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Abstract
Damage control surgery is a combination of temporizing surgical interventions to arrest hemorrhage and control infectious source, with goal directed resuscitation to restore normal physiology. The convention of damage control surgery largely arose following the discovery of the lethal triad of hypothermia, acidosis, and coagulopathy, with the goal of Damage Control Surgery (DCS) is to avoid the initiation of this "bloody vicious cycle" or to reverse its progression. While hypothermia and acidosis are generally corrected with resuscitation, coagulopathy remains a challenging aspect of DCS, and is exacerbated by excessive crystalloid administration. This chapter focuses on resuscitative principles in the four settings of trauma care: the prehospital setting, emergency department, operating room, and intensive care unit including historical perspectives, resuscitative methods, controversies, and future directions. Each setting provides unique challenges with specific goals of care.
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Barba-Vidal E, Buttow Roll VF, Garcia Manzanilla E, Torrente C, Moreno Muñoz JA, Pérez JF, Martín-Orúe SM. Blood parameters as biomarkers in a Salmonella spp. disease model of weaning piglets. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186781. [PMID: 29073182 PMCID: PMC5658074 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The weaning pig is used as an experimental model to assess the impact of diet on intestinal health. Blood parameters (BP) are considered a useful tool in humans, but there is very scarce information of such indicators in the weaning pig. The objective of the present study is to evaluate the use of different BP as indicators in an experimental model of salmonellosis. METHODOLOGY Seventy-two 28-day-old piglets were divided into four groups in a 2x2 factorial arrangement, with animals receiving or not a probiotic combination based on B. infantis IM1® and B. lactis BPL6 (109 colony forming units (cfu)/d) and orally challenged or not a week later with Salmonella Typhimurium (5x108 cfu). Blood samples of one animal per pen (N = 24) were taken four days post-inoculation for the evaluation of different BP using an I-stat® System and of plasmatic concentrations of zinc, iron and copper. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Results reported marginal deficiencies of zinc in piglets at weaning. Moreover, plasmatic zinc, copper and iron presented good correlations with weight gain (r 0.57, r -0.67, r 0.54 respectively; P < 0.01). Blood electrolytes (Na+, Cl- and K+) decreased (P < 0.01) only when the performance of the animals was seriously compromised and clinical symptoms were more apparent. Acid-base balance parameters such as HCO3-, TCO2 and BEecf significantly correlated with weight gain, but only in the challenged animals (r -0.54, r -0.55, and r -0.51, respectively; P < 0.05), suggesting metabolic acidosis depending on Salmonella infection. Glucose was affected by the challenge (P = 0.040), while Htc and Hgb increased with the challenge and decreased with the probiotic (P < 0.05). Furthermore, correlations of Glu, Htc and Hgb with weight gain were observed (P < 0.05). Overall, BP could be regarded as simple, useful indexes to assess performance and health of weaning piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emili Barba-Vidal
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Victor Fernando Buttow Roll
- Federal University of Pelotas, Faculty of Agronomy Eliseu Maciel, Department of Animal Science; Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Edgar Garcia Manzanilla
- Pig Development Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, TEAGASC, The Irish Food and Agriculture Authority, Moorepark; Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Carlos Torrente
- Emergency and Critical Care Service FHCV-UAB, Departament de Medecina i Cirurgia animal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra, Spain
| | | | - José Francisco Pérez
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Susana María Martín-Orúe
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra, Spain
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David JS, Voiglio EJ, Cesareo E, Vassal O, Decullier E, Gueugniaud PY, Peyrefitte S, Tazarourte K. Prehospital parameters can help to predict coagulopathy and massive transfusion in trauma patients. Vox Sang 2017; 112:557-566. [PMID: 28612932 DOI: 10.1111/vox.12545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of prehospital parameters, including vital signs and resuscitation (fluids, vasopressor), to predict trauma-induced coagulopathy (TIC, fibrinogen <1·5 g/l or PTratio > 1·5 or platelet count <100 × 109 /l), and a massive transfusion (MT, ≥10 RBC units within the first 24 h). METHODS From a trauma registry (2011-2015), in which patients are prospectively included, we retrospectively retrieved the heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), volume of prehospital fluids and administration of noradrenaline. We calculated the shock index (SI: HR/SBP), the MGAP prehospital triage score and the Injury Severity Score (ISS). We also identified patients who had positive criteria from the Resuscitation Outcome Consortium (ROC, SBP < 70 mmHg or SBP 70-90 and HR > 107 pulse/min). For these parameters, we drew a ROC curve and defined a cut-off value to predict TIC or MT. The strength of association between prehospital parameters and TIC as well as MT was assessed using logistic regression, and cut-off values were determined using ROC curves. RESULTS Among the 485 patients included in the study, TIC was observed in 112 patients (23%) and MT in 22 patients (5%). For the prediction of TIC, ISS had good accuracy (AUC: 0·844, 95% confidence interval, CI: 0·799-0·879), as did the volume of fluids (>1000 ml) given during prehospital care (AUC: 0·801, 95% CI: 0·752-0·842). For the prediction of MT, ISS had excellent accuracy (AUC: 0·932, 95% CI: 0·866-0·966), whereas good accuracy was found for SI (> 0·9; AUC: 0·859, 95% CI: 0·705-0·936), vasopressor administration (AUC: 0·828, 95% CI: 0·736-0·890) and fluids (>1000 ml; AUC: 0·811, 95% CI: 0·737-0·867). Vasopressor administration, ISS and SI were independent predictors of TIC and MT, whereas fluid volume and ROC criteria were independent predictor of TIC but not MT. No independent relationship was found between MGAP and TIC or MT. CONCLUSIONS Prehospital parameters including the SI and resuscitation may help to better identify the severity of bleeding in trauma patients and the need for blood product administration at admission.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-S David
