Time-Resolved Analysis of Left Ventricular Shear Wave Amplitudes in Cardiac Elastography for the Diagnosis of Diastolic Dysfunction:

Sex Differences in Aging-related Myocardial Stiffening Quantitatively Measured with MR Elastography

Purpose To investigate the feasibility of using quantitative MR elastography (MRE) to characterize the influence of aging and sex on left ventricular (LV) shear stiffness. Materials and Methods In this prospective study, LV myocardial shear stiffness was measured in 109 healthy volunteers (age range: 18-84 years; mean age, 40 years ± 18 [SD]; 57 women, 52 men) enrolled between November 2018 and September 2019, using a 5-minute MRE acquisition added to a clinical MRI protocol. Linear regression models were used to estimate the association of cardiac MRI and MRE characteristics with age and sex; models were also fit to assess potential age-sex interaction. Results Myocardial shear stiffness significantly increased with age in female (age slope = 0.03 kPa/year ± 0.01, P = .009) but not male (age slope = 0.008 kPa/year ± 0.009, P = .38) volunteers. LV ejection fraction (LVEF) increased significantly with age in female volunteers (0.23% ± 0.08 per year, P = .005). LV end-systolic volume (LVESV) decreased with age in female volunteers (-0.20 mL/m2 ± 0.07, P = .003). MRI parameters, including T1, strain, and LV mass, did not demonstrate this interaction (P > .05). Myocardial shear stiffness was not significantly correlated with LVEF, LV stroke volume, body mass index, or any MRI strain metrics (P > .05) but showed significant correlations with LV end-diastolic volume/body surface area (BSA) (slope = -3 kPa/mL/m2 ± 1, P = .004, r2 = 0.08) and LVESV/BSA (-1.6 kPa/mL/m2 ± 0.5, P = .003, r2 = 0.08). Conclusion This study demonstrates that female, but not male, individuals experience disproportionate LV stiffening with natural aging, and these changes can be noninvasively measured with MRE. Keywords: Cardiac, Elastography, Biological Effects, Experimental Investigations, Sexual Dimorphisms, MR Elastography, Myocardial Shear Stiffness, Quantitative Stiffness Imaging, Aging Heart, Myocardial Biomechanics, Cardiac MRE Supplemental material is available for this article. Published under a CC BY 4.0 license.

Shear wave cardiovascular MR elastography using intrinsic cardiac motion for transducer-free non-invasive evaluation of myocardial shear wave velocity

Changes in myocardial stiffness may represent a valuable biomarker for early tissue injury or adverse remodeling. In this study, we developed and validated a novel transducer-free magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) approach for quantifying myocardial biomechanics using aortic valve closure-induced shear waves. Using motion-sensitized two-dimensional pencil beams, septal shear waves were imaged at high temporal resolution. Shear wave speed was measured using time-of-flight of waves travelling between two pencil beams and corrected for geometrical biases. After validation in phantoms, results from twelve healthy volunteers and five cardiac patients (two left ventricular hypertrophy, two myocardial infarcts, and one without confirmed pathology) were obtained. Torsional shear wave speed in the phantom was 3.0 ± 0.1 m/s, corresponding with reference speeds of 2.8 ± 0.1 m/s. Geometrically-biased flexural shear wave speed was 1.9 ± 0.1 m/s, corresponding with simulation values of 2.0 m/s. Corrected septal shear wave speeds were significantly higher in patients than healthy volunteers [14.1 (11.0-15.8) m/s versus 3.6 (2.7-4.3) m/s, p = 0.001]. The interobserver 95%-limits-of-agreement in healthy volunteers were ± 1.3 m/s and interstudy 95%-limits-of-agreement - 0.7 to 1.2 m/s. In conclusion, myocardial shear wave speed can be measured using aortic valve closure-induced shear waves, with cardiac patients showing significantly higher shear wave speeds than healthy volunteers. This non-invasive measure may provide valuable insights into the pathophysiology of heart failure.

