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Kim YS, Lee WJ, Yun JS, Kim DH, Lozanoff S, Lee UY. Predicting the eyebrow from the orbit using three-dimensional CT imaging in the application of forensic facial reconstruction and identification. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4014. [PMID: 36899072 PMCID: PMC10006220 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30758-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Eyebrows are the most important facial feature in facial recognition with its shape rated to be more helpful than color or density for facial reconstruction or approximation. However, little extant research has estimated the position and morphological territory of the eyebrow from the orbit. Three-dimensional craniofacial models, produced from CT scans of 180 Koreans autopsied at the National Forensic Service Seoul Institute, were used to conduct metric analyses of subjects (125 males and 55 females) between 19 and 49 (mean 35.1) years. We employed 18 craniofacial landmarks to examine the morphometry of the eyebrow and orbit with 35 pairs of distances per subject measured between landmark and reference planes. Additionally, we used linear regression analyses to predict eyebrow shape from the orbit for every possible combination of variables. The morphology of the orbit has more influence on the position of the superior margin of the eyebrow. In addition, the middle part of the eyebrow was more predictable. The highest point of the eyebrow in female was located more medially than the male. Based on our findings, the equations for estimating the position of the eyebrow from the shape of the orbit is useful information for face reconstruction or approximation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Suk Kim
- Catholic Institute for Applied Anatomy / Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Joon Lee
- Division of Forensic Medicine, National Forensic Service Seoul Institute, Seoul, 08036, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Su Yun
- Department of Forensic Medicine, National Forensic Service, Wonju, 26460, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Ho Kim
- Catholic Institute for Applied Anatomy / Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Scott Lozanoff
- Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry and Physiology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, 96813, USA
| | - U-Young Lee
- Catholic Institute for Applied Anatomy / Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry and Physiology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, 96813, USA.
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Dolci C, Elamin F, Gibelli DM, Barni L, Scolaro A, Sessa F, Maspero C, Cappella A, Sforza C. Age- and Sex-Related Changes in Labial Dimensions of Sudanese Youngs of Arab Descent: A Three-Dimensional Cross-Sectional Study. CHILDREN-BASEL 2021; 8:children8070574. [PMID: 34356553 PMCID: PMC8304677 DOI: 10.3390/children8070574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Proper evaluation of facial features during growth and development requires the knowledge of anthropometric reference values validated for ethnicity, sex and age. In order to provide information concerning the normal sex-related size of the lips during childhood and young adulthood in Sudanese people of Arab descent, the three-dimensional coordinates of nine labial soft tissue landmarks were obtained by a laser scanner in 332 male and 386 female healthy Northern Sudanese subjects aged 3-30 years. Six labial linear distances, the vermilion height to mouth width ratio, vermilion areas and lip volumes were calculated and averaged for age and sex. Comparisons were performed by factorial analysis of variance (p < 0.01). All labial dimensions significantly increased with age. Significant effects of sex were found for four measurements only, with very small effect size; nonetheless, lips and their parts grew faster in females than in males at almost all ages. Philtrum width was the first linear distance that attained adult values. The vermilion height to mouth width ratio was nearly constant across the age groups. Data collected in this study contribute to information about ethnic-specific lip morphology during growth and development. As orolabial features change over time with their own pattern, the relevant age-related trends should be properly considered for clinical treatment planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Dolci
- Laboratory of Functional Anatomy of the Stomatognathic System (LAFAS), Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (D.M.G.); (L.B.); (A.C.); (C.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-5031-5392
| | - Fadil Elamin
- Khartoum Centre for Research and Medical Training, Khartoum 11111, Sudan;
- Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AD, UK
| | - Daniele M. Gibelli
- Laboratory of Functional Anatomy of the Stomatognathic System (LAFAS), Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (D.M.G.); (L.B.); (A.C.); (C.S.)
| | - Luisa Barni
- Laboratory of Functional Anatomy of the Stomatognathic System (LAFAS), Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (D.M.G.); (L.B.); (A.C.); (C.S.)
| | - Alessandra Scolaro
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Orthodontics, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy; (A.S.); (F.S.); (C.M.)
| | - Fabiola Sessa
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Orthodontics, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy; (A.S.); (F.S.); (C.M.)
| | - Cinzia Maspero
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Orthodontics, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy; (A.S.); (F.S.); (C.M.)
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, UOC Maxillo-Facial Surgery and Dentistry, Fondazione IRCCS Ca Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Annalisa Cappella
- Laboratory of Functional Anatomy of the Stomatognathic System (LAFAS), Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (D.M.G.); (L.B.); (A.C.); (C.S.)
- UO Laboratory of Applied Human Morphology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milan, Italy
| | - Chiarella Sforza
- Laboratory of Functional Anatomy of the Stomatognathic System (LAFAS), Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (D.M.G.); (L.B.); (A.C.); (C.S.)
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