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL), Lyon-Sud Hospital, Pierre Bénite, France.,Lyon Est School of Medicine, University Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - E-J Voiglio
- Lyon Est School of Medicine, University Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Department of Surgery, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon-Sud Hospital, Pierre Bénite, France
| | - E Cesareo
- SAMU de Lyon and Department of Emergency Medicine, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Lyon, France.,Lyon Sud School of Medicine, University Lyon 1, Oullins, France
| | - O Vassal
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL), Lyon-Sud Hospital, Pierre Bénite, France.,Lyon Est School of Medicine, University Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - E Decullier
- Pôle Information Médicale Evaluation Recherche, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.,EA Santé Individu Société, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - P-Y Gueugniaud
- SAMU de Lyon and Department of Emergency Medicine, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Lyon, France.,Lyon Sud School of Medicine, University Lyon 1, Oullins, France
| | - S Peyrefitte
- Antenne Médicale Spécialisée, Base des Fusiliers Marins et des Commandos, Lanester, France
| | - K Tazarourte
- SAMU de Lyon and Department of Emergency Medicine, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Lyon, France.,Lyon Sud School of Medicine, University Lyon 1, Oullins, France
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Tonglet ML, Greiffenstein P, Pitance F, Degesves S. Massive bleeding following severe blunt trauma: the first minutes that can change everything. Acta Chir Belg 2016; 116:11-5. [PMID: 27385134 DOI: 10.1080/00015458.2015.1136488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The first hour following a major trauma with massive bleeding is certainly the most decisive period in global trauma care. Most of it takes place during the prehospital care. Those prehospital minutes are thus determinant as they can be used to correctly identified patient's clinical condition, initiate organization of the in-hospital needed resources and initiate specific therapies in the very early phase after trauma. Significant recent advances in this aspect of care have been made and but evidence to support some of those strategies is still lacking.
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Beynon C, Erk AG, Potzy A, Mohr S, Popp E. Point of care coagulometry in prehospital emergency care: an observational study. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 2015; 23:58. [PMID: 26260487 PMCID: PMC4542099 DOI: 10.1186/s13049-015-0139-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Haemostatic impairment can have a crucial impact on the outcome of emergency patients, especially in cases of concomitant antithrombotic drug treatment. In this prospective observational study we used a point of care (POC) coagulometer in a prehospital physician-based emergency medical system in order to test its validity and potential value in the treatment of emergency patients. Methods During a study period of 12 months, patients could be included if venous access was mandatory for further treatment. The POC device CoaguChek® was used to assess international normalized ratio (INR) after ambulance arrival at the scene. Results were compared with in-hospital central laboratory assessment of INR. The gain of time was analysed as well as the potential value of POC testing through a questionnaire completed by the responsible prehospital emergency physician. Results A total of 103 patients were included in this study. POC INR results were highly correlated with results of conventional assessment of INR (Bland-Altman-bias: 0.014). Using a cutoff value of INR >1.3, the device’s sensitivity to detect coagulopathy was 100 % with a specificity of 98.7 %. The median gain of time was 69 min. Treating emergency physicians considered the value of prehospital POC INR testing ‘high’ in 9 % and ‘medium’ in 21 % of all patients. In patients with tracer diagnosis ‘neurology’, the value of prehospital INR assessment was considered ‘high’ or ‘medium’ (63 %) significantly more often than in patients with non-neurological tracer diagnoses (24 %). Conclusions Assessment of INR through a POC coagulometer is feasible in prehospital emergency care and provides valuable information on haemostatic parameters in patients. Questionnaire results suggest that POC INR testing may present a valuable technique in selected patients. Whether this information translates into an improved management of respective patients has to be evaluated in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Beynon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Angelina G Erk
- Department of Neurosurgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany. .,Department of Anaesthesiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Anna Potzy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Stefan Mohr
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Erik Popp
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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The Trauma Hemostasis and Oxygenation Research Network's Remote Damage Control Resuscitation Symposium. Shock 2014; 41 Suppl 1:1-2. [PMID: 24089006 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000000059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This year, the Trauma Hemostasis and Oxygenation Research Network had its third annual conference from June 17 to 19 at the Solstrand Hotel, near Bergen, Norway. It was sponsored and organized by the Norwegian Naval Special Operation Commando together with the Norwegian Air Ambulance Foundation. The Trauma Hemostasis and Oxygenation Research Network is composed of more than 150 members from 16 countries who all have a common interest in the prevention and treatment of traumatic hemorrhagic shock. The network is multidisciplinary to include members from both the military and civilian medical community representing areas of surgery, critical care, emergency medicine, transfusion medicine, anesthesiology, hematology, and basic science.
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