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Chen X, Gui S, Dong L, Zhang L, Ge H, Liu P, Li Y, Lv M. Case report: Covered stent placement to treat delayed aneurysmal rupture after flow diverter-assisted coil embolization. Front Neurol 2022; 13:964733. [PMID: 36419533 PMCID: PMC9676233 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.964733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Flow diverter (FD) placement is widely accepted as a treatment for large saccular intracranial aneurysms. Delayed aneurysmal rupture (DAR) after FD placement is potentially catastrophic and difficult to treat. To our knowledge, using a Willis covered stent (WCS) to treat DAR after placement of a Pipeline Flex embolization device (PFED) combined with coiling has not been previously reported. CASE PRESENTATION A 49-year-old woman with an incidental asymptomatic large right supraclinoid internal carotid artery aneurysm was treated with PFED placement and adjunctive coiling. DAR causing subarachnoid hemorrhage occurred 11 hours after the procedure. Treatment using a WCS was successful and resulted in a favorable clinical outcome (modified Rankin scale score 2). CONCLUSION DAR after FD implantation requires isolation of the aneurysm from the cerebral circulation as soon as possible. WCS placement can achieve this immediately and occlude the aneurysm. We hope our case could provide new idea for similar cases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiheng Chen
- Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Interventional Neuroradiology, Beijing, China
| | - Siming Gui
- Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Interventional Neuroradiology, Beijing, China
| | - Linggen Dong
- Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Longhui Zhang
- Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Huijian Ge
- Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Interventional Neuroradiology, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Interventional Neuroradiology, Beijing, China
| | - Youxiang Li
- Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Interventional Neuroradiology, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Lv
- Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Interventional Neuroradiology, Beijing, China
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Tan J, Song R, Luo S, Fu W, Su J, He Z. Willis covered stent treatment for blood blister-like aneurysm: A meta-analysis of efficacy and safety. Front Neurol 2022; 13:1101625. [PMID: 36895627 PMCID: PMC9990463 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.1101625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Blood blister-like aneurysm (BBA) is a rare and special type of intracranial aneurysm with extremely high rates of rupture, morbidity, mortality, and recurrence. Willis Covered Stent (WCS) is a new device that is specifically designed for the treatment of intracranial complex aneurysms. However, the efficacy and safety of WCS treatment for BBA remain controversial. Thus, a high level of evidence is required to prove the efficacy and safety of WCS treatment. Methods A systematic literature review was performed using a comprehensive literary search in Medline, Embase, and Web of Science databases to identify studies related to WCS treatment for BBA. A meta-analysis was then conducted to incorporate the efficacy and safety outcomes, including intraoperative situation, post-operative situation, and follow-up data. Results Eight non-comparative studies containing 104 patients with 106 BBAs met the inclusion criteria. In the intraoperative situation, the technical success rate was 99.5% [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.958, 1.000], the complete occlusion rate was 98.2% (95% CI, 0.925, 1.000), and the side branch occlusion rate was 4.1% (95% CI, 0.001, 0.114). Vasospasm and dissection occurred in 9.2% (95% CI, 0.000, 0.261) and 0.1% (95% CI, 0.000, 0.032) of the patients, respectively. In the post-operative situation, the rebleed and mortality rates were 2.2% (95% CI, 0.000, 0.074) and 1.5% (95% CI, 0.000, 0.062), respectively. In the follow-up data, recurrence and parent artery stenosis occurred in 0.3% (95% CI, 0.000, 0.042) and 9.1% (95% CI, 0.032, 0.168) of the patients, respectively. Ultimately, 95.7% (95% CI, 0.889, 0.997) of the patients had a good outcome. Conclusions Willis Covered Stent could be effectively and safely applied for BBA treatment. The results provide a reference for clinical trials in the future. Well-designed prospective cohort studies must be conducted for verification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahe Tan
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rui Song
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Siyue Luo
- Clinical Medicine, Second Clinical College of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenqiao Fu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Su
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhaohui He
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Lu D, Ma T, Zhu G, Zhang T, Wang N, Lei H, Sui J, Wang Z, He S, Chen L, Deng J. Willis Covered Stent for Treating Intracranial Pseudoaneurysms of the Internal Carotid Artery: A Multi-Institutional Study. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2022; 18:125-135. [PMID: 35125870 PMCID: PMC8811267 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s345163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This work aimed to retrospectively analyze Willis covered stent (WCS)'s therapeutic efficacy in intracranial pseudoaneurysms (PSAs) of the internal carotid artery (ICA). METHODS Between June 2018 and July 2021, 56 individuals with intracranial PSAs of the ICA treated with WCS in three centers were included to analyze information regarding medical records, operative parameters, imaging findings and follow-up data. RESULTS All WCSs were successfully targeted to the ICA lesions. Total exclusion of PSA was found in 53 cases (94.6%) right upon surgery, and mild endoleak into the aneurysm remained in 3 cases (5.4%). Intraoperative thrombosis occurred in 1 case (1.8%), and tirofiban was utilized for recanalization. Follow-up by angiography showed total aneurysm occlusion in the total number of individuals, including in