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Yao Z, Chen Y, Li D, Li Y, Liu Y, Fan H. HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK ASSESSED BY TISSUE MICROCIRCULATORY MONITORING: A NARRATIVE REVIEW. Shock 2024; 61:509-519. [PMID: 37878487 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000002242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Hemorrhagic shock (HS) is a common complication after traumatic injury. Early identification of HS can reduce patients' risk of death. Currently, the identification of HS relies on macrocirculation indicators such as systolic blood pressure and heart rate, which are easily affected by the body's compensatory functions. Recently, the independence of the body's overall macrocirculation from microcirculation has been demonstrated, and microcirculation indicators have been widely used in the evaluation of HS. In this study, we reviewed the progress of research in the literature on the use of microcirculation metrics to monitor shock. We analyzed the strengths and weaknesses of each metric and found that microcirculation monitoring could not only indicate changes in tissue perfusion before changes in macrocirculation occurred but also correct tissue perfusion and cell oxygenation after the macrocirculation index returned to normal following fluid resuscitation, which is conducive to the early prediction and prognosis of HS. However, microcirculation monitoring is greatly affected by individual differences and environmental factors. Therefore, the current limitations of microcirculation assessments mean that they should be incorporated as part of an overall assessment of HS patients. Future research should explore how to better combine microcirculation and macrocirculation monitoring for the early identification and prognosis of HS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yongnan Li
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
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Cao C, Yu P, Chu C, Wang Z, Xu W, Cheng F, Zhao H, Qiu Z. Magnesium hydride attenuates intestinal barrier injury during hemorrhage shock by regulating neutrophil extracellular trap formation via the ROS/MAPK/PAD4 pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 130:111688. [PMID: 38394886 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Magnesium hydride (MgH2) is a hydrogen storage material that is known for its high capacity and safety and is capable of releasing hydrogen in a controlled manner when administered orally. This release of hydrogen has been associated with a range of biological effects, including anti-inflammatory properties, antioxidant activity, and protection of the intestinal barrier. Previous research has shown that neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) play a role in the dysfunction of the intestinal barrier in conditions such as sepsis and critical illnesses. However, it remains unclear as to whether MgH2 can protect the intestinal barrier by inhibiting NET formation, and the underlying mechanisms have yet to be elucidated. A rat model of hemorrhagic shock was created, and pretreatment or posttreatment procedures with MgH2 were performed. After 24 h, samples from the small intestine and blood were collected for analysis. In vitro, human neutrophils were incubated with either phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) or MgH2. Reactive oxygen species generation and the expression of key proteins were assessed. The results demonstrated that MgH2 administration led to a decrease in inflammatory cytokines in the serum and mitigated distant organ dysfunction in rats with HS. Furthermore, MgH2 treatment reversed histopathological damage in the intestines, improved intestinal permeability, and enhanced the expression of tight junction proteins (TJPs) during HS. Additionally, MgH2 treatment was found to suppress NET formation in the intestines. In vitro pretreatment with MgH2 alleviated intestinal monolayer barrier disruption that was induced by NETs. Mechanistically, MgH2 pretreatment reduced ROS production and NET formation, inhibited the activation of ERK and p38, and suppressed the expression of the PAD4 protein. These findings indicated that MgH2 may inhibit NET formation in a ROS/MAPK/PAD4-dependent manner, which reduces NET-related intestinal barrier damage, thus offering a novel protective role in preventing intestinal barrier dysfunction during HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changkui Cao
- Department of Emergency Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu City, Anhui Province, China; Department of Emergency, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Pan Yu
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chengnan Chu
- Department of Emergency, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhenjie Wang
- Department of Emergency Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu City, Anhui Province, China
| | - Weiqi Xu
- Department of Emergency, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Feng Cheng
- Department of Emergency Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu City, Anhui Province, China
| | - Heng Zhao
- Department of Emergency Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu City, Anhui Province, China
| | - Zhaolei Qiu
- Department of Emergency Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu City, Anhui Province, China.
