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Veverková L, Mohelníková-Duchoňová B, Sedláčková Z, Löwová Ľ, Šišola I. Detection of axillary lymphadenopathy after Covid-19 vaccination during breast examination: Case series and review of the literature after one year. Cent Eur J Public Health 2023; 31:110-114. [PMID: 37451243 DOI: 10.21101/cejph.a7426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study is to evaluate accidental findings of axillary lymphadenopathy during breast examination. Postvaccination axillary lymphadenopathy is a possible cause of adenopathies but these findings used to be exceedingly rare. Nowadays, after Covid-19 vaccination it is found more often. Covid-19 vaccination started at the end of December 2020 with two types of vaccine, Moderna and Pfizer-BioNTech in the Czech Republic. The aim of this article is to present a single centre experience with Covid-19 lymphadenopathy during the general vaccination in the Czech population and summarization of recommendations. METHODS In January to February 2021 ultrasound revealed axillary lymphadenopathy in several patients during breast examination in our certified centre. In four of them it was concluded as lymphadenopathy after Covid-19 vaccination. A search (using databases PubMed and Google Scholar) of the available literature for the years 2020 and 2021 was performed. RESULTS These four patients were examined during the first two months of 2021. In all of them pathological lymph nodes with typical sonographic signs were seen in the ipsilateral axilla. We searched the literature for follow-up recommendations and summarized them in our article. CONCLUSION Accidental findings of axillary lymphadenopathy during ultrasound breast examination will be more often. There will be more cases of lymphadenopathy with an increasing number of people being vaccinated against Covid-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Veverková
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | | | - Zuzana Sedláčková
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ľubica Löwová
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Šišola
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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2
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Vaz N, Franquet E, Heidari P, Chow DZ, Jacene HA, Ng TSC. COVID-19: Findings in nuclear medicine from head to toe. Clin Imaging 2023; 99:10-18. [PMID: 37043868 PMCID: PMC10081937 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinimag.2023.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 is a multisystemic disease, and hence its potential manifestations on nuclear medicine imaging can extend beyond the lung. Therefore, it is important for the nuclear medicine physician to recognize these manifestations in the clinic. While FDG-PET/CT is not indicated routinely in COVID-19 evaluation, its unique capability to provide a functional and anatomical assessment of the entire body means that it can be a powerful tool to monitor acute, subacute, and long-term effects of COVID-19. Single-photon scintigraphy is routinely used to assess conditions such as pulmonary embolism, cardiac ischemia, and thyroiditis, and COVID-19 may present in these studies. The most common nuclear imaging finding of COVID-19 vaccination to date is hypermetabolic axillary lymphadenopathy. This may pose important diagnostic and management dilemmas in oncologic patients, particularly those with malignancies where the axilla constitutes a lymphatic drainage area. This article aims to summarize the relevant literature published since the beginning of the pandemic on the intersection between COVID-19 and nuclear medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Vaz
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
| | - Elisa Franquet
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Pedram Heidari
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - David Z Chow
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Heather A Jacene
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Thomas S C Ng
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St, Boston, MA 02114, United States
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3
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Guo R, Xue S, Hu J, Sari H, Mingels C, Zeimpekis K, Prenosil G, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Viscione M, Sznitman R, Rominger A, Li B, Shi K. Using domain knowledge for robust and generalizable deep learning-based CT-free PET attenuation and scatter correction. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5882. [PMID: 36202816 PMCID: PMC9537165 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33562-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the potential of deep learning (DL)-based methods in substituting CT-based PET attenuation and scatter correction for CT-free PET imaging, a critical bottleneck is their limited capability in handling large heterogeneity of tracers and scanners of PET imaging. This study employs a simple way to integrate domain knowledge in DL for CT-free PET imaging. In contrast to conventional direct DL methods, we simplify the complex problem by a domain decomposition so that the learning of anatomy-dependent attenuation correction can be achieved robustly in a low-frequency domain while the original anatomy-independent high-frequency texture can be preserved during the processing. Even with the training from one tracer on one scanner, the effectiveness and robustness of our proposed approach are confirmed in tests of various external imaging tracers on different scanners. The robust, generalizable, and transparent DL development may enhance the potential of clinical translation. Deep learning-based methods have been proposed to substitute CT-based PET attenuation and scatter correction to achieve CT-free PET imaging. Here, the authors present a simple way to integrate domain knowledge in deep learning for CT-free PET imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Guo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Molecular Imaging of Precision Medicine, Ruijin Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Song Xue
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jiaxi Hu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hasan Sari
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Advanced Clinical Imaging Technology, Siemens Healthcare AG, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Clemens Mingels
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Konstantinos Zeimpekis
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - George Prenosil
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Molecular Imaging of Precision Medicine, Ruijin Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Molecular Imaging of Precision Medicine, Ruijin Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Marco Viscione
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Raphael Sznitman
- ARTORG Center, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Center of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine (CAIM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Axel Rominger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Biao Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center for Molecular Imaging of Precision Medicine, Ruijin Center, Shanghai, China.
