cystitis. Since acitretin is an approved drug in clinical use reaching BKPyV-inhibiting concentrations in systemically treated patients, further studies are warranted to provide data for clinical repurposing of retinoids for treatment and prevention of replicative BKPyV-diseases.
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19
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Udomkarnjananun S, Kerr SJ, Francke MI, Avihingsanon Y, van Besouw NM, Baan CC, Hesselink DA. A systematic review and meta-analysis of enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISPOT) assay for BK polyomavirus immune response monitoring after kidney transplantation. J Clin Virol 2021; 140:104848. [PMID: 33979739 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2021.104848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BK virus (BKV) infection after kidney transplantation can cause BKV nephropathy (BKVAN) resulting in graft dysfunction and allograft loss. The treatment for BKVAN is reduction of the immunosuppressive load which increases the risk of kidney transplant rejection. There is no biomarker to monitor BKV activity besides BK viral load. The value of the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Spot (ELISPOT) assay as a tool to monitor the recipient's anti-BKV immune response after transplantation was investigated systematically. Electronic databases, including MEDLINE, Scopus, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched for studies of ELISPOT evaluating the immune response against BKV. BKV status was categorized as "active BKV infection" and as "resolving BKV infection". Random-effects model meta-analysis was performed to determine the diagnostic performance of the ELISPOT assay, after stratifying patients into groups based on positive and negative ELISPOT results. One-hundred twenty-seven articles were identified of which nine were included. Patients with negative ELISPOT had an increased risk of having active BKV replication (odds ratio of 71.9 (95%-CI 31.0-167.1). Pooled sensitivity was 0.95 (95%-CI 0.89-0.98) and specificity was 0.88 (95%-CI 0.78-0.94). The standardized mean difference of the number of IFN-γ producing cells between patients with active BKV infection compared with patients who had resolving BKV infection was -2.09 (95%-CI -2.50, -1.68). The ELISPOT assay is a useful tool for BKV risk assessment and in combination with BKV load may support clinicians in guiding immunosuppressive therapy in patients with BKV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suwasin Udomkarnjananun
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Erasmus MC Transplantation Institute, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Stephen J Kerr
- Research Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Marith I Francke
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Erasmus MC Transplantation Institute, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Yingyos Avihingsanon
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Nicole M van Besouw
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Erasmus MC Transplantation Institute, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Carla C Baan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Erasmus MC Transplantation Institute, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Dennis A Hesselink
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Erasmus MC Transplantation Institute, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
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20
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Wu Z, Graf FE, Hirsch HH. Antivirals against human polyomaviruses: Leaving no stone unturned. Rev Med Virol 2021; 31:e2220. [PMID: 33729628 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human polyomaviruses (HPyVs) encompass more than 10 species infecting 30%-90% of the human population without significant illness. Proven HPyV diseases with documented histopathology affect primarily immunocompromised hosts with manifestations in brain, skin and renourinary tract such as polyomavirus-associated nephropathy (PyVAN), polyomavirus-associated haemorrhagic cystitis (PyVHC), polyomavirus-associated urothelial cancer (PyVUC), progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), Trichodysplasia spinulosa (TS) and pruritic hyperproliferative keratinopathy. Although virus-specific immune control is the eventual goal of therapy and lasting cure, antiviral treatments are urgently needed in order to reduce or prevent HPyV diseases and thereby bridging the time needed to establish virus-specific immunity. However, the small dsDNA genome of only 5 kb of the non-enveloped HPyVs only encodes 5-7 viral proteins. Thus, HPyV replication relies heavily on host cell factors, thereby limiting both, number and type of specific virus-encoded antiviral targets. Lack of cost-effective high-throughput screening systems and relevant small animal models complicates the preclinical development. Current clinical studies are limited by small case numbers, poorly efficacious compounds and absence of proper randomized trial design. Here, we review preclinical and clinical studies that evaluated small molecules with presumed antiviral activity against HPyVs and provide an outlook regarding potential new antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongsong Wu
- Transplantation & Clinical Virology, Department Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fabrice E Graf
- Transplantation & Clinical Virology, Department Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hans H Hirsch
- Transplantation & Clinical Virology, Department Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Clinical Virology, Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Infectious Diseases & Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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21
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BK Polyomavirus Nephropathy in Kidney Transplantation: Balancing Rejection and Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030487. [PMID: 33809472 PMCID: PMC7998398 DOI: 10.3390/v13030487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BK polyomavirus nephropathy (BKVN) and allograft rejection are two closely-associated diseases on opposite ends of the immune scale in kidney transplant recipients. The principle of balancing the immune system remains the mainstay of therapeutic strategy. While patient outcomes can be improved through screening, risk factors identification, and rapid reduction of immunosuppressants, a lack of standard curative therapy is the primary concern during clinical practice. Additionally, difficulty in pathological differential diagnosis and clinicopathology’s dissociation pose problems for a definite diagnosis. This article discusses the delicate evaluation needed to optimize immunosuppression and reviews recent advances in molecular diagnosis and immunological therapy for BKVN patients. New biomarkers for BKVN diagnosis are under development. For example, measurement of virus-specific T cell level may play a role in steering immunosuppressants. The development of cellular therapy may provide prevention, even a cure, for BKVN, a complex post-transplant complication.