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St. John A, Wang X, Ringgold K, Lindner J, White N, Stern S, López J. ASSESSMENT OF ABNORMAL SKELETAL MUSCLE PERFUSION BY CONTRAST-ENHANCED ULTRASOUND WITH PARAMETRIC IMAGING IN RATS AFTER SEVERE INJURY, HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK, AND WHOLE BLOOD RESUSCITATION. Shock 2024; 61:150-156. [PMID: 38010084 PMCID: PMC10841438 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000002267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Background: After severe injury, optical measures of microvascular blood flow (MBF) decrease and do not normalize with resuscitation to normal blood pressure. These changes are associated with organ dysfunction, coagulopathy, and death. However, the pathophysiology is not well understood. Several possible pathways could also contribute to the development of trauma-induced coagulopathy (TIC). A small-animal model of trauma-related MBF derangement that persists after resuscitation and includes TIC would facilitate further study. Parametric contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) is particularly advantageous in this setting, because it noninvasively assesses MBF in large, deep vascular beds. We sought to develop such a model, measuring MBF with CEUS. Methods: Sixteen male Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized, ventilated, and cannulated. Rats were subjected to either no injury (sham group) or a standardized polytrauma and pressure-targeted arterial catheter hemorrhage with subsequent whole blood resuscitation (trauma group). At prespecified time points, CEUS measurements of uninjured quadriceps muscle, viscoelastic blood clot strength, and complete blood counts were taken. Results: After resuscitation, blood pressure normalized, but MBF decreased and remained low for the rest of the protocol. This was primarily driven by a decrease in blood volume with a relative sparing of blood velocity. Viscoelastic blood clot strength and platelet count also decreased and remained low throughout the protocol. Conclusion: We present a rat model of MBF derangement in uninjured skeletal muscle and coagulopathy after polytrauma that persists after resuscitation with whole blood to normal macrohemodynamics. Parametric CEUS analysis shows that this change is primarily due to microvascular obstruction. This platform can be used to develop a deeper understanding of this important process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander St. John
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Kristyn Ringgold
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Jonathan Lindner
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Nathan White
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Susan Stern
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - José López
- Bloodworks Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, WA
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Arteaga GM, Crow S. End organ perfusion and pediatric microcirculation assessment. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1123405. [PMID: 37842022 PMCID: PMC10576530 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1123405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular instability and reduced oxygenation are regular perioperative critical events associated with anesthesia requiring intervention in neonates and young infants. This review article addresses the current modalities of assessing this population's adequate end-organ perfusion in the perioperative period. Assuring adequate tissue oxygenation in critically ill infants is based on parameters that measure acceptable macrocirculatory hemodynamic parameters such as vital signs (mean arterial blood pressure, heart rate, urinary output) and chemical parameters (lactic acidosis, mixed venous oxygen saturation, base deficit). Microcirculation assessment represents a promising candidate for assessing and improving hemodynamic management strategies in perioperative and critically ill populations. Evaluation of the functional state of the microcirculation can parallel improvement in tissue perfusion, a term coined as "hemodynamic coherence". Less information is available to assess microcirculatory disturbances related to higher mortality risk in critically ill adults and pediatric patients with septic shock. Techniques for measuring microcirculation have substantially improved in the past decade and have evolved from methods that are limited in scope, such as velocity-based laser Doppler and near-infrared spectroscopy, to handheld vital microscopy (HVM), also referred to as videomicroscopy. Available technologies to assess microcirculation include sublingual incident dark field (IDF) and sublingual sidestream dark field (SDF) devices. This chapter addresses (1) the physiological basis of microcirculation and its relevance to the neonatal and pediatric populations, (2) the pathophysiology associated with altered microcirculation and endothelium, and (3) the current literature reviewing modalities to detect and quantify the presence of microcirculatory alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace M. Arteaga
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Pediatric Critical Care, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN, United States
| | - Sheri Crow
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Pediatric Critical Care, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN, United States
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What's New in Shock, December 2021? Shock 2021; 56:875-879. [PMID: 34779797 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000001879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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