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Chen S, Zhuang D, Jia Q, Guo B, Hu G. Advances in Noninvasive Molecular Imaging Probes for Liver Fibrosis Diagnosis. Biomater Res 2024; 28:0042. [PMID: 38952717 PMCID: PMC11214848 DOI: 10.34133/bmr.0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a wound-healing response to chronic liver injury, which may lead to cirrhosis and cancer. Early-stage fibrosis is reversible, and it is difficult to precisely diagnose with conventional imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, single-photon emission computed tomography, and ultrasound imaging. In contrast, probe-assisted molecular imaging offers a promising noninvasive approach to visualize early fibrosis changes in vivo, thus facilitating early diagnosis and staging liver fibrosis, and even monitoring of the treatment response. Here, the most recent progress in molecular imaging technologies for liver fibrosis is updated. We start by illustrating pathogenesis for liver fibrosis, which includes capillarization of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, cellular and molecular processes involved in inflammation and fibrogenesis, as well as processes of collagen synthesis, oxidation, and cross-linking. Furthermore, the biological targets used in molecular imaging of liver fibrosis are summarized, which are composed of receptors on hepatic stellate cells, macrophages, and even liver collagen. Notably, the focus is on insights into the advances in imaging modalities developed for liver fibrosis diagnosis and the update in the corresponding contrast agents. In addition, challenges and opportunities for future research and clinical translation of the molecular imaging modalities and the contrast agents are pointed out. We hope that this review would serve as a guide for scientists and students who are interested in liver fibrosis imaging and treatment, and as well expedite the translation of molecular imaging technologies from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaofang Chen
- Department of Radiology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College,
Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518020, Guangdong, China
| | - Danping Zhuang
- Department of Radiology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College,
Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518020, Guangdong, China
| | - Qingyun Jia
- Department of Radiology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College,
Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518020, Guangdong, China
| | - Bing Guo
- School of Science, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Carbon Materials Research and Comprehensive Application,
Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Genwen Hu
- Department of Radiology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College,
Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518020, Guangdong, China
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2
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Dual Magnetic Particle Imaging and Akaluc Bioluminescence Imaging for Tracking Cancer Cell Metastasis. Tomography 2023; 9:178-194. [PMID: 36828368 PMCID: PMC9968184 DOI: 10.3390/tomography9010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetic particle imaging (MPI) provides hotspot tracking and direct quantification of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle (SPIO)-labelled cells. Bioluminescence imaging (BLI) with the luciferase reporter gene Akaluc can provide complementary information on cell viability. Thus, we explored combining these technologies to provide a more holistic view of cancer cell fate in mice. Akaluc-expressing 4T1Br5 cells were labelled with the SPIO Synomag-D and injected into the mammary fat pads (MFP) of four nude mice. BLI was performed on days 0, 6 and 13, and MPI was performed on days 1, 8 and 14. Ex vivo histology and fluorescence microscopy of MFP and a potential metastatic site was conducted. The BLI signal in the MFP increased significantly from day 0 to day 13 (p < 0.05), mirroring tumor growth. The MPI signal significantly decreased from day 1 to day 14 (p < 0.05) due to SPIO dilution in proliferating cells. Both modalities detected secondary metastases; however, they were visualized in different anatomical regions. Akaluc BLI complemented MPI cell tracking, allowing for longitudinal measures of cell viability and sensitive detection of distant metastases at different locations. We predict this multimodal imaging approach will help to evaluate novel therapeutics and give a better understanding of metastatic mechanisms.
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3
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Iron-Based Magnetic Nanosystems for Diagnostic Imaging and Drug Delivery: Towards Transformative Biomedical Applications. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14102093. [PMID: 36297529 PMCID: PMC9607318 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14102093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The advancement of biomedicine in a socioeconomically sustainable manner while achieving efficient patient-care is imperative to the health and well-being of society. Magnetic systems consisting of iron based nanosized components have gained prominence among researchers in a multitude of biomedical applications. This review focuses on recent trends in the areas of diagnostic imaging and drug delivery that have benefited from iron-incorporated nanosystems, especially in cancer treatment, diagnosis and wound care applications. Discussion on imaging will emphasise on developments in MRI technology and hyperthermia based diagnosis, while advanced material synthesis and targeted, triggered transport will be the focus for drug delivery. Insights onto the challenges in transforming these technologies into day-to-day applications will also be explored with perceptions onto potential for patient-centred healthcare.