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22
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Non-permissive human conventional CD1c+ dendritic cells enable trans-infection of human primary renal tubular epithelial cells and protect BK polyomavirus from neutralization. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009042. [PMID: 33592065 PMCID: PMC7886149 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) is a ubiquitous human virus that persists in the renourinary epithelium. Immunosuppression can lead to BKPyV reactivation in the first year post-transplantation in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. In KTRs, persistent DNAemia has been correlated to the occurrence of polyomavirus-associated nephropathy (PVAN) that can lead to graft loss if not properly controlled. Based on recent observations that conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) specifically infiltrate PVAN lesions, we hypothesized that those cells could play a role in BKPyV infection. We first demonstrated that monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDCs), an in vitro model for mDCs, captured BKPyV particles through an unconventional GRAF-1 endocytic pathway. Neither BKPyV particles nor BKPyV-infected cells were shown to activate MDDCs. Endocytosed virions were efficiently transmitted to permissive cells and protected from the antibody-mediated neutralization. Finally, we demonstrated that freshly isolated CD1c+ mDCs from the blood and kidney parenchyma behaved similarly to MDDCs thus extending our results to cells of clinical relevance. This study sheds light on a potential unprecedented CD1c+ mDC involvement in the BKPyV infection as a promoter of viral spreading. Dr Sylvia Gardner first discovered the BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) in the urine of a kidney-transplant recipient in 1970. In the 1990’s, the widespread use of potent immunosuppressive drugs such as tacrolimus, sirolimus or mycophenolate mofetil led to the emergence of BKPyV nephropathy. Recently, various studies reported a specific influx of myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs) in the renal tissue of kidney-transplant patients who were diagnosed with a BKPyV nephropathy. MDCs are immune cells both residing in tissues and migrating to other organs or compartments like the blood when changes in their environment occur. Their main functions are the detection of danger signals such as pathogens or tumors and the processing of antigens to prime naïve specific effectors of the adaptive immune response. Although anti-BKPyV cellular immune responses have been investigated in post-transplant recipients as well as healthy individuals, supporting an active role of mDCs little is known about how mDCs and BKPyV interact with each other. Our study provides the basis to understand the role played by mDCs in virus capture through an unprecedented endocytic mechanism and possibly in viral protection from neutralization by specific antibodies. Moreover, we showed that mDCs are unable to sense BKPyV particles or BKPyV-infected dying cells as a danger signal, supporting the view that other DC subsets might act as the true antigen presenting cells that promote the adaptive immune response against BKPyV infection.
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23
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BK Polyomavirus-specific T Cells as a Diagnostic and Prognostic Marker for BK Polyomavirus Infections After Pediatric Kidney Transplantation. Transplantation 2021; 104:2393-2402. [PMID: 31985731 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000003133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND After kidney transplantation, uncontrolled BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) replication causes kidney graft failure through BKPyV-associated nephropathy (BKPyVAN), but markers predicting outcome are missing. BKPyV-specific T cells may serve as a predictive marker to identify patients at risk of persistent DNAemia and BKPyVAN. METHODS Out of a total of 114 pediatric kidney recipients transplanted between 2008 and 2018, 36 children with posttransplant BKPyV-DNAemia were identified. In a prospective noninterventional study, BKPyV-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells were measured in 32 of 36 viremic pediatric kidney recipients using intracellular cytokine staining and flow cytometry. The course of the BKPyV replication was monitored with regard to duration of BKPyV-DNAemia and need of therapeutic intervention and diagnosis of proven BKPyVAN. RESULTS Levels of BKPyV-specific T cells negatively correlated with subsequent duration of BKPyV-DNAemia. Patients with BKPyV-specific CD4 T cells ≥0.5 cells/µL and/or BKPyV-specific CD8 T cells ≥0.1 cells/µL had transient, self-limiting DNAemia (PPV 1.0, NPV 0.86). BKPyV-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells below these thresholds were found in children with persistent BKPyV-DNAemia and biopsy-proven BKPyVAN with need for therapeutic intervention. After reducing immunosuppressive therapy, levels of BKPyV-specific CD4 T cells increased while plasma BKPyV-DNAemia declined. CONCLUSIONS This study found that BKPyV-specific T cell levels may help to distinguish patients with transient, self-limiting BKPyV-DNAemia from those with persisting BKPyV-DNAemia and biopsy-proven BKPyVAN, who would benefit from individualized therapeutic interventions such as reduced immunosuppression. Thereby the risk for rejection because of unnecessary reduction of immunosuppression in case of self-limiting BKPyV-DNAemia can be minimized.
