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Increased Hypothalamic Levels of Endozepines, Endogenous Ligands of Benzodiazepine Receptors, in a Rat Model of Sepsis. Shock 2018; 45:653-9. [PMID: 26796573 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000000560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanisms involved in septic anorexia are mainly related to the secretion of inflammatory cytokines. The term endozepines designates a family of neuropeptides, including the octadecaneuropeptide (ODN), originally isolated as endogenous ligands of benzodiazepine receptors. Previous data showed that ODN, produced and released by astrocytes, is a potent anorexigenic peptide. We have studied the effect of sepsis by means of a model of cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) on the hypothalamic expression of endozepines (DBI mRNA and protein levels), as well as on the level of neuropeptides controlling energy homeostasis mRNAs: pro-opiomelanocortin, neuropeptide Y, and corticotropin-releasing hormone. In addition, we have investigated the effects of two inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α and IL-1β, on DBI mRNA levels in cultured rat astrocytes. METHODS Studies were performed on Sprague-Dawley male rats and on cultures of rat cortical astrocytes. Sepsis was induced using the CLP method. Sham-operated control animals underwent the same procedure, but the cecum was neither ligated nor incised. RESULTS Sepsis caused by CLP evoked an increase of DBI mRNA levels in ependymal cells bordering the third ventricle and in tanycytes of the median eminence. CLP-induced sepsis was also associated with stimulated ODN-like immunoreactivity (ODN-LI) in the hypothalamus. In addition, TNF-α, but not IL-1β, induced a dose-dependent increase in DBI mRNA in cultured rat astrocytes. An increase in the mRNA encoding the precursor of the anorexigenic peptide α-melanocyte stimulating hormone, the pro-opiomelanocortin, and the corticotropin-releasing hormone was observed in the hypothalamus. CONCLUSION These results suggest that during sepsis, hypothalamic mRNA encoding endozepines, anorexigenic peptide as well as stress hormone could play a role in the anorexia/cachexia associated with inflammation due to sepsis and we suggest that this hypothalamic mRNA expression could involve TNF-α.
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Correlation of Serum β-Endorphin and the Quality of Life in Allergic Rhinitis. DISEASE MARKERS 2016; 2016:2025418. [PMID: 27647946 PMCID: PMC5014966 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2025418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background. Allergic rhinitis (AR) significantly impairs the quality of life of the patients; however, a questionnaire alone is an insufficient and subjective measure of this condition. Obtaining an objective clinical assessment of the level of impairment will be valuable for its treatment. β-Endorphin is one of the most important mediators of both mental state and specific immunity. Thus, we investigated the possibility of using β-endorphin as a biomarker for evaluating the impairment level in AR. Methods. This study included 48 patients with AR and 32 healthy volunteers. The serum β-endorphin level was determined by enzyme immunoassay, and the serum-specific IgE and total IgE levels were determined by immunoblot assay. The Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire (RQLQ) was used to assess the impairment level in the symptom duration. Results. The β-endorphin concentration was significantly decreased in AR patients compared to the healthy controls (p = 0.000, p < 0.05). There was significant negative correlation between the impairment level and serum β-endorphin level (correlation coefficient: −0.468; p = 0.001; p < 0.05), but there was no association between the serum β-endorphin and total IgE levels (p = 0.947, p > 0.05). Conclusion. β-Endorphin is a systemic biomarker that has the potential to assess the impairment level in AR and may therefore be a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of AR.