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4
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Zhang N, Xu L, Song H, Bu C, Kang J, Zhang C, Yang X, Han F. Tracking of Stem Cells from Human Exfoliated Deciduous Teeth Labeled with Molday ION Rhodamine-B during Periodontal Bone Regeneration in Rats. Int J Stem Cells 2022; 16:93-107. [PMID: 36042010 PMCID: PMC9978830 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc21204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives Chronic periodontitis can lead to alveolar bone resorption and eventually tooth loss. Stem cells from exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) are appropriate bone regeneration seed cells. To track the survival, migration, and differentiation of the transplanted SHED, we used super paramagnetic iron oxide particles (SPIO) Molday ION Rhodamine-B (MIRB) to label and monitor the transplanted cells while repairing periodontal bone defects. Methods and Results We determined an appropriate dose of MIRB for labeling SHED by examining the growth and osteogenic differentiation of labeled SHED. Finally, SHED was labeled with 25 μg Fe/ml MIRB before being transplanted into rats. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to track SHED survival and migration in vivo due to a low-intensity signal artifact caused by MIRB. HE and immunohistochemical analyses revealed that both MIRB-labeled and unlabeled SHED could promote periodontal bone regeneration. The colocalization of hNUC and MIRB demonstrated that SHED transplanted into rats could survive in vivo. Furthermore, some MIRB-positive cells expressed the osteoblast and osteocyte markers OCN and DMP1, respectively. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay revealed that SHED could secrete protein factors, such as IGF-1, OCN, ALP, IL-4, VEGF, and bFGF, which promote bone regeneration. Immunofluorescence staining revealed that the transplanted SHED was surrounded by a large number of host-derived Runx2- and Col II-positive cells that played important roles in the bone healing process. Conclusions SHED could promote periodontal bone regeneration in rats, and the survival of SHED could be tracked in vivo by labeling them with MIRB. SHED are likely to promote bone healing through both direct differentiation and paracrine mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhang
- The Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Liaocheng, China,Co-Correspondence to Nan Zhang, The Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Liaocheng People’s Hospital, 67 Dongchang West Road, Liaocheng 252000, China, Tel: +86-635-827-8427, Fax: +86-635-827-2732, E-mail:
| | - Li Xu
- The Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Liaocheng, China
| | - Hao Song
- The Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Liaocheng, China
| | - Chunqing Bu
- Department of MRI, Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Liaocheng, China
| | - Jie Kang
- Department of Stomatology, Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Liaocheng, China
| | - Chuanchen Zhang
- Department of MRI, Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Liaocheng, China
| | - Xiaofei Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Liaocheng, China
| | - Fabin Han
- The Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Liaocheng, China,The Translational Research Laboratory of Stem Cells and Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China,Correspondence to Fabin Han, The Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Liaocheng People’s Hospital, 67 Dongchang West Road, Liaocheng 252000, China, Tel: +86-635-827-8427, Fax: +86-635-827-2732, E-mail:
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5
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Makela AV, Schott MA, Madsen CS, Greeson EM, Contag CH. Magnetic Particle Imaging of Magnetotactic Bacteria as Living Contrast Agents Is Improved by Altering Magnetosome Arrangement. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:4630-4639. [PMID: 35686930 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c05042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) can be used as imaging agents to differentiate between normal and diseased tissue or track cell movement. Magnetic particle imaging (MPI) detects the magnetic properties of SPIONs, providing quantitative and sensitive image data. MPI performance depends on the size, structure, and composition of nanoparticles. Magnetotactic bacteria produce magnetosomes with properties similar to those of synthetic nanoparticles, and these can be modified by mutating biosynthetic genes. The use of Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense, MSR-1 with a mamJ deletion, containing clustered magnetosomes instead of typical linear chains, resulted in improved MPI signal and resolution. Bioluminescent MSR-1 with the mamJ deletion were administered into tumor-bearing and healthy mice. In vivo bioluminescence imaging revealed the viability of MSR-1, and MPI detected signals in livers and tumors. The development of living contrast agents offers opportunities for imaging and therapy with multimodality imaging guiding development of these agents by tracking the location, viability, and resulting biological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley V Makela
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, 775 Woodlot Drive, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Melissa A Schott
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, 775 Woodlot Drive, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Cody S Madsen
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, 775 Woodlot Drive, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Emily M Greeson
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, 775 Woodlot Drive, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Christopher H Contag
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, 775 Woodlot Drive, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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6
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Dubois VP, Sehl OC, Foster PJ, Ronald JA. Visualizing CAR-T cell Immunotherapy Using 3 Tesla Fluorine-19 MRI. Mol Imaging Biol 2022; 24:298-308. [PMID: 34786668 PMCID: PMC8983548 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-021-01672-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell cancer immunotherapies have shown remarkable results in patients with hematological malignancies and represent the first approved genetically modified cellular therapies. However, not all blood cancer patients respond favorably, serious side effects have been reported, and the treatment of solid tumors has been a challenge. An imaging tool for visualizing the variety of CAR-T cell products in use and being explored could provide important patient-specific data on CAR-T cell location to inform on potential success or failure of treatment as well as off-target toxicities. Fluorine-19 (19F) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allows for the noninvasive detection of 19F perfluorocarbon (PFC) labeled cells. Our objective was to visualize PFC-labeled (PFC +) CAR-T cells in a mouse model of leukemia using clinical field strength (3 Tesla) 19F MRI and compare the cytotoxicity of PFC + versus unlabeled CAR-T cells. PROCEDURES NSG mice (n = 17) received subcutaneous injections of CD19 + human B cell leukemia cells (NALM6) expressing firefly luciferase in their left hind flank (1 × 106). Twenty-one days later, each mouse received an intratumoral injection of 10 × 106 PFC + CD19-targeted CAR-T cells (n = 6), unlabeled CD19-targeted CAR-T cells (n = 3), PFC + untransduced T cells (n = 5), or an equivalent volume of saline (n = 3). 19F MRI was performed on mice treated with PFC + CAR-T cells days 1, 3, and 7 post-treatment. Bioluminescence imaging (BLI) was performed on all mice days - 1, 5, 10, and 14 post-treatment to monitor tumor response. RESULTS PFC + CAR-T cells were successfully detected in tumors using 19F MRI on days 1, 3, and 7 post-injection. In vivo BLI data revealed that mice treated with PFC + or PFC - CAR-T cells had significantly lower tumor burden by day 14 compared to untreated mice and mice treated with PFC + untransduced T cells (p < 0.05). Importantly, mice treated with PFC + CAR-T cells showed equivalent cytotoxicity compared to mice receiving PFC - CAR-T cells. CONCLUSIONS Our studies demonstrate that clinical field strength 19F MRI can be used to visualize PFC + CAR-T cells for up to 7 days post-intratumoral injection. Importantly, PFC labeling did not significantly affect in vivo CAR-T cell cytotoxicity. These imaging tools may have broad applications for tracking emerging CAR-T cell therapies in preclinical models and may eventually be useful for the detection of CAR-T cells in patients where localized injection of CAR-T cells is being pursued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica P Dubois
- Robarts Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
- The Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Olivia C Sehl
- Robarts Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
- The Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Paula J Foster
- Robarts Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
- The Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - John A Ronald
- Robarts Research Institute, London, ON, Canada.