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24
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Kharel A, Djamali A, Jorgenson MR, Alzoubi B, Swanson KJ, Garg N, Aziz F, Mohamed MA, Mandelbrot DA, Parajuli S. Risk factors for progression from low level BK dnaemia to unfavorable outcomes after BK management via immunosuppressive reduction. Transpl Infect Dis 2021; 23:e13561. [PMID: 33400361 DOI: 10.1111/tid.13561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Effective management of BK viremia (BKPyV-DNAemia) in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) involves regular monitoring and adjustment of immunosuppression. With this strategy, the majority of patients will clear BK or have ongoing, but non-significant, low-level BKPyV-DNAemia. However, despite adjustments, some will develop more severe sequelae of BK including BKPyV-DNAemia >5 log10 copies/mL and BK nephropathy, and others may develop de novo DSA (dnDSA) or acute rejection (AR). METHODS This was a single-center study of KTRs transplanted at the University of Wisconsin-Madison between 01/01/2015 and 12/31/2017. In this study, we sought to elucidate characteristics associated with the progression of BKPyV-DNAemia to unfavorable outcomes after decreasing immunosuppressive medications for the management of BK viremia as described in consensus guidelines. RESULTS A total of 224 KTRs fulfilled our selection criteria; 118 (53%) resolved or had persistent low DNAemia, 64 (28%) had severe BK/nephropathy, and 42 (19%) developed dnDSA or AR. In multivariable analysis, female gender (HR: 2.05; 95% CI: 1.08-3.90; P = .02); previous rejection (HR: 2.90; 95% CI: 1.04-8.12; P = .04), and early infection (HR: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.72-0.90; P < .001) were associated with the development of severe BK/nephropathy. Conversely, non-depleting induction at transplant (HR: 2.06; 95% CI: 1.03-4.11; P = .03), HLA mismatches >3 (HR: 2.27; HR: 1.01-5.06; P = .04), and delayed graft function (HR: 4.14; 95% CI: 1.12-15.28; P = .03) were associated with development of dnDSA and/or rejection. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that almost half of KTRs with BKPyV-DNAemia managed by our immunosuppressant adjustment protocol progress unfavorably. Identification of these risk factors could assist the frontline clinician in creating an individualized immunosuppressive modification plan potentially mitigating negative outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abish Kharel
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Arjang Djamali
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Margaret R Jorgenson
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Beyann Alzoubi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kurtis J Swanson
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Neetika Garg
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Fahad Aziz
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Maha A Mohamed
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Didier A Mandelbrot
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Sandesh Parajuli
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
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25
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Jehn U, Schütte-Nütgen K, Bautz J, Pavenstädt H, Suwelack B, Thölking G, Reuter S. Clinical features of BK-polyomavirus and cytomegalovirus co-infection after kidney transplantation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:22406. [PMID: 33376243 PMCID: PMC7772341 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79799-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) are the main viral pathogens affecting the graft and recipient outcome after allogenic kidney transplantation. It has recently been found that infection with both viruses has a greater impact on kidney graft function than a single infection. We retrospectively analyzed a cohort of 723 recipients who received kidney transplantation between 2007 and 2015 after living and postmortal donation for differences in risk and outcome parameters regarding BKPyV (DNAemia) and CMV (CMV DNAemia) co-infection compared to sole viremias and to patients without viremia. Of all kidney allograft recipients in our cohort, 8.2% developed co-infection with BKPyV DNAemia and CMV DNAemia, 15.1% showed BKPyV viremia alone and 25.2% sole CMV DNAemia. Acute rejection was closely linked with co-infection (multivariable analysis, p = 0.001). Despite the fact that the estimated glomerular filtration rate of patients with co-infection was noticeably reduced compared to patients with BKV or CMV infection alone, transplant survival and patient survival were not significantly reduced. Co-infection with BKPyV and CMV in kidney transplanted patients is significantly associated with inferior allograft function. Since co-infection is strongly associated with acute rejection, co-infected individuals should be considered a risk collective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Jehn
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine D, University Hospital of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany.
| | - Katharina Schütte-Nütgen
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine D, University Hospital of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Joachim Bautz
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine D, University Hospital of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Hermann Pavenstädt
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine D, University Hospital of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Barbara Suwelack
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine D, University Hospital of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Gerold Thölking
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine D, University Hospital of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine and Nephrology, University Hospital of Münster Marienhospital Steinfurt, 48565, Steinfurt, Germany
| | - Stefan Reuter
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine D, University Hospital of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
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26
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Leuzinger K, Kaur A, Wilhelm M, Hirsch HH. Variations in BK Polyomavirus Immunodominant Large Tumor Antigen-Specific 9mer CD8 T-Cell Epitopes Predict Altered HLA-Presentation and Immune Failure. Viruses 2020; 12:v12121476. [PMID: 33371492 PMCID: PMC7767524 DOI: 10.3390/v12121476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Failing BK polyomavirus (BKPyV)-specific immune control is underlying onset and duration of BKPyV-replication and disease. We focused on BKPyV-specific CD8 T-cells as key effectors and characterized immunodominant 9mer epitopes in the viral large tumor-antigen (LTag). We investigated the variation of LTag-epitopes and their predicted effects on HLA-class 1 binding and T-cell activation. Available BKPyV sequences in the NCBI-nucleotide (N = 3263), and the NCBI protein database (N = 4189) were extracted (1368 sequences) and analyzed for non-synonymous aa-exchanges in LTag. Variant 9mer-epitopes were assessed for predicted changes in HLA-A and HLA-B-binding compared to immunodominant 9mer reference. We identified 159 non-synonymous aa-exchanges in immunodominant LTag-9mer T-cell epitopes reflecting different BKPyV-genotypes as well as genotype-independent variants altering HLA-A/HLA-B-binding scores. Decreased binding scores for HLA-A/HLA-B were found in 27/159 (17%). This included the immunodominant LPLMRKAYL affecting HLA-B*07:02-, HLA-B*08:01- and HLA-B*51:01-presentation. In two healthy BKPyV-seropositive HLA-B*07:02 blood donors, variant LSLMRKAYL showed reduced CD8 T-cell responses compared to LPLMRKAYL. Thus, despite LTag being highly conserved, aa-exchanges occur in immunodominant CD8 T-cell epitopes of BKPyV-genotypes as well as of genotypes -independent variants, which may contribute to genotype-dependent and genotype-independent failure of cellular immune control over BKPyV-replication. The data warrant epidemiological and immunological investigations in carefully designed clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karoline Leuzinger
- Transplantation & Clinical Virology, Department Biomedicine, University of Basel, Petersplatz 10, CH-4009 Basel, Switzerland; (K.L.); (A.K.); (M.W.)