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Enriori PJ, Chen W, Garcia-Rudaz MC, Grayson BE, Evans AE, Comstock SM, Gebhardt U, Müller HL, Reinehr T, Henry BA, Brown RD, Bruce CR, Simonds SE, Litwak SA, McGee SL, Luquet S, Martinez S, Jastroch M, Tschöp MH, Watt MJ, Clarke IJ, Roth CL, Grove KL, Cowley MA. α-Melanocyte stimulating hormone promotes muscle glucose uptake via melanocortin 5 receptors. Mol Metab 2016; 5:807-822. [PMID: 27688995 PMCID: PMC5034615 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Central melanocortin pathways are well-established regulators of energy balance. However, scant data exist about the role of systemic melanocortin peptides. We set out to determine if peripheral α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) plays a role in glucose homeostasis and tested the hypothesis that the pituitary is able to sense a physiological increase in circulating glucose and responds by secreting α-MSH. Methods We established glucose-stimulated α-MSH secretion using humans, non-human primates, and mouse models. Continuous α-MSH infusions were performed during glucose tolerance tests and hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps to evaluate the systemic effect of α-MSH in glucose regulation. Complementary ex vivo and in vitro techniques were employed to delineate the direct action of α-MSH via the melanocortin 5 receptor (MC5R)–PKA axis in skeletal muscles. Combined treatment of non-selective/selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor and α-MSH was adopted to restore glucose tolerance in obese mice. Results Here we demonstrate that pituitary secretion of α-MSH is increased by glucose. Peripheral α-MSH increases temperature in skeletal muscles, acts directly on soleus and gastrocnemius muscles to significantly increase glucose uptake, and enhances whole-body glucose clearance via the activation of muscle MC5R and protein kinase A. These actions are absent in obese mice, accompanied by a blunting of α-MSH-induced cAMP levels in skeletal muscles of obese mice. Both selective and non-selective phosphodiesterase inhibition restores α-MSH induced skeletal muscle glucose uptake and improves glucose disposal in obese mice. Conclusion These data describe a novel endocrine circuit that modulates glucose homeostasis by pituitary α-MSH, which increases muscle glucose uptake and thermogenesis through the activation of a MC5R-PKA-pathway, which is disrupted in obesity. Glucose stimulates α-MSH release from the pituitary. Systemic α-MSH drives glucose disposal and thermogenesis in skeletal muscles. α-MSH acts on MC5R expressed on skeletal muscles and activate cAMP-PKA pathway. The combined treatment of nonselective or selective PDE 4 inhibitor and α-MSH ameliorates glucose intolerance in obese mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo J Enriori
- Biomedical Discovery Institute/Department of Physiology, Monash University, Vic, Australia
| | - Weiyi Chen
- Biomedical Discovery Institute/Department of Physiology, Monash University, Vic, Australia
| | - Maria C Garcia-Rudaz
- Biomedical Discovery Institute/Department of Physiology, Monash University, Vic, Australia
| | | | - Anne E Evans
- Division Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Oregon, USA
| | - Sarah M Comstock
- Division Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Oregon, USA
| | - Ursel Gebhardt
- Department of Pediatrics, Vestische Children Hospital Datteln, University of Witten/Herdecke, Germany
| | - Hermann L Müller
- Department of Pediatrics, Vestische Children Hospital Datteln, University of Witten/Herdecke, Germany
| | - Thomas Reinehr
- Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum Oldenburg GmbH, Germany
| | - Belinda A Henry
- Biomedical Discovery Institute/Department of Physiology, Monash University, Vic, Australia
| | - Russell D Brown
- Biomedical Discovery Institute/Department of Physiology, Monash University, Vic, Australia
| | - Clinton R Bruce
- Biomedical Discovery Institute/Department of Physiology, Monash University, Vic, Australia
| | - Stephanie E Simonds
- Biomedical Discovery Institute/Department of Physiology, Monash University, Vic, Australia
| | - Sara A Litwak
- Biomedical Discovery Institute/Department of Physiology, Monash University, Vic, Australia
| | - Sean L McGee
- Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Vic, Australia
| | - Serge Luquet
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, CNRS UMR 8251, F-75205 Paris, France
| | - Sarah Martinez
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, CNRS UMR 8251, F-75205 Paris, France
| | - Martin Jastroch
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg & Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität, München, Germany
| | - Matthias H Tschöp
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg & Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität, München, Germany
| | - Matthew J Watt
- Biomedical Discovery Institute/Department of Physiology, Monash University, Vic, Australia
| | - Iain J Clarke
- Biomedical Discovery Institute/Department of Physiology, Monash University, Vic, Australia
| | - Christian L Roth
- Division of Endocrinology, Seattle Children's Hospital Research Institute, WA, USA
| | - Kevin L Grove
- Division Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Oregon, USA
| | - Michael A Cowley
- Biomedical Discovery Institute/Department of Physiology, Monash University, Vic, Australia.
