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Duell CH, O'Sullivan DM, Bilinskaya A, Linder KE. Evaluation of Timing of Antimicrobial Surgical Prophylaxis on Rates of Surgical Site Infections. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2024; 25:392-398. [PMID: 38758048 DOI: 10.1089/sur.2024.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Surgical site infections (SSIs) are common healthcare-associated infections, and national guidelines recommend that antimicrobial prophylaxis (AP) be administered 60 min prior to incision. However, there are limited data regarding the "most optimal" time for administration within the 60-min window. Patients and Methods: This was a multicenter, retrospective study of adult (≥18-year-old) patients that underwent an abdominal hysterectomy, colorectal surgery, or craniotomy and received AP within 60 min of incision. Incidence of SSI was compared between patients who received AP 0-30 versus 31-60 min of incision. In addition, a predefined subgroup analysis evaluated incidence of SSI for 15-min intervals within the 60-min timeframe. Results: Of the 277 patients included in the primary analysis, 233 (84.1%) and 44 (15.9%) received AP 0-30 min and 31-60 min prior to incision, respectively. SSIs were documented in 6.0% (14/233) versus 4.5% (2/44) of patients in the primary analysis (p = 0.703). In the secondary analysis, 137 (49.5%), 95 (34.3%), 34 (12.3%), and 11 (4.0%) patients received AP 0-15, 16-30, 31-45, and 46-60 min prior to incision, respectively. There was no difference in incidence of SSIs among the 15-min intervals (4.4% vs. 8.4% vs. 2.9% vs. 9.1%, p = 0.487). Of the 16 patients in this study that incurred a SSI, 5 patients had positive cultures, of which 3 contained bacteria that proved to be resistant to the antibiotic used for AP. Conclusions: The results of our analysis support current national guidelines. Future investigation of different intervals (e.g., AP 15-45 min prior to incision) may be beneficial on the basis of pharmacokinetics of routinely prescribed AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin H Duell
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Hartford HealthCare, Hartford, Connecticut, USA
| | - David M O'Sullivan
- Department of Research Administration, Hartford HealthCare, Hartford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Anastasia Bilinskaya
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Hartford HealthCare, Hartford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Kristin E Linder
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Hartford HealthCare, Hartford, Connecticut, USA
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Eckmann C, Aghdassi SJS, Brinkmann A, Pletz M, Rademacher J. Perioperative Antibiotic Prophylaxis. DEUTSCHES ARZTEBLATT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 121:233-242. [PMID: 38440828 DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.m2024.0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postoperative surgical site infections (SSI) account for almost 25% of all nosocomial infections in Germany and are a source of increased morbidity and mortality. METHODS This review is based on pertinent publications retrieved by a selective search in PubMed and on national and international guidelines. RESULTS The individual risk factors for SSI must be assessed before any surgical procedure. A body-mass index above 30 kg/m2 is associated with an unadjusted risk ratio of 1.35 [1.28; 1.41] for SSI, which rises to 3.29 [2.99; 3.62] if the patient is also immunosuppressed. The risk of SSI is also significantly higher with certain types of procedure. Perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis (PAP) is clearly indicated for operations that carry a high risk of SSI (e.g., colorectal surgery) and for those that involve the implantation of alloplastic material (e.g., hip endoprostheses). PAP can usually be administered with basic antibiotics such as cefazoline. The basic principles of PAP are that it should be given by the anesthesia team in the interval from 60 minutes preoperatively up to shortly before the incision, and that its administration should only be for a short period of time, usually as a single shot. Continuing PAP onward into the postoperative period leads to increased toxicity, bacterial superinfections, and antibiotic resistance. CONCLUSION The evidence shows that perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis is a component of a bundle of measures that can help prevent SSI. Strict indications and adherence to the basic principles of PAP are essential for therapeutic success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Eckmann
- Visceral and Thoracic Surgery and ABS-Team, Clinic Hannoversch Münden; Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Charité - University Medicine Berlin , Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Biomedical Innovation Academy, BIH Charité Digital Clinician Scientist Program; Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, General Hospital of Heidenheim; Institute of Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, University Hospital, Jena,; Department of Pneumolgoy and Infectiology and ABSTeam, Hannover Medical School