- Clinical Virology, Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Amandeep Kaur
- Transplantation & Clinical Virology, Department Biomedicine, University of Basel, Petersplatz 10, CH-4009 Basel, Switzerland; (K.L.); (A.K.); (M.W.)
| | - Maud Wilhelm
- Transplantation & Clinical Virology, Department Biomedicine, University of Basel, Petersplatz 10, CH-4009 Basel, Switzerland; (K.L.); (A.K.); (M.W.)
| | - Hans H. Hirsch
- Transplantation & Clinical Virology, Department Biomedicine, University of Basel, Petersplatz 10, CH-4009 Basel, Switzerland; (K.L.); (A.K.); (M.W.)
- Clinical Virology, Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
- Infectious Diseases & Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-61-207-3266 or +41-61-207-3225
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27
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Lepore M, Crespo E, Melilli E, Cruzado JM, Torija A, Grinyó JM, Bestard O. Functional immune monitoring of BK Virus and donor-specific T-cell effector immune responses to guide treatment decision-making after kidney transplantation; an illustrative case report and literature review. Transpl Infect Dis 2020; 23:e13495. [PMID: 33070461 DOI: 10.1111/tid.13495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Differential diagnosis between Polyoma virus associated-nephropathy (PVAN) and T-cell mediated rejection (TCMR) might be challenging, as respective treatment approaches are totally opposite. Here we report the illustrative case of a kidney transplant recipient with PVAN who developed a persistent acute TCMR after full abrogation of viral infection through immunosuppression modulation. By simultaneous functional immune monitoring of BKV and donor-specific T-cell responses using IFN-γELISPOT assay, we retrospectively demonstrated the predominant effector mechanisms responsible of allograft injury and thus, potential guidance for treatment decision-making. Furthermore, the evidence of an efficient T-cell alloimmunity abrogation accompanied by a sustained anti-viral response after sirolimus addition, promotes the potential benefit of converting patients to an mTOR-based immunosuppression in case of PVAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Lepore
- Kidney Transplant Unit, Nephrology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Transplant Medicine Unit, San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Crespo
- Experimental Nephrology Laboratory, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Edoardo Melilli
- Kidney Transplant Unit, Nephrology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep M Cruzado
- Kidney Transplant Unit, Nephrology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Experimental Nephrology Laboratory, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alba Torija
- Experimental Nephrology Laboratory, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep M Grinyó
- Kidney Transplant Unit, Nephrology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Experimental Nephrology Laboratory, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oriol Bestard
- Kidney Transplant Unit, Nephrology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Experimental Nephrology Laboratory, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
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28
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Hosseini-Moghaddam SM, Xu Q, Jevnikar AM, House AA, Luke P, Campigotto A, Kum JJY, Singh G, Alharbi H, Speechley MR. The effect of human leukocyte antigen A1 and B35-Cw4 on sustained BK polyomavirus DNAemia after renal transplantation. Clin Transplant 2020; 34:e14110. [PMID: 33053214 DOI: 10.1111/ctr.14110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I presentation pathway plays a central role in natural killer (NK) cell and cytotoxic T-cell activities against BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) DNAemia. We determined the risk of sustained BKPyV DNAemia in 175 consecutive renal transplant recipients considering the simultaneous effect of donor/recipient HLA class I antigens and pre- or post-transplant variables. Median (IQR) age was 53 (44-64) years, and 37% of patients were female. 40 patients (22.9%) developed sustained BKPyV DNAemia [median (IQR) viral load: 9740 (4350-17 125) copies/ml]. In the Cox proportional hazard analysis, HLA-A1 (HR: 3.06, 95% CI: 1.51-6.17) and HLA-B35-Cw4 (HR: 4.63, 95% CI: 2.12-10.14) significantly increased the risk of sustained BKPyV DNAemia, while 2 HLA-C mismatches provided a marginally protective effect (HR: 0.32, 95% CI: 0.10-0.98). HLA-Cw4 is a ligand for NK cell inhibitory receptor, and HLA-B35 is in strong linkage disequilibrium with the HLA-Cw4 allele. The association between HLA-B35-Cw4 expression and sustained BKPyV DNAemia supports the important role of cytotoxic T cells and NK cells that would normally control BKPyV activation through engagement with immunoglobulin-like killer receptors (KIRs). Further studies are required to investigate the effect of HLA-C alleles along with NK cell activity against BKPyV DNAemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed M Hosseini-Moghaddam
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Multiorgan Transplant Program, London Health Sciences Centre, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Qingyong Xu
- Multiorgan Transplant Program, London Health Sciences Centre, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Histocompatibility Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Anthony M Jevnikar
- Multiorgan Transplant Program, London Health Sciences Centre, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew A House
- Multiorgan Transplant Program, London Health Sciences Centre, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Patrick Luke
- Multiorgan Transplant Program, London Health Sciences Centre, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Aaron Campigotto
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jina J Y Kum
- Multiorgan Transplant Program, London Health Sciences Centre, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, London Health Sciences Centre, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Gagandeep Singh