- The Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada.
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7
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Sato N, Choyke PL. Whole-Body Imaging to Assess Cell-Based Immunotherapy: Preclinical Studies with an Update on Clinical Translation. Mol Imaging Biol 2022; 24:235-248. [PMID: 34816284 PMCID: PMC8983636 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-021-01669-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the past decades, immunotherapies against cancers made impressive progress. Immunotherapy includes a broad range of interventions that can be separated into two major groups: cell-based immunotherapies, such as adoptive T cell therapies and stem cell therapies, and immunomodulatory molecular therapies such as checkpoint inhibitors and cytokine therapies. Genetic engineering techniques that transduce T cells with a cancer-antigen-specific T cell receptor or chimeric antigen receptor have expanded to other cell types, and further modulation of the cells to enhance cancer targeting properties has been explored. Because cell-based immunotherapies rely on cells migrating to target organs or tissues, there is a growing interest in imaging technologies that non-invasively monitor transferred cells in vivo. Here, we review whole-body imaging methods to assess cell-based immunotherapy using a variety of examples. Following a review of preclinically used cell tracking technologies, we consider the status of their clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Sato
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 10/Rm. B3B406, 10 Center Dr, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Peter L Choyke
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 10/Rm. B3B69F, 10 Center Dr, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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8
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Knier NN, Dubois VP, Chen Y, Ronald JA, Foster PJ. A method for the efficient iron-labeling of patient-derived xenograft cells and cellular imaging validation. J Biol Methods 2021; 8:e154. [PMID: 34631910 PMCID: PMC8487865 DOI: 10.14440/jbm.2021.356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
There is momentum towards implementing patient-derived xenograft models (PDX) in cancer research to reflect the histopathology, tumor behavior, and metastatic properties observed in the original tumor. To study PDX cells preclinically, we used both bioluminescence imaging (BLI) to evaluate cell viability and magnetic particle imaging (MPI), an emerging imaging technology to allow for detection and quantification of iron nanoparticles. The goal of this study was to develop the first successful iron labeling method of breast cancer cells derived from patient brain metsastases and validate this method with imaging during tumor development. The overall workflow of this labeling method is as follows: adherent and non-adherent luciferase expressing human breast cancer PDX cells (F2-7) are dissociated and concurrently labeled after incubation with micron-sized iron oxide particles (MPIO; 25 μg Fe/ml), with labeling validated by cellular imaging with MPI and BLI. In this study, NOD/SCID/ILIIrg-/- (n = 5) mice Received injections of 1 × 106 iron-labeled F2-7 cells into the fourth mammary fat pad (MFP). BLI was performed longitudinally to day 49 and MPI was performed up to day 28. In vivo BLI revealed that signal increased over time with tumor development. MPI revealed decreasing signal in the tumors over time. Here, we demonstrate the first application of MPI to monitor the growth of a PDX MFP tumor and the first successful labeling of PDX cells with iron oxide particles. Imaging of PDX cells provides a powerful system to better develop personalized therapies targeting breast cancer brain metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha N Knier
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Imaging Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Veronica P Dubois
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Imaging Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yuanxin Chen
- Imaging Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - John A Ronald
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Imaging Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.,Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paula J Foster
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Imaging Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
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9
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Mali A, Kaijzel EL, Lamb HJ, Cruz LJ. 19F-nanoparticles: Platform for in vivo delivery of fluorinated biomaterials for 19F-MRI. J Control Release 2021; 338:870-889. [PMID: 34492234 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fluorine-19 (19F) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features one of the most investigated and innovative techniques for quantitative and unambiguous cell tracking, providing information for both localization and number of cells. Because of the relative insensitivity of the MRI technique, a high number of magnetically equivalent fluorine atoms are required to gain detectable signals. However, an increased amount of 19F nuclei induces low solubility in aqueous solutions, making fluorine-based probes not suitable for in vivo imaging applications. In this context, nanoparticle-based platforms play a crucial role, since nanoparticles may carry a high payload of 19F-based contrast agents into the relevant cells or tissues, increase the imaging agents biocompatibility, and provide a highly versatile platform. In this review, we present an overview of the 19F-based nanoprobes for sensitive 19F-MRI, focusing on the main nanotechnologies employed to date, such as fluorine and theranostic nanovectors, including their design and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvja Mali
- Translational Nanobiomaterials and Imaging (TNI) Group, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Eric L Kaijzel
- Translational Nanobiomaterials and Imaging (TNI) Group, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Hildo J Lamb
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Luis J Cruz
- Translational Nanobiomaterials and Imaging (TNI) Group, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands.
