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Møller LLV, Klip A, Sylow L. Rho GTPases-Emerging Regulators of Glucose Homeostasis and Metabolic Health. Cells 2019; 8:E434. [PMID: 31075957 PMCID: PMC6562660 DOI: 10.3390/cells8050434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Rho guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) are key regulators in a number of cellular functions, including actin cytoskeleton remodeling and vesicle traffic. Traditionally, Rho GTPases are studied because of their function in cell migration and cancer, while their roles in metabolism are less documented. However, emerging evidence implicates Rho GTPases as regulators of processes of crucial importance for maintaining metabolic homeostasis. Thus, the time is now ripe for reviewing Rho GTPases in the context of metabolic health. Rho GTPase-mediated key processes include the release of insulin from pancreatic β cells, glucose uptake into skeletal muscle and adipose tissue, and muscle mass regulation. Through the current review, we cast light on the important roles of Rho GTPases in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the pancreas and discuss the proposed mechanisms by which Rho GTPases act to regulate glucose metabolism in health and disease. We also describe challenges and goals for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisbeth Liliendal Valbjørn Møller
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Oe, Denmark.
| | - Amira Klip
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada.
| | - Lykke Sylow
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Oe, Denmark.
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Sakuma M, Gorski G, Sheu SH, Lee S, Barrett LB, Singh B, Omura T, Latremoliere A, Woolf CJ. Lack of motor recovery after prolonged denervation of the neuromuscular junction is not due to regenerative failure. Eur J Neurosci 2015; 43:451-62. [PMID: 26332731 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Motor axons in peripheral nerves have the capacity to regenerate after injury. However, full functional motor recovery rarely occurs clinically, and this depends on the nature and location of the injury. Recent preclinical findings suggest that there may be a time after nerve injury where, while regrowth to the muscle successfully occurs, there is nevertheless a failure to re-establish motor function, suggesting a possible critical period for synapse reformation. We have now examined the temporal and anatomical determinants for the re-establishment of motor function after prolonged neuromuscular junction (NMJ) denervation in rats and mice. Using both sciatic transection-resuture and multiple nerve crush models in rats and mice to produce prolonged delays in reinnervation, we show that regenerating fibres reach motor endplates and anatomically fully reform the NMJ even after extended periods of denervation. However, in spite of this remarkably successful anatomical regeneration, after 1 month of denervation there is a consistent failure to re-establish functional recovery, as assessed by behavioural and electrophysiological assays. We conclude that this represents a failure in re-establishment of synaptic function, and the possible mechanisms responsible are discussed, as are their clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Sakuma
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Grzegorz Gorski
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Shu-Hsien Sheu
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Pathology and Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stella Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Lee B Barrett
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Bhagat Singh
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Takao Omura
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Alban Latremoliere
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Clifford J Woolf
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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Yang B, Song JC, Jiang JH, Li ST. Receptor analysis of differential sensitivity change to succinylcholine induced by nerve injury in rat gastrocnemius. J Surg Res 2015; 195:136-43. [PMID: 25703161 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2015.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urgent tracheal intubation is common in intensive care units and the emergency room, and succinylcholine is a first-line neuromuscular blocker used in these situations. Paraplegic or critically ill patients may be at a high risk of receiving succinylcholine because the denervation stage changes nicotinic receptors, which affect the efficacy and safety of succinylcholine. The objective of this study was to determine the receptor subtypes associated with changes in the pharmacodynamics of succinylcholine and its time-line trend. METHODS Denervated gastrocnemius was collected from tibial nerve transected rats. To determine the 50% effective dose of succinylcholine and rocuronium at 0 (control), 1, 3, 7, 14, and 28 d after denervation, action potential amplitude was monitored by an intracellular recording method. Subunits α1, α7, ε, and γ of the acetylcholine receptor (AChR) were quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Receptor amount and pharmacodynamic changes were analyzed by correlation and regression analysis. RESULTS The pharmacodynamic change in succinylcholine was a dynamic process, and at the same time α7, ε, and γ-nicotinic AChR genes in denervated muscle were significantly changed but only α7 was closely correlated with the action of succinylcholine. Subunit γ and α7 were related to pharmacodynamic change in the nondepolarizing neuromuscular agent, rocuronium. CONCLUSIONS Nerve injury may alter nicotinic AChR subtypes in skeletal muscle at different stages, which probably affected the pharmacodynamics of neuromuscular blockers in different ways. Denervation time and stage and the type of neuromuscular blocker and dosage should be taken into consideration when using these drugs in patients with nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R.China
| | - Jin-Chao Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ji-Hong Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R.China
| | - Shi-Tong Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R.China.