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Yang Y, Zhang X, Zhang J, Zhu J, Wang P, Li X, Mai W, Jin W, Liu W, Ren J, Wu X. Prediction models of surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery: a nationwide prospective cohort study. Int J Surg 2024; 110:119-129. [PMID: 37800568 PMCID: PMC10793813 DOI: 10.1097/js9.0000000000000808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to construct and validate a clinical prediction model for surgical site infection (SSI) risk 30 days after gastrointestinal surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS This multicentre study involving 57 units conducted a 30-day postoperative follow-up of 17 353 patients who underwent gastrointestinal surgery at the unit from 1 March 2021 to 28 February 2022. The authors collected a series of hospitalisation data, including demographic data, preoperative preparation, intraoperative procedures and postoperative care. The main outcome variable was SSI, defined according to the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines. This study used the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) algorithm to screen predictive variables and construct a prediction model. The receiver operating characteristic curve, calibration and clinical decision curves were used to evaluate the prediction performance of the prediction model. RESULTS Overall, 17 353 patients were included in this study, and the incidence of SSI was 1.6%. The univariate analysis combined with LASSO analysis showed that 20 variables, namely, chronic liver disease, chronic kidney disease, steroid use, smoking history, C-reactive protein, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, albumin, blood glucose, bowel preparation, surgical antibiotic prophylaxis, appendix surgery, colon surgery, approach, incision type, colostomy/ileostomy at the start of the surgery, colostomy/ileostomy at the end of the surgery, length of incision, surgical duration and blood loss were identified as predictors of SSI occurrence ( P <0.05). The area under the curve values of the model in the train and test groups were 0.7778 and 0.7868, respectively. The calibration curve and Hosmer-Lemeshow test results demonstrated that the model-predicted and actual risks were in good agreement, and the model forecast accuracy was high. CONCLUSIONS The risk assessment system constructed in this study has good differentiation, calibration and clinical benefits and can be used as a reference tool for predicting SSI risk in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyu Yang
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University
| | - Xufei Zhang
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University
| | - Jinpeng Zhang
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing
| | - Jianwei Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong
| | - Peige Wang
- Department of Emergency Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao
| | - Xuemin Li
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated To Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou
| | - Wei Mai
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning
| | - Weidong Jin
- Department of General Surgery, General Hospital of Central Theatre Command, Wuhan
| | - Wenjing Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianan Ren
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University
| | - Xiuwen Wu
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University
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Zelenitsky SA. Effective Antimicrobial Prophylaxis in Surgery: The Relevance and Role of Pharmacokinetics-Pharmacodynamics. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1738. [PMID: 38136772 PMCID: PMC10741006 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12121738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Appropriate surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis (SAP) is an important measure in preventing surgical site infections (SSIs). Although antimicrobial pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics (PKPD) is integral to optimizing antibiotic dosing for the treatment of infections, there is less research on preventing infections postsurgery. Whereas clinical studies of SAP dose, preincision timing, and redosing are informative, it is difficult to isolate their effect on SSI outcomes. Antimicrobial PKPD aims to explain the complex relationship between antibiotic exposure during surgery and the subsequent development of SSI. It accounts for the many factors that influence the PKs and antibiotic concentrations in patients and considers the susceptibilities of bacteria most likely to contaminate the surgical site. This narrative review examines the relevance and role of PKPD in providing effective SAP. The dose-response relationship i.e., association between lower dose and SSI in cefazolin prophylaxis is discussed. A comprehensive review of the evidence for an antibiotic concentration-response (SSI) relationship in SAP is also presented. Finally, PKPD considerations for improving SAP are explored with a focus on cefazolin prophylaxis in adults and outstanding questions regarding its dose, preincision timing, and redosing during surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheryl A. Zelenitsky