- Multiorgan Transplant Program, London Health Sciences Centre, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Hajed Alharbi
- Multiorgan Transplant Program, London Health Sciences Centre, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Mark R Speechley
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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Wilhelm M, Kaur A, Wernli M, Hirsch HH. BK Polyomavirus-Specific CD8 T-Cell Expansion In Vitro Using 27mer Peptide Antigens for Developing Adoptive T-Cell Transfer and Vaccination. J Infect Dis 2020; 223:1410-1422. [PMID: 32857163 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) remains a significant cause of premature kidney transplant failure. In the absence of effective antivirals, current treatments rely on reducing immunosuppression to regain immune control over BKPyV replication. Increasing BKPyV-specific CD8 T cells correlate with clearance of BKPyV DNAemia in kidney transplant patients. We characterized a novel approach for expanding BKPyV-specific CD8 T cells in vitro using 27mer-long synthetic BKPyV peptides, different types of antigen-presenting cells, and CD4 T cells. METHODS Langerhans cells and immature or mature monocyte-derived dendritic cells (Mo-DCs) were generated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of healthy blood donors, pulsed with synthetic peptide pools consisting of 36 overlapping 27mers (27mP) or 180 15mers (15mP). BKPyV-specific CD8 T-cell responses were assessed by cytokine release assays using 15mP or immunodominant 9mers. RESULTS BKPyV-specific CD8 T cells expanded using 27mP and required mature Mo-DCs (P = .0312) and CD4 T cells (P = .0156) for highest responses. The resulting BKPyV-specific CD8 T cells proliferated, secreted multiple cytokines including interferon γ and tumor necrosis factor α, and were functional (CD107a+/PD1-) and cytotoxic. CONCLUSIONS Synthetic 27mP permit expanding BKPyV-specific CD8 T-cell responses when pulsing mature Mo-DCs in presence of CD4 T cells, suggesting novel and safe approaches to vaccination and adoptive T-cell therapies for patients before and after kidney transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud Wilhelm
- Transplantation and Clinical Virology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Amandeep Kaur
- Transplantation and Clinical Virology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marion Wernli
- Transplantation and Clinical Virology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hans H Hirsch
- Transplantation and Clinical Virology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Clinical Virology, Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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30
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Garcia Urbán J, Gurrado K, Brea Rivas PC, Abou Elrous D, Zubimendi Machain M, Romero Gómez M, García Rodríguez J, Vicandi Plaza B, Yébenes Gregorio L, García Fernández E, Jiménez Martín C, López Oliva MO, González García E, Ledesma Sánchez G, Carreño Cornejo G, Selgas Gutiérrez R, Zarauza Santoveña A, Melgosa Hijosa M, Fernández Camblor C, Mozo Del Castillo Y, Sisinni L, Bueno Sánchez D, Pérez-Martínez A, Sánchez Zapardiel E, López Granados E, Monserrat Villatoro J, Hernández Zabala R, Borobia AM, Frías J, Ramírez E. A case-control study to assess the role of polyomavirus in transplant complications: Where do we stand? Transpl Infect Dis 2020; 22:e13432. [PMID: 32738811 DOI: 10.1111/tid.13432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The study's aim was to assess whether polyomavirus DNAemia screening was associated with different outcomes in patients with positive viremia compared with negative viremia. METHODS Case-control retrospective study of patients with polyomavirus DNAemia (viremia > 1000 copies/mL) matched 1:1 with controls. Control group consists of the patient who received a transplant immediately before or after each identified case and did have nil viremia. FINDING Ultimately, 120 cases of BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) were detected and matched with 130 controls. Of these, 54 were adult kidney transplant recipients (KTRs), 43 were pediatric KTRs, and 23 were undergoing hemato-oncologic therapy, of which 20 were undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The odds ratio (OR) for overall risk of poorer outcomes in cases versus controls was 16.07 (95% CI: 5.55-46.54). The unfavorable outcome of switching the immunosuppressive drug (ISD) (14/40,35%) was no different from that of those treated with reduced ISD doses (31/71, 43.6%, P = .250). Acute rejection or graft-versus-host disease, previous transplant, and intensity of immunosuppression (4 ISDs plus induction or conditioning) were risk factors for BKPyV-DNAemia (OR: 13.96, 95% CI: 11.25-15.18, P < .001; OR: 6.14, 95% CI: 3.91-8.80, P < .001; OR: 5.53, 95% CI: 3.37-7.30, P < .001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Despite viremia screening, dose reduction, and change in therapeutic protocol, patients with positive BKPyV-DNAemia present poorer outcomes and unfavorable results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Garcia Urbán
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, IdiPaz, School of Medicine, La Paz-Cantoblanco-Carlos III University Hospital, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Katia Gurrado
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, IdiPaz, School of Medicine, La Paz-Cantoblanco-Carlos III University Hospital, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paola C Brea Rivas
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, IdiPaz, School of Medicine, La Paz-Cantoblanco-Carlos III University Hospital, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dina Abou Elrous
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, IdiPaz, School of Medicine, La Paz-Cantoblanco-Carlos III University Hospital, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica Zubimendi Machain
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, IdiPaz, School of Medicine, La Paz-Cantoblanco-Carlos III University Hospital, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Romero Gómez