| | - Kuangyu Shi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Center of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine (CAIM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Computer Aided Medical Procedures and Augmented Reality, Institute of Informatics I16, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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4
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Wang Q, Zhang J. Current status and progress in using radiolabelled PARP-1 inhibitors for imaging PARP-1 expression in tumours. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 242:114690. [PMID: 36041258 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) is a key enzyme in the DNA repair process, and the overexpression of PARP-1 in several tumours makes this enzyme a promising molecular target. Recently, several PARP-1 inhibitors, such as olaparib, rucaparib, niraparib and talazoparib, have been clinically approved as anticancer drugs. Several of these inhibitors have been radiolabelled for noninvasive imaging of PARP-1 expression in several types of tumours. In this review, the background and progress for using various radiolabelled PARP-1 inhibitors for cancer diagnosis are discussed and future development directions are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianna Wang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals of Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals (National Medical Products Administration), College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, PR China
| | - Junbo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals of Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals (National Medical Products Administration), College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, PR China.
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5
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Kolade OU, Ayeni AO, Brink A, Steyn R, More S, Prasad V. SARS-CoV-2 vaccination site as possible pitfall on somatostatin receptor imaging. Clin Transl Imaging 2022; 10:579-585. [PMID: 35968530 PMCID: PMC9362710 DOI: 10.1007/s40336-022-00519-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) vaccination numbers are globally increasing. Therefore, an increased chance exists that patients undergoing Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy (PRRT) or diagnostic radionuclide imaging for Neuroendocrine Tumours (NETs) may have recently received vaccination. We report the imaging findings of two NETs patients, A—following [177Lu] Lu-DOTATATE PRRT post therapy planar scintigraphy and single photon emission computed tomography with computed tomography (SPECT/CT), and B—following [68 Ga]Ga-DOTA-NOC positron emission tomography with computed tomography (PET/CT) respectively. Both studies were done few days after COVID-19 vaccination. Patient A showed a new focus of uptake in the left deltoid muscle; and Patient B showed uptake in the left deltoid and a left axillary lymph node. Nuclear Physicians need to be aware of pitfalls with somatostatin receptor radionuclide imaging post-vaccination to ensure accurate interpretation, as well as dosimetric considerations with vaccine-related post-therapy uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olumayowa U. Kolade
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiation Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiation Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, C3/4 New Main Building, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Akinwale O. Ayeni
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiation Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anita Brink
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiation Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Rachelle Steyn
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hawke’s Bay District Health Board, Hastings, New Zealand
| | - Stuart More
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiation Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Vikas Prasad
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiation Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
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Hsieh TC, Wu YC, Kao CH, Yen KY, Sun SS. 18F-Fluciclovine Uptake in Intramuscular Injecting Site of Antiandrogen. Clin Nucl Med 2022; 47:e401-e402. [PMID: 35085174 DOI: 10.1097/rlu.0000000000004080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT 18F-fluciclovine, a radiolabeled amino acid analog, has been approved by US Food and Drug Administration for detecting lesions of biochemical recurrence of prostate adenocarcinoma with PET/CT. However, it is not specific for prostate cancer and has been found to be present in variety of malignant and benign etiologies. We herein present an interesting case of the incidental finding of increasing uptake of 18F-fluciclovine related to intramuscular injection of antiandrogen.