- College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada;
- Department of Pharmacy, St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
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Westman E, Höglund M, Nilsson FB, Bonnard Å, Englund E, Eriksson PO. Prophylactic antibiotics has no benefit for outcome in clean myringoplasty-A register-based cohort study from SwedEar. Clin Otolaryngol 2023; 48:895-901. [PMID: 37555629 DOI: 10.1111/coa.14089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate if prophylactic antibiotics (PA) in conjunction with myringoplasty of clean and uninfected ears entails a reduction of postoperative infections within 6 weeks after surgery, and whether it affects the healing rate of the tympanic membrane (TM) at follow-up, 6-24 months after surgery. DESIGN A retrospective cohort study of prospectively collected data. SETTING Data extracted from The Swedish Quality Register for Ear Surgery (SwedEar), the years 2013-2019. PARTICIPANTS All patients in SwedEar with a registered clean conventional myringoplasty (tympanoplasty type I) including a follow-up visit. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The effect of PA use on TM healing rate at follow-up and postoperative infection within 6 weeks of surgery. RESULTS In the study group (n = 1665) 86.2% had a healed TM at follow-up. There was no significant difference between the groups that had PA administered (87.2%) or not (86.1%). A total of 8.0% had a postoperative infection within 6 weeks. Postoperative infection occurred in 10.2% of the group that received PA (n = 187) compared with 7.7% of the group that did not receive PA. However, this difference was not statistically significant. Postoperative infection within 6 weeks significantly lowered the frequency of healed TMs. CONCLUSION PA administered during clean conventional myringoplasty does not improve the chance of having a healed TM at follow up, nor decrease the risk of having a postoperative infection within 6 weeks after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Westman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Otorhinolaryngology, Umeå University, Sundsvall, Sweden
| | - Maria Höglund
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Surgical Division, County Council of Västernorrland, Sundsvall Hospital, Sundsvall, Sweden
| | - Frida Brännström Nilsson
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Surgical Division, County Council of Västernorrland, Sundsvall Hospital, Sundsvall, Sweden
| | - Åsa Bonnard
- Division of CLINTEC, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- MU ENT, Hearing and Balance, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erling Englund
- Department of Research and Development, County Council of Västernorrland, Sundsvall Hospital, Sundsvall, Sweden
| | - Per Olof Eriksson
- MU ENT, Hearing and Balance, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Dept of Surgical Sciences, Otorhinolaryngology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
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Marrone M, Caricato P, Mele F, Leonardelli M, Duma S, Gorini E, Stellacci A, Bavaro DF, Diella L, Saracino A, Dell'Erba A, Tafuri S. Analysis of Italian requests for compensation in cases of responsibility for healthcare-related infections: A retrospective study. Front Public Health 2023; 10:1078719. [PMID: 36684913 PMCID: PMC9849901 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1078719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The aim of this study was to examine the type of compensation claims for alleged medical malpractice in the field of healthcare-related infections in Italy. Methods It was analyzed which was the most frequent clinical context, the characteristics of the disputes established, which were the alleged damages most often complained of, which were the possibly censurable behaviors of the health professionals, and which were the reasons for acceptance or rejection of the request for compensation. Results In 90.2%, the issue questioned regarded surgical site infections. The most common pathogens involved were coagulase-negative Staphylococci (34.1%) and Staphylococcus aureus (24.4%). The lack or non-adherence to protocols of prophylaxis and/or prevention of healthcare-related infections was the most reported cause of acceptance of the request of compensation. Discussion According to our data, a stronger effort should be made in terms of risk management perspective in order to ensure the develop and application of protocols for prevention of Gram-positive healthcare-related infections and strengthen infection control and antimicrobial stewardship programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maricla Marrone
- Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Aldo Moro University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Caricato
- Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Aldo Moro University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Federica Mele
- Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Aldo Moro University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Mirko Leonardelli
- Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Aldo Moro University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Stefano Duma
- Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Aldo Moro University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Ettore Gorini
- Attorney of Supreme Court, Department of Economics and Finance, Aldo Moro University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Alessandra Stellacci
- Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Aldo Moro University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Davide Fiore Bavaro
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Aldo Moro University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Lucia Diella
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Aldo Moro University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Annalisa Saracino
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Aldo Moro University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Alessandro Dell'Erba
- Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Aldo Moro University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Silvio Tafuri
- Section of Public Health, Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Aldo Moro University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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Sathoo S, Thomas V, Kannan A, Bajaj D, Abu Srinivasan A. Optimal timing of antimicrobial prophylaxis before surgery: a review of recent evidence. EXCLI JOURNAL 2021; 20:1621-1623. [PMID: 35024021 PMCID: PMC8743832 DOI: 10.17179/excli2021-4472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saarat Sathoo
- Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, India,*To whom correspondence should be addressed: Saarat Sathoo, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Gorimedu, Puducherry, India – 605009; Tel.: +91 96777 47382, E-mail:
| | - Vimal Thomas
- Tbilisi State Medical University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Amudhan Kannan
- Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, India
| | - Divya Bajaj
- Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, India
| | - Anirudh Abu Srinivasan
- Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, India
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Zeitfenster der perioperativen Antibiotikagabe. Zentralbl Chir 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1669-1907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Can Early Postoperative Complications Predict High Morbidity and Decrease Failure to Rescue Following Major Abdominal Surgery? Ann Surg 2020; 272:834-839. [PMID: 32925252 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0000000000004254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess whether specific patterns of early postoperative complications may predict overall severe morbidity after major surgery, warranting early escalation of care and prevention of failure to rescue. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA It is unclear whether early postoperative complications predict a poor outcome. Detailed knowledge of the chronology and type of early complications after major surgery may alert clinicians when to expect higher risk for subsequent major negative events. METHODS All 90-day postoperative events following complex pancreas, liver, and rectal surgeries, and liver transplantation were analyzed over a 3-year period in a single tertiary center. Each complication was recorded regarding severity, type (cardiac, infectious, etc), etiology (surgical/medical), and timing of occurrence. The Comprehensive Complication Index (CCI), covering the first 7 postoperative days, was calculated as a measure for early cumulative postoperative morbidity. The statistical analysis (descriptive, sequence pattern analyses, and logistic regression analyses) aimed to detect any combinations of events predicting poor outcome as defined by a cumulative CCI ≥37.1 at 90-days. RESULTS The occurrence of ≥2 complications, irrespective of severity, type or etiology, was strongly associated with a severe postoperative course (P < 0.001). Even 2 mild complications (≤ grade II) greatly increased the chance for high morbidity compared to patients with 0 or 1 complication within the first postoperative week (odds ratio 10.2, 95% confidence interval 5.82-17.98). The CCI at postoperative day 7 strongly predicted high 90-day morbidity (odds ratio 3.96 per 10 CCI points, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Multiple complications of any cause or severity within the first postoperative days represents a "warning-signal" for overall high morbidity by 90 days, which should be used to trigger an escalation of care to prevent failure to rescue and eventually poor outcome.