- Microbiology Department, IdiPaz, La Paz-Cantoblanco-Carlos III University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julio García Rodríguez
- Microbiology Department, IdiPaz, La Paz-Cantoblanco-Carlos III University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Blanca Vicandi Plaza
- Pathological Anatomy Department, IdiPaz, La Paz-Cantoblanco-Carlos III University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Yébenes Gregorio
- Pathological Anatomy Department, IdiPaz, La Paz-Cantoblanco-Carlos III University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eugenia García Fernández
- Pathological Anatomy Department, IdiPaz, La Paz-Cantoblanco-Carlos III University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Jiménez Martín
- Nephrology Department, REDinREN, IRSIN, IdiPaz, La Paz-Cantoblanco-Carlos III University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - María-Ovidia López Oliva
- Nephrology Department, REDinREN, IRSIN, IdiPaz, La Paz-Cantoblanco-Carlos III University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena González García
- Nephrology Department, REDinREN, IRSIN, IdiPaz, La Paz-Cantoblanco-Carlos III University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gabriel Ledesma Sánchez
- Nephrology Department, REDinREN, IRSIN, IdiPaz, La Paz-Cantoblanco-Carlos III University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gilda Carreño Cornejo
- Nephrology Department, REDinREN, IRSIN, IdiPaz, La Paz-Cantoblanco-Carlos III University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Selgas Gutiérrez
- Nephrology Department, REDinREN, IRSIN, IdiPaz, La Paz-Cantoblanco-Carlos III University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Marta Melgosa Hijosa
- Pediatric Nephrology Department, IdiPaz, La Paz-Cantoblanco-Carlos III University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlota Fernández Camblor
- Pediatric Nephrology Department, IdiPaz, La Paz-Cantoblanco-Carlos III University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yasmina Mozo Del Castillo
- Pediatric Hematology Oncology Department, IdiPaz, La Paz-Cantoblanco-Carlos III University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luisa Sisinni
- Pediatric Hematology Oncology Department, IdiPaz, La Paz-Cantoblanco-Carlos III University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Bueno Sánchez
- Pediatric Hematology Oncology Department, IdiPaz, La Paz-Cantoblanco-Carlos III University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Pérez-Martínez
- Pediatric Hematology Oncology Department, IdiPaz, La Paz-Cantoblanco-Carlos III University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Sánchez Zapardiel
- Immunology Department, IdiPaz, La Paz-Cantoblanco-Carlos III University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo López Granados
- Immunology Department, IdiPaz, La Paz-Cantoblanco-Carlos III University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaime Monserrat Villatoro
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, IdiPaz, School of Medicine, La Paz-Cantoblanco-Carlos III University Hospital, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Hernández Zabala
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, IdiPaz, School of Medicine, La Paz-Cantoblanco-Carlos III University Hospital, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto M Borobia
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, IdiPaz, School of Medicine, La Paz-Cantoblanco-Carlos III University Hospital, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Frías
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, IdiPaz, School of Medicine, La Paz-Cantoblanco-Carlos III University Hospital, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Ramírez
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, IdiPaz, School of Medicine, La Paz-Cantoblanco-Carlos III University Hospital, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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McIlroy D, Hönemann M, Nguyen NK, Barbier P, Peltier C, Rodallec A, Halary F, Przyrowski E, Liebert U, Hourmant M, Bressollette-Bodin C. Persistent BK Polyomavirus Viruria is Associated with Accumulation of VP1 Mutations and Neutralization Escape. Viruses 2020; 12:v12080824. [PMID: 32751274 PMCID: PMC7472262 DOI: 10.3390/v12080824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the relationship between neutralization escape and persistent high-level BK polyomavirus replication after kidney transplant (KTx), VP1 sequences were determined by Sanger and next-generation sequencing in longitudinal samples from KTx recipients with persistent high-level viruria (non-controllers) compared to patients who suppressed viruria (controllers). The infectivity and neutralization resistance of representative VP1 mutants were investigated using pseudotype viruses. In all patients, the virus population was initially dominated by wild-type VP1 sequences, then non-synonymous VP1 mutations accumulated over time in non-controllers. BC-loop mutations resulted in reduced infectivity in 293TT cells and conferred neutralization escape from cognate serum in five out of six non-controller patients studied. When taken as a group, non-controller sera were not more susceptible to neutralization escape than controller sera, so serological profiling cannot predict subsequent control of virus replication. However, at an individual level, in three non-controller patients the VP1 variants that emerged exploited specific “holes” in the patient’s humoral response. Persistent high-level BK polyomavirus replication in KTx recipients is therefore associated with the accumulation of VP1 mutations that can confer resistance to neutralization, implying that future BKPyV therapies involving IVIG or monoclonal antibodies may be more effective when used as preventive or pre-emptive, rather than curative, strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorian McIlroy
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunoologie (CRTI), UMR 1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France; (N.-K.N.); (P.B.); (C.P.); (F.H.); (C.B.-B.)
