1
|
Shen J, Shi J, Gauthier L, Li W. The Economic Burden of Injuries in Children With ADHD in the U.S. From 2011 to 2020. J Atten Disord 2023; 27:1561-1570. [PMID: 37694520 DOI: 10.1177/10870547231196328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Few studies have examined the economic burden of and sociodemographic disparities in injuries on families of children with ADHD on a national scale. The objective of this study was to address these literature gaps. METHODS Data from 7,102 children with ADHD aged 5 to 17 years in the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey 2011 to 2020 were analyzed for national trends, annualized average, and sociodemographic disparities in injury-related medical expenditures among children with ADHD. RESULTS The national economic burden of injuries for children with ADHD has nearly doubled over the10-year period. These costs were covered by private insurance (62%), public insurance (29%), and families (9%). Asian race was associated with higher total and family expenditures while having low income and public insurance were associated with lower family expenditures. CONCLUSIONS Families and society carry significant and increasing economic burdens related to injuries in children with ADHD. Sociodemographic disparities are substantial and of policy relevance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiabin Shen
- University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Junxin Shi
- The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Wenjun Li
- University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fu SJ, Arnow K, Trickey A, Spain DA, Morris A, Knowlton L. Financial Burden of Traumatic Injury Amongst the Privately Insured. Ann Surg 2022; 275:424-432. [PMID: 34596072 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0000000000005225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We sought to evaluate the overall financial burden associated with traumatic injury amongst patients with private insurance and assess the effect of high deductible plans on out-of-pocket costs (OOPCs). SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Traumatic injury can be a source of unexpected financial burden for households. However, the effect of increasing participation in higher cost-sharing private health insurance plans remains unknown. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort observational study, using the Clinformatics Data Mart Database, a nationwide single-payer administrative claims database to identify US adults who required emergency department services or hospital admission for single traumatic injury from 2008 to 2018. A 2-part model using a logistic regression and a generalized linear model with gamma distribution and log link was used to evaluate 12-month OOPCs after traumatic injury. Multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate the likelihood of catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) after injury. RESULTS Of 426,945 included patients, 53% were male, 71% were white, and median age was 42 years. Patients faced monthly OOPC of $660 at the time of their injury. High deductible plan enrollment was associated with an increase of $1703 in 12-month OOPC after trauma, compared to those covered by traditional health plans. In addition to high deductible health plan enrollment, worsening injury severity and longer hospital stays were also associated with increased 12-month OOPC after trauma. Non-white minorities paid less 12-month OOPC after trauma compared to non-Hispanic white patients, but also used fewer services. Overall, the incidence of CHE was 5%; however high-deductible health plan enrollees faced a 13% chance of CHE. CONCLUSIONS Privately insured trauma patients face substantial OOPCs at the time of their injuries. High-deductible health plans are associated with increased financial vulnerability after trauma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sue J Fu
- S-SPIRE, Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery, Stanford University
- Health Research and Development, Veteran Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Katherine Arnow
- S-SPIRE, Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery, Stanford University
| | - Amber Trickey
- S-SPIRE, Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery, Stanford University
| | - David A Spain
- S-SPIRE, Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery, Stanford University
| | - Arden Morris
- S-SPIRE, Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery, Stanford University
| | - Lisa Knowlton
- S-SPIRE, Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery, Stanford University
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Alghnam S, Alkelya M, Aldahnim M, Aljerian N, Albabtain I, Alsayari A, Da'ar OB, Alsheikh K, Alghamdi A. Healthcare costs of road injuries in Saudi Arabia: A quantile regression analysis. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2021; 159:106266. [PMID: 34225170 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2021.106266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Road traffic injuries (RTIs) are the second leading cause of death in Saudi Arabia. Their economic burden is significant but poorly quantified, as limited literature exists locally. We aim to estimate the impact of RTIs on healthcare costs. METHODS We included all patients from the hospital's trauma registry for the year 2017 (n = 381). Due to the availability of data, the analysis focused only on direct medical costs incurred during the hospitalization period. We computed the components of hospitalization costs and evaluated the association between patient and RTI characteristics and total hospitalization costs (the average and median) using quantile and log-linear regression techniques respectively. RESULTS Patients were relatively young with an average age of 31 years (SD ± 14.6). Overall, patients