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Helfer BM, Ponomarev V, Patrick PS, Blower PJ, Feitel A, Fruhwirth GO, Jackman S, Pereira Mouriès L, Park MVDZ, Srinivas M, Stuckey DJ, Thu MS, van den Hoorn T, Herberts CA, Shingleton WD. Options for imaging cellular therapeutics in vivo: a multi-stakeholder perspective. Cytotherapy 2021; 23:757-773. [PMID: 33832818 PMCID: PMC9344904 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cell-based therapies have been making great advances toward clinical reality. Despite the increase in trial activity, few therapies have successfully navigated late-phase clinical trials and received market authorization. One possible explanation for this is that additional tools and technologies to enable their development have only recently become available. To support the safety evaluation of cell therapies, the Health and Environmental Sciences Institute Cell Therapy-Tracking, Circulation and Safety Committee, a multisector collaborative committee, polled the attendees of the 2017 International Society for Cell & Gene Therapy conference in London, UK, to understand the gaps and needs that cell therapy developers have encountered regarding safety evaluations in vivo. The goal of the survey was to collect information to inform stakeholders of areas of interest that can help ensure the safe use of cellular therapeutics in the clinic. This review is a response to the cellular imaging interests of those respondents. The authors offer a brief overview of available technologies and then highlight the areas of interest from the survey by describing how imaging technologies can meet those needs. The areas of interest include imaging of cells over time, sensitivity of imaging modalities, ability to quantify cells, imaging cellular survival and differentiation and safety concerns around adding imaging agents to cellular therapy protocols. The Health and Environmental Sciences Institute Cell Therapy-Tracking, Circulation and Safety Committee believes that the ability to understand therapeutic cell fate is vital for determining and understanding cell therapy efficacy and safety and offers this review to aid in those needs. An aim of this article is to share the available imaging technologies with the cell therapy community to demonstrate how these technologies can accomplish unmet needs throughout the translational process and strengthen the understanding of cellular therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vladimir Ponomarev
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - P Stephen Patrick
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, University College London, London, UK
| | - Philip J Blower
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Alexandra Feitel
- Formerly, Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Gilbert O Fruhwirth
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Shawna Jackman
- Charles River Laboratories, Shrewsbury, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Margriet V D Z Park
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Mangala Srinivas
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Cenya Imaging BV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Daniel J Stuckey
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mya S Thu
- Visicell Medical Inc, La Jolla, California, USA
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11
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Melo KP, Makela AV, Knier NN, Hamilton AM, Foster PJ. Magnetic microspheres can be used for magnetic particle imaging of cancer cells arrested in the mouse brain. Magn Reson Med 2021; 87:312-322. [PMID: 34453462 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.28987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Magnetic particle imaging (MPI) is a new imaging modality that sensitively and specifically detects superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIOs). MRI cell tracking with SPIOs has very high sensitivity, but low specificity and quantification is difficult. MPI could overcome these limitations. There are no reports of micron-sized iron oxide particles (MPIO) for cell tracking by MPI. Therefore, the goal was to evaluate if MPIO can be used for in vivo detection and quantification of cancer cells distributed in the mouse brain by MPI. METHODS In the first experiment mice were injected with either 2.5 × 105 or 5.0 × 105 MPIO-labeled cancer cells and MPI was performed ex vivo. In a second experiment, mice received either 2.5 × 105 or 5.0 × 104 MPIO-labeled cells and MPI was performed in vivo. In a third experiment, mice were injected with 5.0 × 104 cells, labeled with either MPIO or ferucarbotran, and MPI was performed in vivo. RESULTS MPIO-labeled cells were visible in all MPI images of the mouse brain. The MPI signal and iron content measurements were greater for brains of mice that were injected with higher numbers of MPIO-labeled cells. Ferucarbotran-labeled cells were not detected in the brain by MPI. CONCLUSION This is the first example of the use of MPIO for cell tracking with MPI. With an intracardiac cell injection, ~15% of cells will arrest in the brain vasculature. For our lowest cell injection of 5.0 × 104 cells, this was ~10 000 cells, distributed throughout the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kierstin P Melo
- Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ashley V Makela
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering (IQ), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Natasha N Knier
- Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amanda M Hamilton
- Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paula J Foster
- Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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12
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Zhuo C, Li G, Lin X, Jiang D, Xu Y, Tian H, Wang W, Song X. Strategies to solve the reverse inference fallacy in future MRI studies of schizophrenia: a review. Brain Imaging Behav 2021; 15:1115-1133. [PMID: 32304018 PMCID: PMC8032587 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-020-00284-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Few advances in schizophrenia research have been translated into clinical practice, despite 60 years of serum biomarkers studies and 50 years of genetic studies. During the last 30 years, neuroimaging studies on schizophrenia have gradually increased, partly due to the beautiful prospect that the pathophysiology of schizophrenia could be explained entirely by the Human Connectome Project (HCP). However, the fallacy of reverse inference has been a critical problem of the HCP. For this reason, there is a dire need for new strategies or research "bridges" to further schizophrenia at the biological level. To understand the importance of research "bridges," it is vital to examine the strengths and weaknesses of the recent literature. Hence, in this review, our team has summarized the recent literature (1995-2018) about magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of schizophrenia in terms of regional and global structural and functional alterations. We have also provided a new proposal that may supplement the HCP for studying schizophrenia. As postulated, despite the vast number of MRI studies in schizophrenia, the lack of homogeneity between the studies, along with the relatedness of schizophrenia with other neurological disorders, has hindered the study of schizophrenia. In addition, the reverse inference cannot be used to diagnose schizophrenia, further limiting the clinical impact of findings from medical imaging studies. We believe that multidisciplinary technologies may be used to develop research "bridges" to further investigate schizophrenia at the single neuron or neuron cluster levels. We have postulated about future strategies for overcoming the current limitations and establishing the research "bridges," with an emphasis on multimodality imaging, molecular imaging, neuron cluster signals, single transmitter biomarkers, and nanotechnology. These research "bridges" may help solve the reverse inference fallacy and improve our understanding of schizophrenia for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanjun Zhuo
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450000, Zhengzhou, China.