Cardiovascular magnetic resonance elastography: A review

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide. These cardiovascular diseases are associated with mechanical changes in the myocardium and aorta. It is known that stiffness is altered in many diseases, including the spectrum of ischemia, diastolic dysfunction, hypertension and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. In addition, the stiffness of the aortic wall is altered in multiple diseases, including hypertension, coronary artery disease and aortic aneurysm formation. For example, in diastolic dysfunction in which the ejection fraction is preserved, stiffness can potentially be an important biomarker. Similarly, in aortic aneurysms, stiffness can provide valuable information with regard to rupture potential. A number of studies have addressed invasive and non-invasive approaches to test and measure the mechanical properties of the myocardium and aorta. One of the non-invasive approaches is magnetic resonance elastography (MRE). MRE is a phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging technique that measures tissue stiffness non-invasively. This review article highlights the technical details and application of MRE in the quantification of myocardial and aortic stiffness in different disease states.

Time-Harmonic Ultrasound elastography of the Descending Abdominal Aorta: Initial Results

Stiffening of central large vessels is considered a key pathophysiologic factor within the cardiovascular system. Current diagnostic parameters such as pulse wave velocity (PWV) indirectly measure aortic stiffness, a hallmark of coronary diseases. The aim of the present study was to perform elastography of the proximal abdominal aorta based on externally induced time-harmonic shear waves. Experiments were performed in 30 healthy volunteers (25 young, 5 old, >50 y) and 5 patients with longstanding hypertension (PWV >10 m/s). B-Mode-guided sonographic time-harmonic elastography was used for measurement of externally induced shear waves at 30-Hz vibration frequency. Thirty-hertz shear wave amplitudes (SWAs) within the abdominal aorta were measured and displayed in real time and processed offline for differences in SWA between systole and diastole (ΔSWA). Data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. The change in SWA over the cardiac cycle was reduced significantly in all patients as assessed with ΔSWA (volunteers: mean = 10 ± 5 μm, patients: mean = 4 ± 1 μm; p < 0.001). The best separation of healthy volunteers from patients was obtained with a ΔSWA threshold of 4.7 μm, resulting in a sensitivity of 0.9 and a specificity of 1.0, with an overall area under the curve of 0.96. Time harmonic elastography of the abdominal aorta is feasible and shows promise for the exploitation of time-varying shear wave amplitudes as a diagnostic marker for aortic wall stiffening. Patients with elevated PWVs suggesting increased aortic wall stiffness were best identified by ΔSWA-a parameter that could be related to the ability of the vessel walls to distend on passages of the pulse wave.

Cardiac MR elastography for quantitative assessment of elevated myocardial stiffness in cardiac amyloidosis

Purpose

To evaluate if cardiac magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) can measure increased stiffness in patients with cardiac amyloidosis. Myocardial tissue stiffness plays an important role in cardiac function. A noninvasive quantitative imaging technique capable of measuring myocardial stiffness could aid in disease diagnosis, therapy monitoring, and disease prognostic strategies. We recently developed a high‐frequency cardiac MRE technique capable of making noninvasive stiffness measurements.

Materials and Methods

In all, 16 volunteers and 22 patients with cardiac amyloidosis were enrolled in this study after Institutional Review Board approval and obtaining formal written consent. All subjects were imaged head‐first in the supine position in a 1.5T closed‐bore MR imager. 3D MRE was performed using 5 mm isotropic resolution oblique short‐axis slices and a vibration frequency of 140 Hz to obtain global quantitative in vivo left ventricular stiffness measurements. The median stiffness was compared between the two cohorts. An octahedral shear strain signal‐to‐noise ratio (OSS‐SNR) threshold of 1.17 was used to exclude exams with insufficient motion amplitude.

Results

Five volunteers and six patients had to be excluded from the study because they fell below the 1.17 OSS‐SNR threshold. The myocardial stiffness of cardiac amyloid patients (median: 11.4 kPa, min: 9.2, max: 15.7) was significantly higher (P = 0.0008) than normal controls (median: 8.2 kPa, min: 7.2, max: 11.8).

Conclusion

This study demonstrates the feasibility of 3D high‐frequency cardiac MRE as a contrast‐agent‐free diagnostic imaging technique for cardiac amyloidosis.

Level of Evidence: 2

Technical Efficacy: Stage 2

J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2017;46:1361–1367.