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Birkelund T, Obad DS, Matejec R, Bøtker HE, Ravn HB. Remote ischemic preconditioning does not increase circulating or effector organ concentrations of proopiomelanocortin derivates. SCAND CARDIOVASC J 2015; 49:257-63. [DOI: 10.3109/14017431.2015.1046401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Birkelund
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Denmark
| | - Damir Salskov Obad
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Denmark
| | - Reginald Matejec
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Hans Erik Bøtker
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Denmark
| | - Hanne Berg Ravn
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Denmark
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Denmark
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Matejec R, Kayser F, Schmal F, Uhle F, Bödeker RH, Maxeiner H, Kolbe JA. Effects of corticotropin-releasing hormone on proopiomelanocortin derivatives and monocytic HLA-DR expression in patients with septic shock. Peptides 2013; 47:133-41. [PMID: 23891702 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2013.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about interactions between immune and neuro-endocrine systems in patients with septic shock. We therefore evaluated whether the corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and/or proopiomelanocortin (POMC) derivatives [ACTH, β-endorphin (β-END), β-lipotropin (β-LPH), α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) or N-acetyl-β-END (Nac-β-END)] have any influences on monocyte deactivation as a major factor of immunosuppression under septic shock conditions. Sixteen patients with septic shock were enrolled in a double-blind, cross-over and placebo controlled clinical study; 0.5μg/(kgbodyweighth) CRH (or placebo) were intravenously administered for 24h. Using flow cytometry we investigated the immunosuppression in patients as far as related to the loss of leukocyte surface antigen-DR expression on circulating monocytes (mHLA-DR). ACTH, β-END immunoreacive material (IRM), β-LPH IRM, α-MSH and Nac-β-END IRM as well as TNF-α and mHLA-DR expression were determined before, during and after treatment with CRH (or placebo). A significant correlation between plasma concentration of α-MSH and mHLA-DR expression and an inverse correlation between mHLA-DR expression and TNF-α plasma level were found. Additionally, a significant increase of mHLA-DR expression was observed 16h after starting the CRH infusion; 8h later, the mHLA-DR expression had decreased again. Our results indicate that the up-regulation of mHLA-DR expression after CRH infusion is not dependent on the release of POMC derivatives. From the correlation between plasma concentration of α-MSH and mHLA-DR expression, we conclude that in patients with septic shock the down-regulation of mHAL-DR expression is accompanied by the loss of monocytic release of α-MSH into the cardiovascular compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reginald Matejec
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, Justus-Liebig-University, Rudolf-Buchheim-Str. 7, D-35392 Giessen, Germany.
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Abstract
This paper is the 32nd consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2009 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior (Section 2), and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia (Section 3); stress and social status (Section 4); tolerance and dependence (Section 5); learning and memory (Section 6); eating and drinking (Section 7); alcohol and drugs of abuse (Section 8); sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (Section 9); mental illness and mood (Section 10); seizures and neurologic disorders (Section 11); electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (Section 12); general activity and locomotion (Section 13); gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (Section 14); cardiovascular responses (Section 15); respiration and thermoregulation (Section 16); and immunological responses (Section 17).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd., Flushing, NY 11367, USA.