- Department of Psychiatry Pattern Recognition, Department of Genetics Laboratory of Schizophrenia, School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, 272119, Jining, China.
- Department of Psychiatry, Wenzhou Seventh People's Hospital, 325000, Wenzhou, China.
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.
- MDT Center for Cognitive Impairment and Sleep Disorders, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, 030001, Taiyuan, China.
- Department of Psychiatric-Neuroimaging-Genetics and Co-Morbidity Laboratory (PNGC_Lab), Tianjin Anding Hospital, Tianjin Mental Health Center, Tianjin Medical University Mental Health Teaching Hospital, 300222, Tianjin, China.
- Biological Psychiatry of Co-collaboration Laboratory of China and Canada, Xiamen Xianyue Hospital, University of Alberta, Xiamen Xianyue Hospital, 361000, Xiamen, China.
- Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Medical University, 300075, Tianjin, China.
- Psychiatric-Neuroimaging-Genetics-Comorbidity Laboratory (PNGC_Lab), Tianjin Anding Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Mental Health Centre, Mental Health Teaching Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Shanxi Medical University, 300222, Tianjin, China.
| | - Gongying Li
- Department of Psychiatry Pattern Recognition, Department of Genetics Laboratory of Schizophrenia, School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, 272119, Jining, China
| | - Xiaodong Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Wenzhou Seventh People's Hospital, 325000, Wenzhou, China
| | - Deguo Jiang
- Department of Psychiatry, Wenzhou Seventh People's Hospital, 325000, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- MDT Center for Cognitive Impairment and Sleep Disorders, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, 030001, Taiyuan, China
| | - Hongjun Tian
- Department of Psychiatric-Neuroimaging-Genetics and Co-Morbidity Laboratory (PNGC_Lab), Tianjin Anding Hospital, Tianjin Mental Health Center, Tianjin Medical University Mental Health Teaching Hospital, 300222, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenqiang Wang
- Biological Psychiatry of Co-collaboration Laboratory of China and Canada, Xiamen Xianyue Hospital, University of Alberta, Xiamen Xianyue Hospital, 361000, Xiamen, China
| | - Xueqin Song
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450000, Zhengzhou, China
- Psychiatric-Neuroimaging-Genetics-Comorbidity Laboratory (PNGC_Lab), Tianjin Anding Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Mental Health Centre, Mental Health Teaching Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Shanxi Medical University, 300222, Tianjin, China
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13
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Parkins KM, Melo KP, Chen Y, Ronald JA, Foster PJ. Visualizing tumour self-homing with magnetic particle imaging. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:6016-6023. [PMID: 33683241 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr07983a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Due to their innate tumour homing capabilities, in recent years, circulating tumour cells (CTCs) have been engineered to express therapeutic genes for targeted treatment of primary and metastatic lesions. Additionally, previous studies have incorporated optical or PET imaging reporter genes to enable noninvasive monitoring of therapeutic CTCs in preclinical tumour models. An alternative method for tracking cells is to pre-label them with imaging probes prior to transplantation into the body. This is typically more sensitive to low numbers of cells since large amounts of probe can be concentrated in each cell. The objective of this work was to evaluate magnetic particle imaging (MPI) for the detection of iron-labeled experimental CTCs. CTCs were labeled with micro-sized iron oxide (MPIO) particles, administered via intra-cardiac injection in tumour bearing mice and were detected in the tumour region of the mammary fat pad. Iron content and tumour volumes were calculated. Ex vivo MPI of the tumours and immunohistochemistry were used to validate the imaging data. Here, we demonstrate for the first time the ability of MPI to sensitively detect systemically administered iron-labeled CTCs and to visualize tumour self-homing in a murine model of human breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie M Parkins
- Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
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14
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Abstract
Many labs have been developing cellular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), using both superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) and fluorine-19 (19F)-based cell labels, to track immune and stem cells used for cellular therapies. Although SPION-based MRI cell tracking has very high sensitivity for cell detection, SPIONs are indirectly detected owing to relaxation effects on protons, producing negative magnetic resonance contrast with low signal specificity. Therefore, it is not possible to reliably quantify the local tissue concentration of SPION particles, and cell number cannot be determined. 19F-based cell tracking has high specificity for perfluorocarbon-labeled cells, and 19F signal is directly related to cell number. However, 19F MRI has low sensitivity. Magnetic particle imaging (MPI) is a new imaging modality that directly detects SPIONs. SPION-based cell tracking using MPI displays great potential for overcoming the challenges of MRI-based cell tracking, allowing for both high cellular sensitivity and specificity, and quantification of SPION-labeled cell number. Here we describe nanoparticle and MPI system factors that influence MPI sensitivity and resolution, quantification methods, and give our perspective on testing and applying MPI for cell tracking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia C. Sehl
- Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute; and
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Julia J. Gevaert
- Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute; and
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Kierstin P. Melo
- Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute; and
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Natasha N. Knier
- Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute; and
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Paula J. Foster
- Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute; and
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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15
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Sehl OC, Makela AV, Hamilton AM, Foster PJ. Trimodal Cell Tracking In Vivo: Combining Iron- and Fluorine-Based Magnetic Resonance Imaging with Magnetic Particle Imaging to Monitor the Delivery of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and the Ensuing Inflammation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 5:367-376. [PMID: 31893235 PMCID: PMC6935990 DOI: 10.18383/j.tom.2019.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is limited, as many cells undergo apoptosis following administration. In addition, the attraction of immune cells (predominately macrophages) to the site of implantation can lead to MSC rejection. We implemented a trimodal imaging technique to monitor the fate of transplanted MSCs and infiltrating macrophages in vivo. MSCs were labeled with an iron oxide nanoparticle (ferumoxytol) and then implanted within the hind limb muscle of 10 C57BI/6 mice. Controls received unlabeled MSCs (n = 5). A perfluorocarbon agent was administered intravenously for uptake by phagocytic macrophages in situ; 1 and 12 days later, the ferumoxytol-labeled MSCs were detected by proton (1H) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic particle imaging (MPI). Perfluorocarbon-labeled macrophages were detected by fluorine-19 (19F) MRI. 1H/19F MRI was acquired on a clinical scanner (3 T) using a dual-tuned surface coil and balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) sequence. The measured volume of signal loss and MPI signal declined over 12 days, which is consistent with the death and clearance of iron-labeled MSCs. 19F signal persisted over 12 days, suggesting the continuous infiltration of perfluorocarbon-labeled macrophages. Because MPI and 19F MRI signals are directly quantitative, we calculated estimates of the number of MSCs and macrophages present over time. The presence of MSCs and macrophages was validated with histology following the last imaging session. This is the first study to combine the use of iron- and fluorine-based MRI with MPI cell tracking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia C Sehl
- Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute and.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; and
| | - Ashley V Makela
- The Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | | | - Paula J Foster
- Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute and.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; and
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16
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Knier NN, Hamilton AM, Foster PJ. Comparing the fate of brain metastatic breast cancer cells in different immune compromised mice with cellular magnetic resonance imaging. Clin Exp Metastasis 2020; 37:465-475. [PMID: 32533389 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-020-10044-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis is the leading cause of mortality in breast cancer patients, with brain metastases becoming increasingly prevalent. Studying this disease is challenging due to the limited experimental models and methods available. Here, we used iron-based cellular MRI to track the fate of a mammary carcinoma cell line (MDA-MB-231-BR) in vivo to characterize the growth of brain metastases in the nude and severely immune-compromised NOD/SCID/ILIIrg-/- (NSG) mouse. Nude and NSG mice received injections of iron-labeled MDA-MB-231-BR cells. Images were acquired with a 3T MR system and assessed for signal voids and metastases. The percentage of signal voids and the number and volume of metastases were quantified. Ex vivo imaging of the liver, histology, and immunofluorescence labeling was performed. Brain metastases grew more rapidly in NSG mice. At day 21 post cell injection, the average number of brain tumors in NSG mice was approximately four times greater than in nude mice. The persistence of iron-labeled cells, visualized as signal voids by MRI, was also examined. The percentage of voids decreased significantly over time for both nude and NSG mice. Body images revealed that the NSG mice also had metastases in the liver, lungs, and lymph nodes while tumors were only detected in the brains of nude mice. This work demonstrates the advantages of using the highly immune-compromised NSG mouse to study breast cancer metastasis, treatments aimed at inhibiting metastasis and outgrowth of breast cancer metastases in multiple organs, and the role that imaging can play toward credentialing these models that cannot be done with other in vitro or histopathologic methods alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha N Knier
- Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, 1151 Richmond St. N., London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada. .,Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada.