the 3 above cases with residual endoleak. In-stent stenosis occurred in 7 (12.5%) patients. No stent-related ischemic event was encountered. Predictive factors of late in-stent stenosis following WCS implantation in this patient group were irregular post-operative antiplatelet treatment (p = 0.015) and C4-C5 segment of the ICA (p = 0.043). CONCLUSION WCSs are effective in treating intracranial PSAs of the ICA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xi'an International Medical Center Hospital, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xi'an International Medical Center Hospital, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Gemin Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Xi'an Central Hospital, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Naibing Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xi'an International Medical Center Hospital, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Lei
- Department of Neurology, Xi'an Central Hospital, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Sui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xi'an International Medical Center Hospital, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiguo Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xi'an International Medical Center Hospital, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiming He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xi'an International Medical Center Hospital, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xi'an International Medical Center Hospital, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianping Deng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
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Chang H, Shen Y, Li Z, Lin C, Chen H, Lu H. Safety and Efficacy of Endovascular Therapy for Blood Blister-Like Aneurysms: Willis Covered Stents and Double Stents Assistant Coils-A Single Center Cohort Study. Front Neurol 2021; 12:606219. [PMID: 33897581 PMCID: PMC8060473 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.606219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To summarize and discuss the application of Willis covered stents (WCSs) and double stent-assisted coils in the treatment of blood blister-like aneurysms (BBAs). Materials and Methods: Thirty-two patients with BBAs treated from January 2015 to October 2020 were included in the study. Among them, 18 were treated using WCSs and 14 using double stents-assisted coils. The indications for treatment, perioperative findings, and postoperative follow-up results were collected and analyzed. Results: All 32 patients had successful stent deployments. Complete aneurysm occlusion was achieved in all 18 patients treated with WCSs immediately. WCS-related adverse events included 2 cases of mild vasospasm and 4 aggressive procedure-related vasospasms during WCS deployment, a case of dissection after WCS deployment, and 1 death due to ipsilateral temporal lobe rebleeding at the sixth day after WCS deployment. In patients treated with double stent-assisted coils, there were 3 cases of neck remnants, 1 acute occlusion of the ipsilateral MCA branch, and 4 mild procedure-related intraoperative vasospasms. The mean follow-up period was 4.2±1.6 months (range 3–6 months). Follow-up imaging data were available for 25 patients (78.1%). In the first postoperative angiographic follow-up, all BBAs were completely occluded. Mild asymptomatic stent stenosis was observed in 3 patients treated with WCSs. Follow-up examination at 6 months after the employment of WCSs showed that the modified Rankin score (mRs) was 0 in 6 patients, 1 in 5 patients, 2 in 3 patients, 3 in 1 patient, 4 in 2 patients, and 6 in 1 patient. After treatment with double stents-assisted coils, the mRs was 0 in 4 patients, 1 in 5 patients, 2 in 3 patients, and 4 in 2 patients. Conclusions: WCSs and double stent-assisted coils for the treatment of BBAs are both safe and efficient. WCSs provide a higher rate of immediate occlusion; however, there was no significant difference in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanxiao Chang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuqi Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Zheng Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Chao Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Hua Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Hua Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China
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Yan P, Zhang Y, Ma C, Liang F, Zhu H, Jiang C. Application of the Willis Covered Stent in the treatment of intracranial unruptured aneurysms in internal carotid artery: A retrospective single-center experience. J Clin Neurosci 2020; 78:222-227. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2020.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Wang K, Peng XX, Liu AF, Zhang YY, Lv J, Xiang L, Liu YE, Jiang WJ. Covered Stenting Is an Effective Option for Traumatic Carotid Pseudoaneurysm with Promising Long-Term Outcome. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 2020; 63:590-597. [PMID: 32272508 PMCID: PMC7477158 DOI: 10.3340/jkns.2019.0202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Covered stenting is an optional strategy for traumatic carotid pseudoaneurysm, especially in malignant conditions of potential rupture, but the long-term outcomes are not clear. Our aim was to determine if covered stenting is an effective option for traumatic carotid pseudoaneurysm with promising long-term outcomes.
Methods Self-expanding Viabahn and balloon-expandable Willis covered stents were separately implanted for extra- and intracranial traumatic carotid pseudoaneurysm. The covered stent was placed across the distal and proximal pseudoaneurysm leakage under roadmap guidance. Procedural success was defined as technical success (complete exclusion of the pseudoaneurysm and patency of the parent artery) without a primary end point (any stroke or death within 30 days after the procedure). Long-term outcomes were evaluated as ischemic stroke in the territory of the qualifying artery by clinical follow-up through outpatient or telephone consultation and as the exclusion of the pseudoaneurysm and patency of the parent artery by imaging follow-up through angiography.