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Yim IS, Glynn LM, Schetter CD, Hobel CJ, Chicz-Demet A, Sandman CA. Prenatal beta-endorphin as an early predictor of postpartum depressive symptoms in euthymic women. J Affect Disord 2010; 125:128-33. [PMID: 20051292 PMCID: PMC2891592 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2009.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2009] [Revised: 12/08/2009] [Accepted: 12/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND After delivery, many women experience symptoms of postpartum depression (PPD), and early identification of women at risk is therefore important. The opioid peptide beta-endorphin has been implicated in non-puerperal depression but its role in the development of PPD is unknown. METHODS Three hundred and seven women with a singleton, full-term (>37.0 weeks' GA) pregnancy were recruited early in pregnancy and followed up into the postpartum period. Blood samples were obtained at 15, 19, 25, 31 and 37 weeks' gestational age (GA) and at 9 weeks postpartum for assessment of beta-endorphin. Depressive symptoms were assessed with the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale at the last four pregnancy visits and with the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale postpartum. RESULTS Among women who were euthymic at 25 weeks' GA, those who proceeded to develop PPD symptoms had higher levels of beta-endorphin throughout pregnancy compared to women without PPD symptoms (all t>2.11, p<.05). At each assessment, women above the cut-off score for beta-endorphin were at more than three-fold risk for PPD symptoms (odds ratios 3.19-4.68) compared to women below the cut-off score. LIMITATIONS Self-report of depressive symptoms, no mental health history. CONCLUSIONS Beta-endorphin may be a useful early predictor of PPD symptoms in women who do not report depressive symptoms in mid-pregnancy. If replicated, these findings have clinical implications for the identification and treatment of this at-risk group and further suggest that some of the pathways leading to this complex disorder may be specific to subgroups of women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona S Yim
- Department of Psychology and Social Behavior, University of California, Irvine, USA.
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Endogenous morphine levels are increased in sepsis: a partial implication of neutrophils. PLoS One 2010; 5:e8791. [PMID: 20098709 PMCID: PMC2808358 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2009] [Accepted: 12/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mammalian cells synthesize morphine and the respective biosynthetic pathway has been elucidated. Human neutrophils release this alkaloid into the media after exposure to morphine precursors. However, the exact role of endogenous morphine in inflammatory processes remains unclear. We postulate that morphine is released during infection and can be determined in the serum of patients with severe infection such as sepsis. Methodology The presence and subcellular immunolocalization of endogenous morphine was investigated by ELISA, mass spectrometry analysis and laser confocal microscopy. Neutrophils were activated with Interleukin-8 (IL-8) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Morphine secretion was determined by a morphine-specific ELISA. μ opioid receptor expression was assessed with flow cytometry. Serum morphine concentrations of septic patients were determined with a morphine-specific ELISA and morphine identity was confirmed in human neutrophils and serum of septic patients by mass spectrometry analysis. The effects of the concentration of morphine found in serum of septic patients on LPS-induced release of IL-8 by human neutrophils were tested. Principal Findings We confirmed the presence of morphine in human neutrophil extracts and showed its colocalisation with lactoferrin within the secondary granules of neutrophils. Morphine secretion was quantified in the supernatant of activated human polymorphonuclear neutrophils in the presence and absence of Ca2+. LPS and IL-8 were able to induce a significant release of morphine only in presence of Ca2+. LPS treatment increased μ opioid receptor expression on neutrophils. Low concentration of morphine (8 nM) significantly inhibited the release of IL-8 from neutrophils when coincubated with LPS. This effect was reversed by naloxone. Patients with sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock had significant higher circulating morphine levels compared to patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome and healthy controls. Mass spectrometry analysis showed that endogenous morphine from serum of patient with sepsis was identical to poppy-derived morphine. Conclusions Our results indicate that morphine concentrations are increased significantly in the serum of patients with systemic infection and that morphine is, at least in part, secreted from neutrophils during sepsis. Morphine concentrations equivalent to those found in the serum of septic patients significantly inhibited LPS-induced IL-8 secretion in neutrophils.
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