- Institut de Transplantation Urologie-Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France;
- Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, Université de Nantes, 44322 Nantes, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-2-40-41-28-39
| | - Mario Hönemann
- Institut für Virologie, Universität Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (M.H.); (U.L.)
| | - Ngoc-Khanh Nguyen
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunoologie (CRTI), UMR 1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France; (N.-K.N.); (P.B.); (C.P.); (F.H.); (C.B.-B.)
- Institut de Transplantation Urologie-Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France;
| | - Paul Barbier
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunoologie (CRTI), UMR 1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France; (N.-K.N.); (P.B.); (C.P.); (F.H.); (C.B.-B.)
- Institut de Transplantation Urologie-Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France;
| | - Cécile Peltier
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunoologie (CRTI), UMR 1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France; (N.-K.N.); (P.B.); (C.P.); (F.H.); (C.B.-B.)
- Institut de Transplantation Urologie-Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France;
| | - Audrey Rodallec
- Service de Virologie, CHU Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France; (A.R.); (E.P.)
| | - Franck Halary
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunoologie (CRTI), UMR 1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France; (N.-K.N.); (P.B.); (C.P.); (F.H.); (C.B.-B.)
- Institut de Transplantation Urologie-Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France;
| | - Emilie Przyrowski
- Service de Virologie, CHU Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France; (A.R.); (E.P.)
| | - Uwe Liebert
- Institut für Virologie, Universität Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (M.H.); (U.L.)
| | - Maryvonne Hourmant
- Institut de Transplantation Urologie-Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France;
- Service de Néphrologie et Immunologie Clinique, CHU Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France
| | - Céline Bressollette-Bodin
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunoologie (CRTI), UMR 1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France; (N.-K.N.); (P.B.); (C.P.); (F.H.); (C.B.-B.)
- Institut de Transplantation Urologie-Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France;
- Service de Virologie, CHU Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France; (A.R.); (E.P.)
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France
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32
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Manzetti J, Weissbach FH, Graf FE, Unterstab G, Wernli M, Hopfer H, Drachenberg CB, Rinaldo CH, Hirsch HH. BK Polyomavirus Evades Innate Immune Sensing by Disrupting the Mitochondrial Network and Promotes Mitophagy. iScience 2020; 23:101257. [PMID: 32599557 PMCID: PMC7326741 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune escape contributes to viral persistence, yet little is known about human polyomaviruses. BK-polyomavirus (BKPyV) asymptomatically infects 90% of humans but causes premature allograft failure in kidney transplant patients. Despite virus-specific T cells and neutralizing antibodies, BKPyV persists in kidneys and evades immune control as evidenced by urinary shedding in immunocompetent individuals. Here, we report that BKPyV disrupts the mitochondrial network and membrane potential when expressing the 66aa-long agnoprotein during late replication. Agnoprotein is necessary and sufficient, using its amino-terminal and central domain for mitochondrial targeting and network disruption, respectively. Agnoprotein impairs nuclear IRF3-translocation, interferon-beta expression, and promotes p62/SQSTM1-mitophagy. Agnoprotein-mutant viruses unable to disrupt mitochondria show reduced replication and increased interferon-beta expression but can be rescued by type-I interferon blockade, TBK1-inhibition, or CoCl2-treatment. Mitochondrial fragmentation and p62/SQSTM1-autophagy occur in allograft biopsies of kidney transplant patients with BKPyV nephropathy. JCPyV and SV40 infection similarly disrupt mitochondrial networks, indicating a conserved mechanism facilitating polyomavirus persistence and post-transplant disease. BK polyomavirus agnoprotein disrupts mitochondrial membrane potential and network Agnoprotein impairs nucleus IRF3 translocation and interferon-β expression Agnoprotein facilitates innate immune evasion during the late viral replication phase Damaged mitochondria are targeted for p62/SQSTM1 autophagy
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Manzetti
- Transplantation & Clinical Virology, Department Biomedicine (Haus Petersplatz), University of Basel, Petersplatz 10, CH-4009 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fabian H Weissbach
- Transplantation & Clinical Virology, Department Biomedicine (Haus Petersplatz), University of Basel, Petersplatz 10, CH-4009 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fabrice E Graf
- Transplantation & Clinical Virology, Department Biomedicine (Haus Petersplatz), University of Basel, Petersplatz 10, CH-4009 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gunhild Unterstab
- Transplantation & Clinical Virology, Department Biomedicine (Haus Petersplatz), University of Basel, Petersplatz 10, CH-4009 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marion Wernli
- Transplantation & Clinical Virology, Department Biomedicine (Haus Petersplatz), University of Basel, Petersplatz 10, CH-4009 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Helmut Hopfer
- Institute for Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cinthia B Drachenberg
- Departments of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christine Hanssen Rinaldo
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Metabolic and Renal Research Group, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Hans H Hirsch
- Transplantation & Clinical Virology, Department Biomedicine (Haus Petersplatz), University of Basel, Petersplatz 10, CH-4009 Basel, Switzerland; Clinical Virology, Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Infectious Diseases & Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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33