Results Five patients with traumatic carotid pseudoaneurysm who underwent covered stenting were enrolled. The procedural success rate was 100%. No ischemic stroke in the territory of the qualifying artery was recorded in any of the five patients during a mean clinical follow-up of 44±16 months. Complete exclusion of the pseudoaneurysm and patency of the parent artery were maintained in all five patients during a mean imaging follow-up of 39±16 months.
Conclusion Satisfactory procedural and long-term outcomes were obtained, suggesting that covered stenting is an effective option for traumatic carotid pseudoaneurysm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- New Era Stroke Care and Research Institute, The PLA Rocket Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Xin Peng
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ao-Fei Liu
- New Era Stroke Care and Research Institute, The PLA Rocket Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Ying-Ying Zhang
- New Era Stroke Care and Research Institute, The PLA Rocket Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Lv
- New Era Stroke Care and Research Institute, The PLA Rocket Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Li Xiang
- New Era Stroke Care and Research Institute, The PLA Rocket Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yun-E Liu
- New Era Stroke Care and Research Institute, The PLA Rocket Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Wei-Jian Jiang
- New Era Stroke Care and Research Institute, The PLA Rocket Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, China
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Wu ZB, Wang S, Song LG, Yang XJ, Mu SQ. Pipeline Embolization Device for Salvage Treatment of a Willis Covered Stent Prolapse Into the Aneurysmal Sac. Front Neurol 2019; 10:1099. [PMID: 31681158 PMCID: PMC6812692 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.01099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zeng-Bao Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li-Gang Song
- Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin-Jian Yang
- Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shi-Qing Mu
- Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Shi-Qing Mu
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Tian Z, Mu S, Li W, Zhu W, Zhang Y, Yang X, Liu J. Recurrence of an internal carotid artery aneurysm after complete exclusion by a Willis covered stent. Interv Neuroradiol 2019; 25:688-691. [PMID: 31159630 DOI: 10.1177/1591019919854184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of selective intracranial aneurysms treated with a Willis covered stent is safe and effective. We describe a previously unreported case of a large, irregular, carotid-ophthalmic aneurysm that was treated with a Willis covered stent. An immediate angiogram after the procedure showed complete occlusion of the aneurysm. However, a six-month follow-up angiogram demonstrated contrast media filling of the aneurysm neck. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a recurrent aneurysm treated with a Willis covered stent because of a membrane partially isolated with the stent. This case suggests that an aneurysm that is treated with a Willis covered stent might recanalise, and the risk of aneurysm rupture persists when the membrane of the stent is isolated with the stent. Therefore, follow-up angiography is necessary, even if an immediate angiogram shows complete aneurysm occlusion. Long-term follow-up is required, and the final outcome of such a case is still unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongbin Tian
- Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute and Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Shiqing Mu
- Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute and Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Wenqiang Li
- Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute and Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute and Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute and Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xinjian Yang
- Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute and Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute and Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
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Ma L, Xu JC, Yan S, Feng H, Han HJ, Tan HQ, Fang C, Huang HE. A single-center experience in the endovascular treatment of carotid siphon aneurysms using the Willis covered stent: a retrospective analysis. J Neurointerv Surg 2018; 10:1197-1202. [PMID: 29680819 DOI: 10.1136/neurintsurg-2017-013695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report the clinical results and initial clinical experience of endovascular isolation with the Willis covered stent for carotid siphon aneurysms. METHODS Between November 2013 and December 2016, a total of 57 patients who presented with carotid siphon aneurysms were treated with the Willis covered stent. Results of the procedures, technical events, and complications were recorded. Clinical and imaging follow-ups were performed at 3 months following the endovascular procedures. RESULTS Placement of the Willis covered stent was successful in all patients. Immediate angiography revealed complete exclusion of aneurysms in 48 patients (84%), while endoleak occurred in nine patients (16%). Procedure-related complications occurred in three cases, including displacement of the covered stent in one patient, acute in-stent thrombosis in one patient, and microwire-related intracranial hemorrhage in one patient. Angiographic follow-ups were done in 49 patients, with complete exclusion of aneurysms in 47 patients. Endoleak was present in two patients. No aneurysm recurrence occurred. Forty-four patients showed good parent artery patency, while the other five patients showed mild to moderate asymptomatic in-stent stenosis. During the follow-up period, no ischemic or hemorrhagic event occurred. The modified Rankin Scale scores at follow-up were 0-2 in 56 patients and >2 in one patient. CONCLUSIONS The treatment of siphon aneurysms with Willis covered stent implantation resulted in satisfactory clinical outcomes. The Willis covered stent seems safe and feasible for the treatment of siphon aneurysms, which still needs to be confirmed by longer follow-up periods and controlled studies with larger samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ma
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ji-Chong Xu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuo Yan
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Feng
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Jie Han
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua-Qiao Tan
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chun Fang
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-En Huang
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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