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Chan HP, Shen DHY, Yang MH, Hu C, Tyan YC. Incidental Finding of Moderna COVID-19 Vaccination-Related Axillary Lymphadenopathy on 201Tl Myocardial Perfusion Imaging. Clin Nucl Med 2022; 47:e302-e303. [PMID: 35020657 PMCID: PMC8820753 DOI: 10.1097/rlu.0000000000003993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT We presented here a 71-year-old man with a history of thyroid cancer post total thyroidectomy and 131I ablation and right renal cell carcinoma post right partial nephrectomy. He reported persistent chest tightness and pain after the first dose of the Moderna COVID-19 (mRNA-1273) vaccine. Thus, coronary heart disease was suspected, and the patient was referred for MPI (myocardial perfusion imaging). Focal 201Tl uptake in the left axillary region was found incidentally on MPI, and SPECT/CT revealed enlarged benign-looking lymph nodes. The diagnostic is in favor of reactive hyperplasia after the intramuscular injection of vaccine into left deltoid muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Pin Chan
- From the Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung
| | | | - Ming-Hui Yang
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital
- Center of General Education, Shu-Zen Junior College of Medicine and Management
| | - Chin Hu
- From the Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung
| | - Yu-Chang Tyan
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung
- Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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8
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Stammes MA, Lee JH, Meijer L, Naninck T, Doyle-Meyers LA, White AG, Borish HJ, Hartman AL, Alvarez X, Ganatra S, Kaushal D, Bohm RP, le Grand R, Scanga CA, Langermans JAM, Bontrop RE, Finch CL, Flynn JL, Calcagno C, Crozier I, Kuhn JH. Medical imaging of pulmonary disease in SARS-CoV-2-exposed non-human primates. Trends Mol Med 2022; 28:123-142. [PMID: 34955425 PMCID: PMC8648672 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chest X-ray (CXR), computed tomography (CT), and positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) are noninvasive imaging techniques widely used in human and veterinary pulmonary research and medicine. These techniques have recently been applied in studies of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-exposed non-human primates (NHPs) to complement virological assessments with meaningful translational readouts of lung disease. Our review of the literature indicates that medical imaging of SARS-CoV-2-exposed NHPs enables high-resolution qualitative and quantitative characterization of disease otherwise clinically invisible and potentially provides user-independent and unbiased evaluation of medical countermeasures (MCMs). However, we also found high variability in image acquisition and analysis protocols among studies. These findings uncover an urgent need to improve standardization and ensure direct comparability across studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke A Stammes
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), 2288 GJ, Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
| | - Ji Hyun Lee
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), Division of Clinical Research (DCR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Lisette Meijer
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), 2288 GJ, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Thibaut Naninck
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, 92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Lara A Doyle-Meyers
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA; Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Alexander G White
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - H Jacob Borish
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Amy L Hartman
- Center for Vaccine Research, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pitt Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Xavier Alvarez
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | | | - Deepak Kaushal
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Rudolf P Bohm
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA; Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Roger le Grand
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, 92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Charles A Scanga
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Center for Vaccine Research, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jan A M Langermans
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), 2288 GJ, Rijswijk, The Netherlands; Department Population Health Sciences, Division of Animals in Science and Society, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald E Bontrop
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), 2288 GJ, Rijswijk, The Netherlands; Department of Biology, Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Courtney L Finch
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), Division of Clinical Research (DCR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - JoAnne L Flynn
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Center for Vaccine Research, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Claudia Calcagno
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), Division of Clinical Research (DCR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Ian Crozier
- Clinical Monitoring Research Program Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Jens H Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), Division of Clinical Research (DCR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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Lim J, Lee SA, Khil EK, Byeon SJ, Kang HJ, Choi JA. COVID-19 vaccine-related axillary lymphadenopathy in breast cancer patients: Case series with a review of literature. Semin Oncol 2021; 48:283-291. [PMID: 34836672 PMCID: PMC8547943 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Lymphadenopathy (LAP) after COVID-19 vaccination in patients with a diagnosis of cancer has been challenging. We analyzed imaging and clinical features from early cases of axillary LAP in six COVID-19 vaccine recipients with a history of breast cancer. Method Among the patients with a history of breast cancer and recent COVID-19 vaccine administration, six patients who showed isolated axillary LAP were gathered. Radiologic features were reviewed from breast ultrasound, chest computed tomography, and breast magnetic resonance imaging. Clinical and pathological information were obtained for analysis. Results The interval between ultrasound detection of LAP and last COVID-19 vaccine administration ranged from 14 to 28 days (mean 21.67 days). Round shape of the lymph node and irregular cortex were noted in 2 and 0 cases, respectively. Mean maximum cortical thickness, length to width ratio and interval aggravation in maximum cortical thickening were 4.2 mm, 1.34, and 2.81-fold with cut-off value of 3 mm, 1.5, 2.0-fold, respectively. Conclusion We observed axillary LAP ipsilateral to a recent vaccine administration persisting longer than what the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention announced. In our patients, COVID-19 vaccine-related LAP tended to show increased cortical thickness without cortical irregularity. Oncologist as well as radiologist should be familiar with the fact that COVID-19 vaccines, regardless of vaccine type or dosage, can frequently cause ipsilateral axillary LAP, showing some suspicious features more often than others, and can persist longer than anticipated so that both over- and underdiagnosis can be avoided. We report our observations in six patients and provide an exhaustive review of the published literature
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihe Lim
- Department of Radiology, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea.
| | - Seun Ah Lee
- Department of Radiology, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Eun Kyung Khil
- Department of Radiology, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Sun-Ju Byeon
- Department of Pathology, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Hee Joon Kang
- Department of General Surgery, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Jung-Ah Choi
- Department of Radiology, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
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