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Fernández-Ruiz M, López-Medrano F, Aguado JM. Predictive tools to determine risk of infection in kidney transplant recipients. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2020; 18:423-441. [PMID: 32084326 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2020.1733976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Infection represents a major complication after kidney transplantation (KT). Therapeutic drug monitoring is essentially the only approach for the adjustment of immunosuppression in current practice, with suboptimal results. The implementation of immune monitoring strategies may contribute to minimizing the risk of adverse events attributable to over-immunosuppression without compromising graft outcomes.Areas covered: The present review (based on PubMed/MEDLINE searches from database inception to November 2019) is focused on immune biomarkers with no antigen specificity (non-pathogen-specific), including serum levels of immunoglobulins and complement factors, peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations, soluble CD30, intracellular ATP production by stimulated CD4+ T-cells, and other cell-based immune assays. We also summarized recent advances in the use of replication kinetics of latent viruses to assess the functionality of T-cell immunity, with focus on the nonpathogenic anelloviruses. Finally, the composite risk scores reported in the literature are critically discussed.Expert opinion: Notable efforts have been made to develop an enlarging repertoire of immune biomarkers and prediction models, although most of them still lack technical standardization and external validation. Preventive interventions based on these tools (prolongation of prophylaxis, tapering of immunosuppression, or immunoglobulin replacement therapy in hypogammaglobulinemic patients) remain to be defined, ideally in the context of controlled trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Fernández-Ruiz
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre", Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital "12 de Octubre" (Imas12), Madrid, Spain.,Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI RD16/0016/0002), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco López-Medrano
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre", Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital "12 de Octubre" (Imas12), Madrid, Spain.,Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI RD16/0016/0002), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - José María Aguado
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre", Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital "12 de Octubre" (Imas12), Madrid, Spain.,Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI RD16/0016/0002), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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Lorentzen EM, Henriksen S, Kaur A, Kro GB, Hammarström C, Hirsch HH, Midtvedt K, Rinaldo CH. Early fulminant BK polyomavirus-associated nephropathy in two kidney transplant patients with low neutralizing antibody titers receiving allografts from the same donor. Virol J 2020; 17:5. [PMID: 31924245 PMCID: PMC6954500 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-019-1275-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND BK Polyomavirus (BKPyV) causes premature graft failure in 1 to 15% of kidney transplant (KT) recipients. High-level BKPyV-viruria and BKPyV-DNAemia precede polyomavirus-associated nephropathy (PyVAN), and guide clinical management decisions. In most cases, BKPyV appears to come from the donor kidney, but data from biopsy-proven PyVAN cases are lacking. Here, we report the early fulminant course of biopsy-proven PyVAN in two male KT recipients in their sixties, receiving kidneys from the same deceased male donor. CASE PRESENTATIONS Both recipients received intravenous basiliximab induction, and maintenance therapy consisting of tacrolimus (trough levels 3-7 ng/mL from time of engraftment), mycophenolate mofetil 750 mg bid, and prednisolone. At 4 weeks post-transplant, renal function was satisfactory with serum creatinine concentrations of 106 and 72 μmol/L in recipient #1 and recipient #2, respectively. Plasma BKPyV-DNAemia was first investigated at 5 and 8 weeks post-transplant being 8.58 × 104 and 1.12 × 106 copies/mL in recipient #1 and recipient #2, respectively. Renal function declined and biopsy-proven PyVAN was diagnosed in both recipients at 12 weeks post-transplant. Mycophenolate mofetil levels were reduced from 750 mg to 250 mg bid while tacrolimus levels were kept below 5 ng/mL. Recipient #2 cleared BKPyV-DNAemia at 5.5 months post-transplant, while recipient #1 had persistent BKPyV-DNAemia of 1.07 × 105 copies/mL at the last follow-up 52 weeks post-transplant. DNA sequencing of viral DNA from early plasma samples revealed apparently identical viruses in both recipients, belonging to genotype Ib-2 with archetype non-coding control region. Retrospective serological work-up, demonstrated that the donor had high BKPyV-IgG-virus-like particle ELISA activity and a high BKPyV-genotype I neutralizing antibody titer, whereas both KT recipients only had low neutralizing antibody titers pre-transplantation. By 20 weeks post-transplant, the neutralizing antibody titer had increased by > 1000-fold in both recipients, but only recipient #2 cleared BKPyV-DNAemia. CONCLUSIONS Low titers of genotype-specific neutralizing antibodies in recipients pre-transplant, may identify patients at high risk for early fulminant donor-derived BKPyV-DNAemia and PyVAN, but development of high neutralizing antibody titers may not be sufficient for clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Myrvoll Lorentzen
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Metabolic and Renal Research Group, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Stian Henriksen
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Metabolic and Renal Research Group, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Amandeep Kaur
- Department Biomedicine Transplantation & Clinical Virology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Grete Birkeland Kro
- Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Clara Hammarström
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hans H. Hirsch
- Department Biomedicine Transplantation & Clinical Virology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Infectious Diseases & Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Karsten Midtvedt
- Department of Transplantation, Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christine Hanssen Rinaldo
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Metabolic and Renal Research Group, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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