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Liao CK, Tsai FC, Fong TH, Hu CM, Wei PL, Su CH. Damage from periorbital ageing to the multilayered structures and resilience of the skin in Chinese population. Int J Exp Pathol 2013; 94:188-94. [PMID: 23441675 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ageing dynamically disrupts the multilayered supporting components of the skin that are held together by cell adhesion molecules (CAMs). Skin specimens from 33 female Chinese patients undergoing lower blepharoplasty were divided into three age groups and examined by haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Elastica-van Gieson (EVG) stains, western blotting, surface electron microscopy (SEM) and biomechanical tension analysis. The SEM density (skin surface topology) showed a negative linear relationship with age. The triangular pattern of the skin surface in the younger group gradually broke down into quadrangular and irregular patterns in the older group. Collagens and elastic fibres in the dermis showed anisotropy and decreased density in the older groups compared with the younger group, especially in the papillary dermis. Anisotropy means that physical properties differ according to the direction of measurement. E-cadherin and integrin αv (whose functions are to bind epidermal and dermal elements respectively) increased and decreased, respectively, in the oldest group. Skin resilience decreased significantly in this group under repetitive stress. In conclusion, a loss of skin surface textures, integrin αv expressions, epidermal-dermal connections and dermal compactness led to the multilayered structure of the skin becoming separated. This in turn decreased resilience during ageing. These findings may therefore explain why aged skins cannot tolerate repetitive facial expressions, and why this action produces further dynamic wrinkles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuh-Kai Liao
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Family Medicine, Taipei Municipal Wan Fang Hospital, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Tsai FC, Wang MC, Lo JF, Chou CM, Lin YL. Spatiotemporal dynamics of the biological interface between cancer and the microenvironment: a fractal anomalous diffusion model with microenvironment plasticity. Theor Biol Med Model 2012; 9:36. [PMID: 22889191 PMCID: PMC3462694 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4682-9-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The invasion-metastasis cascade of cancer involves a process of parallel progression. A biological interface (module) in which cells is linked with ECM (extracellular matrix) by CAMs (cell adhesion molecules) has been proposed as a tool for tracing cancer spatiotemporal dynamics. METHODS A mathematical model was established to simulate cancer cell migration. Human uterine leiomyoma specimens, in vitro cell migration assay, quantitative real-time PCR, western blotting, dynamic viscosity, and an in vivo C57BL6 mouse model were used to verify the predictive findings of our model. RESULTS The return to origin probability (RTOP) and its related CAM expression ratio in tumors, so-called "tumor self-seeding", gradually decreased with increased tumor size, and approached the 3D Pólya random walk constant (0.340537) in a periodic structure. The biphasic pattern of cancer cell migration revealed that cancer cells initially grew together and subsequently began spreading. A higher viscosity of fillers applied to the cancer surface was associated with a significantly greater inhibitory effect on cancer migration, in accordance with the Stokes-Einstein equation. CONCLUSION The positional probability and cell-CAM-ECM interface (module) in the fractal framework helped us decipher cancer spatiotemporal dynamics; in addition we modeled the methods of cancer control by manipulating the microenvironment plasticity or inhibiting the CAM expression to the Pólya random walk, Pólya constant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Chou Tsai
- Center for Mathematical Biology; Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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