| | - Amanda M Hamilton
- Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, 1151 Richmond St. N., London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Paula J Foster
- Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, 1151 Richmond St. N., London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada
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17
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Riberdy V, Litvack M, Stirrat E, Couch M, Post M, Santyr GE. Hyperpolarized 129 Xe imaging of embryonic stem cell-derived alveolar-like macrophages in rat lungs: proof-of-concept study using superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. Magn Reson Med 2019; 83:1356-1367. [PMID: 31556154 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.27999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To measure regional changes in hyperpolarized 129 Xe MRI signal and apparent transverse relaxation ( T 2 ∗ ) because of instillation of SPION-labeled alveolar-like macrophages (ALMs) in the lungs of rats and compare to histology. METHODS MRI was performed in 6 healthy mechanically ventilated rats before instillation, as well as 5 min and 1 h after instillation of 4 million SPION-labeled ALMs into either the left or right lung. T 2 ∗ maps were calculated from 2D multi-echo data at each time point and changes in T 2 ∗ were measured and compared to control rats receiving 4 million unlabeled ALMs. Histology of the ex vivo lungs was used to compare the regional MRI findings with the locations of the SPION-labeled ALMs. RESULTS Regions of signal loss were observed immediately after instillation of unlabeled and SPION-labeled ALMs and persisted at least 1 h in the case of the SPION-labeled ALMs. This was reflected in the measurements of T 2 ∗ . One hour after the instillation of SPION-labeled ALMs, the T 2 ∗ decreased to 54.0 ± 7.0% of the baseline, compared to a full recovery to baseline after the instillation of unlabeled ALMs. Histology confirmed the co-localization of SPION-labeled ALMs with regions of signal loss and T 2 ∗ decreases for each rat. CONCLUSION Hyperpolarized 129 Xe MRI can detect the presence of SPION-labeled ALMs in the airways 1 h after instillation. This approach is promising for targeting and tracking of stem cells for the treatment of lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlora Riberdy
- Translational Medicine Program, Peter Gilgan Center for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michael Litvack
- Translational Medicine Program, Peter Gilgan Center for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Elaine Stirrat
- Translational Medicine Program, Peter Gilgan Center for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Marcus Couch
- Translational Medicine Program, Peter Gilgan Center for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Martin Post
- Translational Medicine Program, Peter Gilgan Center for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Giles E Santyr
- Translational Medicine Program, Peter Gilgan Center for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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18
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Parkins KM, Makela AV, Hamilton AM, Foster PJ. Cellular Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Tracking Metastatic Cancer Cells in the Brain. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1869:239-251. [PMID: 30324528 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8805-1_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cellular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) enables visualization of cells in vivo. This is accomplished by labeling cells with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. Here, we describe the steps for labeling human cancer cells with iron for tracking them after injection into nude mice. We also provide details for validation of cell labeling, ultrasound guided intra-cardiac injection, and MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie M Parkins
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Ashley V Makela
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | | | - Paula J Foster
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
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19
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Willadsen M, Chaise M, Yarovoy I, Zhang AQ, Parashurama N. Engineering molecular imaging strategies for regenerative medicine. Bioeng Transl Med 2018; 3:232-255. [PMID: 30377663 PMCID: PMC6195904 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The reshaping of the world's aging population has created an urgent need for therapies for chronic diseases. Regenerative medicine offers a ray of hope, and its complex solutions include material, cellular, or tissue systems. We review basics of regenerative medicine/stem cells and describe how the field of molecular imaging, which is based on quantitative, noninvasive, imaging of biological events in living subjects, can be applied to regenerative medicine in order to interrogate tissues in innovative, informative, and personalized ways. We consider aspects of regenerative medicine for which molecular imaging will benefit. Next, genetic and nanoparticle-based cell imaging strategies are discussed in detail, with modalities like magnetic resonance imaging, optical imaging (near infra-red, bioluminescence), raman microscopy, and photoacoustic microscopy), ultrasound, computed tomography, single-photon computed tomography, and positron emission tomography. We conclude with a discussion of "next generation" molecular imaging strategies, including imaging host tissues prior to cell/tissue transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Willadsen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Furnas Hall Buffalo New York 14228
| | - Marc Chaise
- Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences University at Buffalo State University of New York 955 Main St., Buffalo, New York 14203
| | - Iven Yarovoy
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Furnas Hall Buffalo New York 14228
| | - An Qi Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Furnas Hall Buffalo New York 14228
| | - Natesh Parashurama
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Furnas Hall Buffalo New York 14228.,Department of Biomedical Engineering University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Bonner Hall Buffalo New York 14228.,Clinical and Translation Research Center (CTRC) University at Buffalo, State University of New York 875 Ellicott St., Buffalo, New York 14203
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20
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Shen Y, Yan L, Shao X, Zhao B, Bai J, Lu W, Wang DJ. Improved sensitivity of cellular MRI using phase-cycled balanced SSFP of ferumoxytol nanocomplex-labeled macrophages at ultrahigh field. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:3839-3852. [PMID: 30013339 PMCID: PMC6039059 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s169860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility and sensitivity of cellular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with ferumoxytol nanocomplex-labeled macrophages at ultrahigh magnetic field of 7 T. Materials and methods THP-1-induced macrophages were labeled using self-assembling heparin + protamine + ferumoxytol nanocomplexes which were injected into a gelatin phantom visible on both microscope and MRI. Susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) and balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) pulse sequences were applied at 3 and 7 T. The average, maximum intensity projection, and root mean square combined images were generated for phase-cycled bSSFP images. The signal-to-noise ratio and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) efficiencies were calculated. Ex vivo experiments were then performed using a formalin-fixed pig brain injected witĥ100 and ~1,000 labeled cells, respectively, at both 3 and 7 T. Results A high cell labeling efficiency (.90%) was achieved with heparin + protamine + ferumoxytol nanocomplexes. Less than 100 cells were detectable in the gelatin phantom at both 3 and 7 T. The 7 T data showed more than double CNR efficiency compared to the corresponding sequences at 3 T. The CNR efficiencies of phase-cycled bSSFP images were higher compared to those of SWI, and the root mean square combined bSSFP showed the highest CNR efficiency with minimal banding. Following co-registration of microscope and MR images, more cells (51/63) were detected by bSSFP at 7 T than at 3 T (36/63). On pig brain, botĥ100 and ~1,000 cells were detected at 3 and 7 T. While the cell size appeared larger due to blooming effects on SWI, bSSFP allowed better contrast to precisely identify the location of the cells with higher signal-to-noise ratio efficiency. Conclusion The proposed cellular MRI with ferumoxytol nanocomplex-labeled macrophages at 7 T has a high sensitivity to detect, 100 cells. The proposed method has great translational potential and may have broad clinical applications that involve cell types with a primary phagocytic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yelong Shen