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de Jonge SW, Wolfhagen N, Boldingh QJ, Bom WJ, Posthuma LM, Scheijmans JC, van der Leeuw BM, van der Hoeven JA, Hering JP, Sonneveld DJ, van Geffen OE, Hendriks ER, Kluyver EB, Demirkiran A, van Lonkhuijzen LR, Slotema T, Draaisma WA, Koopman SJ, van Rossem CC, Over LM, van Duijvendijk P, Dijkgraaf MG, Hollmann MW, Boermeester MA. Enhanced PeriOperative Care and Health protection programme for the prevention of surgical site infections after elective abdominal surgery (EPOCH): study protocol of a randomised controlled, multicentre, superiority trial. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e038196. [PMID: 32457082 PMCID: PMC7252990 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-038196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Surgical site infections (SSI) are a common postoperative complication. During the development of the new WHO guidelines on SSI prevention, also in the Netherlands was concluded that perioperative care could be optimised beyond the current standard practice. We selected a limited set of readily available, cheap and evidence-based interventions from these new guidelines that are not part of standard practice in the Netherlands and formulated an Enhanced PeriOperative Care and Health bundle (EPOCH). Here, we describe the protocol for an open-label, randomised controlled, parallel-group, superiority trial to test the effect of the EPOCH bundle added to (national) standard care in comparison to standard care alone on the incidence of SSI. METHODS AND ANALYSIS EPOCH consists of intraoperative high fractional inspired oxygen (0.80); goal-directed fluid therapy; active preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative warming; perioperative glucose control and treatment of severe hyperglycaemia (>10 mmoll-1) and standardised surgical site handling. Patients scheduled for elective abdominal surgery with an incision larger than 5 cm are eligible for inclusion. Participants are randomised daily, 1:1 according to variable block sizes, and stratified per participating centre to either EPOCH added to standard care or standard care only. The primary endpoint will be SSI incidence according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) definition within 30 days as part of routine clinical follow-up. Four additional questionnaires will be sent out over the course of 90 days to capture disability and costs. Other secondary endpoints include anastomotic leakage, incidence of incisional hernia, serious adverse events, hospital readmissions, length of stay and cost effectiveness. Analysis of the primary endpoint will be on an intention-to-treat basis. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethics approval is granted by the Amsterdam UMC Medical Ethics Committee (reference 2015_121). Results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journals and summaries shared with stakeholders. This protocol is published before analysis of the results. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER Registered in the Dutch Trial Register: NL5572.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stijn W de Jonge
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC - Locatie AMC, Amsterdam, Noord-Holland, Netherlands
| | - Niels Wolfhagen
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC - Locatie AMC, Amsterdam, Noord-Holland, Netherlands
| | - Quirine Jj Boldingh
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC - Locatie AMC, Amsterdam, Noord-Holland, Netherlands
| | - Wouter J Bom
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC - Locatie AMC, Amsterdam, Noord-Holland, Netherlands
| | - Linda M Posthuma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Amsterdam UMC - Locatie AMC, Amsterdam, Noord-Holland, Netherlands
| | - Jochem Cg Scheijmans
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC - Locatie AMC, Amsterdam, Noord-Holland, Netherlands
| | - Bart Mf van der Leeuw
- Department of Anesthesiology, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, Noord-Holland, Netherlands
| | | | - Jens Peter Hering
- Anesthesiology, Dijklander Ziekenhuis, Hoorn, Noord-Holland, Netherlands
| | - Dirk Ja Sonneveld
- Department of Surgery, Dijklander Ziekenhuis, Hoorn, Noord-Holland, Netherlands
| | - Otto E van Geffen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tergooiziekenhuizen, Hilversum, Noord-Holland, Netherlands
| | - Eduard R Hendriks
- Department of Surgery, Tergooiziekenhuizen, Hilversum, Noord-Holland, Netherlands
| | - Ewoud B Kluyver
- Department of Anesthesiology, Rode Kruis Ziekenhuis, Beverwijk, Noord-Holland, Netherlands
| | - Ahmet Demirkiran
- Department of Surgery, Rode Kruis Ziekenhuis, Beverwijk, Noord-Holland, Netherlands
| | - Luc Rcw van Lonkhuijzen
- Department of Gynaecologic Oncology, Amsterdam UMC - Locatie AMC, Amsterdam, Noord-Holland, Netherlands
| | - Thomas Slotema
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch, Noord-Brabant, Netherlands
| | - Werner A Draaisma
- Department of Surgery, Jeroen Bosch Ziekenhuis, 's-Hertogenbosch, Noord-Brabant, Netherlands
| | - Seppe Jsha Koopman
- Department of Anesthesiology, Maasstad Ziekenhuis, Rotterdam, Zuid-Holland, Netherlands
| | - Charles C van Rossem
- Department of Surgery, Maasstad Ziekenhuis, Rotterdam, Zuid-Holland, Netherlands
| | - Linda M Over
- Department of Anesthesiology, Gelre Ziekenhuizen, Apeldoorn, Gelderland, Netherlands
| | | | - Marcel Gw Dijkgraaf
- Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Amsterdam UMC - Locatie AMC, Amsterdam, Noord-Holland, Netherlands
| | - Markus W Hollmann
- Department of Anesthesiology, Amsterdam UMC - Locatie AMC, Amsterdam, Noord-Holland, Netherlands
| | - Marja A Boermeester
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC - Locatie AMC, Amsterdam, Noord-Holland, Netherlands
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