treated for RTIs cost the hospital around 77,657 Saudi Riyal (SAR) on average. Pedestrian injuries incurred the highest costs. Motor vehicle injuries accounted for the highest procedure-related costs (SAR 19,537). The quantile regressions results suggest that Glasgow coma scale (GCS), admission to intensive care unit (ICU), and hospital length of stay were significantly associated with an increase in hospitalization cost. Hospital home disposition was however, associated with a decrease in cost. One additional day of stay in the hospital increases total hospitalization cost by SAR 3,508. Additionally, the log-linear showed injury severity score (ISS < 16) was associated with a 20% decrease in the geometric mean of the hospitalization costs (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS This study underlines the economic burden of RTIs in addition to their impact on population health. The findings may be used to inform policymakers, researchers, and the public about the increasing burden of traffic crashes in the Kingdom. Public health interventions are warranted to reduce the severity and frequency of RTIs in order to improve traffic safety and reduce associated healthcare costs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suliman Alghnam
- Population Health Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSUHS), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohamed Alkelya
- The Center for Health Research Studies (CHRS), Saudi Health Council, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mahdya Aldahnim
- Respiratory Care Department, Specialized Medical Center Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ibrahim Albabtain
- Department of Surgery, King Abdulaziz Medical City (KAMC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Alaa Alsayari
- The Center for Health Research Studies (CHRS), Saudi Health Council, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Omar B Da'ar
- College of Public Health and Health Informatics, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Khalid Alsheikh
- Department of Orthopedics, King Abdulaziz Medical City (KAMC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ali Alghamdi
- National Center for Road Safety, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Shen J, Shi J, Cooper J, Chen C, Taylor HG, Xiang H. A Population-Based Study of the Incidence, Medical Care, and Medical Expenditures for Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury. J Surg Res 2021; 268:87-96. [PMID: 34298211 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2021.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of pediatric trauma morbidity and mortality around the world. However, limited research exists regarding disparities in the incidence of TBI and medical care seeking behaviors and medical expenditures for TBI, particularly using population-based and nationally-representative data. MATERIALS AND METHODS The present study used the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) Panels 9-19 (2004-2015) to provide nationally-representative estimates for the civilian, non-institutionalized U.S. POPULATION We examined differences in TBI incidence and associated medical care seeking behaviors and expenditures in relation to individual and family sociodemographic characteristics. RESULTS From a total of 50,563 children in the MEPS Panels 9-19, we identified 449 children with TBI. For 82% of these children, medical treatment was sought. The estimated annual total expenditure associated with pediatric TBIs nationally was approximately $667 million, with mean expenditures per TBI being $1,532 and family out of pocket expenditures accounting for 8.3% of total expenditures. Race/ethnicity was the only significant factor associated with both medical care seeking behavior and total expenditures. CONCLUSIONS The present study is among the first to compare pediatric TBI-related medical expenditures among different sociodemographic groups in the U.S. Our findings can inform future intervention research and policy-making from the perspectives of both epidemiological and behavioral sciences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiabin Shen
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA.
| | - Junxin Shi
- Center for Injury Research and Prevention, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH
| | - Jennifer Cooper
- Center for Biobehavioral Health, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH
| | - Cheng Chen
- Center for Injury Research and Prevention, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH
| | - H Gerry Taylor
- Center for Biobehavioral Health, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH
| | - Henry Xiang
- Center for Injury Research and Prevention, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH; The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Neiman PU, Taylor KK, Sinco B, Anderson GA, Sangji NF, Hemmila MR, Scott JW. Insult to injury: National analysis of return to work and financial outcomes of trauma patients. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2021; 91:121-129. [PMID: 34144560 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000003135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While much of trauma care is rightly focused on improving inpatient survival, the ultimate goal of recovery is to help patients return to their daily lives after injury. Although the overwhelming majority of trauma patients in the United States survive to hospital discharge, little is known nationally regarding the postdischarge economic burden of injuries among trauma survivors. METHODS We used the National Health Interview Survey from 2008 to 2017 to identify working-age trauma patients, aged 18 to 64 years, who sustained injuries requiring hospitalization. We used propensity score matching to identify noninjured respondents. Our primary outcome measure was postinjury return to work among trauma patients. Our secondary outcomes included measures of food insecurity, medical debt, accessibility and affordability of health care, and disability. RESULTS A nationally weighted sample of 319,580 working-age trauma patients were identified. Of these patients, 51.7% were employed at the time of injury, and 58.9% of them had returned to work at the time of interview, at a median of 47 days postdischarge. Higher rates of returning to work were associated with shorter length of hospital stay, higher education level, and private health insurance. Injury was associated with food insecurity at an adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of 1.8 (95% confidence interval, 1.40-2.37), with difficulty affording health care at aOR of 1.6 (1.00-2.47), with medical debt at aOR of 2.6 (2.11-3.20), and with foregoing care due to cost at aOR of 2.0 (1.52-2.63). Working-age trauma patients had disability at an aOR of 17.6 (12.93-24.05). CONCLUSION The postdischarge burden of injury among working-age US trauma survivors is profound-patients report significant limitations in employment, financial security, disability, and functional independence. A better understanding of the long-term impact of injury is necessary to design the interventions needed to optimize postinjury recovery so that trauma survivors can lead productive and fulfilling lives after injury. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Economic & Value-Based Evaluations, level II; Prognostic, level II.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pooja U Neiman
- From the National Clinician Scholars Program (P.U.N., K.K.T.), Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation and Center for Healthcare Outcomes and Policy (P.U.N., K.K.T., B.S., N.F.S., M.R.H., J.W.S.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Surgery (P.U.N., G.A.A.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Surgery (K.K.T.), Stanford University, Stanford, California; Center for Surgery and Public Health (G.A.A.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Surgery (N.F.S., M.R.H., J.W.S.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sun S, Yang L, Hu X, Zhu Y, Liu B, Yang Y, Wang X. The burden of the current curative expenditure of injury in Dalian, China-a study based on the "system of health accounts 2011". BMC Public Health 2021; 21:157. [PMID: 33468078 PMCID: PMC7814588 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-10164-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Injury is one of the major public health problems and causes more than 5 million deaths in the world annually. Cases of specific types of injury are life-threatening and heavily-burdened to individuals and society. This study was aimed to assess the financial burden of injury on patients. METHODS A total of 565 medical institutions were selected with multistage stratified cluster random sampling, containing 152,553 valid samples. Subsequently, the distribution of injury current curative expenditure (CCE) in different dimensions (including age and site of injury) was analyzed under the framework of System of Health Accounts 2011 (SHA 2011) using the established database. RESULTS In China, both urban and rural injury mortality rates showed an upward trend of more than 5 percentage points from 2006 to 2016. In Dalian, the CCE of injury reached 1572.73 million RMB, accounting for 7.45% of the total CCE. Those aged 15-24 reported larger proportion of CCE than the other age groups. As for the injuries in body parts, injuries occurred to the spine, lower limb, head and foreign body cost most. CONCLUSIONS Dalian has a relatively serious burden of injury costs. The essential and primary goal is to reduce the cost. Young people should pay attention to protect their head and limbs from injury, and related government sectors should implement preventive and educative measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu Sun
- The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No.155 Nanjing Beijie, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, P.R. China, 110001
| | - Liuna Yang
- School of public health, Songshan Lake National High-tech Industrial Development, Guangdong Medical University, No.1 Xincheng Blvd, Zone, Dongguan, Guangdong Province, P.R. China, 523808
| | - Xinzhu Hu
- College of the Humanities and Social Sciences, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, P.R. China, 110122
| | - Yalan Zhu
- College of the Humanities and Social Sciences, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, P.R. China, 110122
| | - Boxi Liu
- College of the Humanities and Social Sciences, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, P.R. China, 110122
| | - Yunbin Yang
- Southern Medical University, 1023-1063 Shatai south road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, P.R. China, 510515
| | - Xin Wang
- College of the Humanities and Social Sciences, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, P.R. China, 110122.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Callcut RA, Simpson KN, Baraniuk S, Fox EE, Tilley BC, Holcomb JB. Cost-effectiveness evaluation of the PROPPR trial transfusion protocols. Transfusion 2020; 60:922-931. [PMID: 32358836 PMCID: PMC7567498 DOI: 10.1111/trf.15784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There have been no prior investigations of the cost effectiveness of transfusion strategies for trauma resuscitation. The Pragmatic, Randomized, Optimal Platelet and Plasma Ratios (PROPPR) study was a Phase III multisite, randomized trial in 680 subjects comparing the efficacy of 1:1:1 transfusion ratios of plasma and platelets to red blood cells with the 1:1:2 ratio. We hypothesized that 1:1:1 transfusion results in an acceptable incremental cost-effectiveness ratio, when estimated using patients' age-specific life expectancy and cost of care during the 30-day PROPPR trial period. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes were prospectively collected, and subjects were matched 1:2 to subjects in the Healthcare Utilization Program State Inpatient Data to estimate cost weights. We used a decision tree analysis, combined with standard costs and estimated years of expected survival to determine the cost effectiveness of the two treatments. RESULTS The 1:1:1 group had higher overall costs for the blood products but were more likely to achieve hemostasis and decreased hemorrhagic death by 24 hours (p = 0.006). For every 100 patients treated in the 1:1:1 group, eight more achieved hemostasis than in the 1:1:2 group. At 30 days, the total hospital cost per 100 patients was $5.6 million in the 1:1:1 group compared with $5.0 million in the 1:1:2 group. For each 100 patients, the 1:1:1 group had 218.5 more years of life expectancy. This was at a cost of $2994 per year gained. CONCLUSION The 1:1:1 transfusion ratio in severely injured hemorrhaging trauma patients is a very cost-effective strategy for increasing hemostasis and decreasing trauma deaths.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachael A. Callcut
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Kit N. Simpson
- Department of Healthcare Leadership & Management, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Sarah Baraniuk
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Erin E. Fox
- Center for Translational Injury Research and Department of Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Barbara C. Tilley
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - John B. Holcomb
- Division of Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, Center for Injury Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dismuke CE, Bishu KG, Fakhry S, Walker RJ, Egede LE. Clinical Factors and Expenditures Associated With ICD-9-CM Coded Trauma for the U.S. Population: A Nationally Representative Study. Acad Emerg Med 2017; 24:467-474. [PMID: 27976494 DOI: 10.1111/acem.13143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a lack of information on annual healthcare expenditures both per person and for the U.S. population associated with trauma, as identified by International Classification of Disease Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) codes. METHODS This paper employed a two-part model to estimate the unadjusted and adjusted annual per individual expenditures and population burden of trauma exposure for the U.S. population, using a nationally representative survey of medical care expenditures. In addition, we estimated a logit model to examine the demographic and comorbidity factors associated with the likelihood of experiencing trauma. RESULTS Approximately 18.2% of U.S. adults were found to have trauma exposure during the survey year of 2011. The most frequent trauma ICD-9-CM code was injury not elsewhere classified/not otherwise specified. Adjusted likelihood of trauma was higher among individuals under the age of 65; males; non-Hispanic whites; nonmarried or never married; and individuals living with comorbidities of stroke, joint pain, arthritis, and asthma. The most expensive of the top 10 ICD-9-CM trauma codes was dislocation of the knee. Significant differences in expenditure categories were found for office-based, outpatient, emergency department (ED), dental, and other medical care. After adjustment for comorbidities and demographics, the adjusted per-person burden of trauma was estimated to be $1,689 (95% confidence interval [CI] = $1,006 to $2,372), with an incremental burden on the U.S. population of $60.8 billion per year. CONCLUSIONS Trauma results in a significant healthcare expenditure burden, both per person and on the U.S. POPULATION Clinicians should be aware that individuals in the U.S. population with certain comorbidities such as stroke, joint pain, arthritis, and asthma are more likely to have trauma and that differences exist in expenditures for office-based, outpatient, dental, and the ED.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clara E. Dismuke
- Center for Health Disparities Research; Department of Medicine; Medical University of South Carolina; Charleston SC
- Department of Medicine; Division of General Internal Medicine and Geriatrics; Medical University of South Carolina; Charleston SC
- Health Equity and Rural Outreach Innovation Center (HEROIC); Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Charleston SC
| | - Kinfe G. Bishu
- Center for Health Disparities Research; Department of Medicine; Medical University of South Carolina; Charleston SC
- Department of Medicine; Division of General Internal Medicine and Geriatrics; Medical University of South Carolina; Charleston SC
| | - Samir Fakhry
- Department of Surgery; Medical University of South Carolina; Charleston SC
| | - Rebekah J. Walker
- Center for Health Disparities Research; Department of Medicine; Medical University of South Carolina; Charleston SC
- Department of Medicine; Division of General Internal Medicine and Geriatrics; Medical University of South Carolina; Charleston SC
- Health Equity and Rural Outreach Innovation Center (HEROIC); Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Charleston SC
| | - Leonard E. Egede
- Center for Health Disparities Research; Department of Medicine; Medical University of South Carolina; Charleston SC
- Department of Medicine; Division of General Internal Medicine and Geriatrics; Medical University of South Carolina; Charleston SC
- Health Equity and Rural Outreach Innovation Center (HEROIC); Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Charleston SC
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Alghnam S, Castillo R. Traumatic injuries and persistent opioid use in the USA: findings from a nationally representative survey. Inj Prev 2016; 23:87-92. [DOI: 10.1136/injuryprev-2016-042059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|