- Laboratory of FMRI Technology (LOFT), Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA, USA, .,Shandong Medical Imaging Research Institute, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shangdong, China
| | - Lirong Yan
- Laboratory of FMRI Technology (LOFT), Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA, USA,
| | - Xingfeng Shao
- Laboratory of FMRI Technology (LOFT), Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA, USA,
| | - Bin Zhao
- Shandong Medical Imaging Research Institute, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shangdong, China
| | - Jinlun Bai
- Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Wange Lu
- Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Danny Jj Wang
- Laboratory of FMRI Technology (LOFT), Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA, USA,
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21
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Ugga L, Romeo V, Tedeschi E, Brunetti A, Quarantelli M. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanocolloids in MRI studies of neuroinflammation. J Neurosci Methods 2018; 310:12-23. [PMID: 29913184 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Iron oxide (IO) nanocolloids are being increasingly used to image cellular contribution to neuroinflammation using MRI, as these particles are capable of labeling circulating cells with phagocytic activity, allowing to assess cell trafficking from the blood to neuroinflammation sites. The use of IOs relies on the natural phagocytic properties of immune cells, allowing their labeling either in vitro or directly in vivo, following intravenous injection. Despite concerns on the specificity of the latter approach, the widespread availability and relatively low cost of these techniques, coupled to a sensitivity that allows to reach single cell detection, have promoted their use in several preclinical and clinical studies. In this review, we discuss the results of currently available preclinical and clinical IO-enhanced MRI studies of immune cell trafficking in neuroinflammation, examining the specificity of the existing findings, in view of the different possible mechanisms underlying IO accumulation in the brain. From this standpoint, we assess the implications of the temporal and spatial differences in the enhancement pattern of IOs, compared to gadolinium-based contrast agents, a clinically established MRI marker blood-brain barrier breakdown. While concerns on the specificity of cell labeling obtained using the in-vivo labeling approach still need to be fully addressed, these techniques have indeed proved able to provide additional information on neuroinflammatory phenomena, as compared to conventional Gadolinium-enhanced MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Ugga
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Valeria Romeo
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Enrico Tedeschi
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Arturo Brunetti
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Mario Quarantelli
- Biostructure and Bioimaging Institute, National Research Council, Naples, Italy.
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22
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Tremblay ML, Davis C, Bowen CV, Stanley O, Parsons C, Weir G, Karkada M, Stanford MM, Brewer KD. Using MRI cell tracking to monitor immune cell recruitment in response to a peptide-based cancer vaccine. Magn Reson Med 2017; 80:304-316. [PMID: 29193231 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.27018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE MRI cell tracking can be used to monitor immune cells involved in the immunotherapy response, providing insight into the mechanism of action, temporal progression of tumor growth, and individual potency of therapies. To evaluate whether MRI could be used to track immune cell populations in response to immunotherapy, CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3+ regulatory T cells, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells were labeled with superparamagnetic iron oxide particles. METHODS Superparamagnetic iron oxide-labeled cells were injected into mice (one cell type/mouse) implanted with a human papillomavirus-based cervical cancer model. Half of these mice were also vaccinated with DepoVaxTM (ImmunoVaccine, Inc., Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada), a lipid-based vaccine platform that was developed to enhance the potency of peptide-based vaccines. RESULTS MRI visualization of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, regulatory T cells, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells was apparent 24 h post-injection, with hypointensities due to iron-labeled cells clearing approximately 72 h post-injection. Vaccination resulted in increased recruitment of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, and decreased recruitment of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and regulatory T cells to the tumor. We also found that myeloid-derived suppressor cell and regulatory T cell recruitment were positively correlated with final tumor volume. CONCLUSION This type of analysis can be used to noninvasively study changes in immune cell recruitment in individual mice over time, potentially allowing improved application and combination of immunotherapies. Magn Reson Med 80:304-316, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christa Davis
- Biomedical Translational Imaging Centre (BIOTIC), Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Chris V Bowen
- Biomedical Translational Imaging Centre (BIOTIC), Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Olivia Stanley
- Biomedical Translational Imaging Centre (BIOTIC), Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Cathryn Parsons
- Biomedical Translational Imaging Centre (BIOTIC), Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | | | - Mohan Karkada
- Wyss Institute at Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marianne M Stanford
- Immunovaccine Inc., Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Kimberly D Brewer
- Biomedical Translational Imaging Centre (BIOTIC), Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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23
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Advances in Monitoring Cell-Based Therapies with Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Future Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18010198. [PMID: 28106829 PMCID: PMC5297829 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-based therapies are currently being developed for applications in both regenerative medicine and in oncology. Preclinical, translational, and clinical research on cell-based therapies will benefit tremendously from novel imaging approaches that enable the effective monitoring of the delivery, survival, migration, biodistribution, and integration of transplanted cells. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offers several advantages over other imaging modalities for elucidating the fate of transplanted cells both preclinically and clinically. These advantages include the ability to image transplanted cells longitudinally at high spatial resolution without exposure to ionizing radiation, and the possibility to co-register anatomical structures with molecular processes and functional changes. However, since cellular MRI is still in its infancy, it currently faces a number of challenges, which provide avenues for future research and development. In this review, we describe the basic principle of cell-tracking with MRI; explain the different approaches currently used to monitor cell-based therapies; describe currently available MRI contrast generation mechanisms and strategies for monitoring transplanted cells; discuss some of the challenges in tracking transplanted cells; and suggest future research directions.
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