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Wang S, Kai L, Zhu L, Xu B, Chen N, Valencak TG, Wang Y, Shan T. Cathelicidin-WA Protects Against LPS-Induced Gut Damage Through Enhancing Survival and Function of Intestinal Stem Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:685363. [PMID: 34381773 PMCID: PMC8350165 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.685363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Preservation of intestinal stem cells (ISCs) plays a critical role in initiating epithelial regeneration after intestinal injury. Cathelicidin peptides have been shown to participate in regulating intestinal damage repair. However, it is not known how exactly Cathelicidin-WA (CWA) exert its function after tissue damage. Using a gut injury model in mice involving Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), we observed that CWA administration significantly improved intestinal barrier function, preserved ISCs survival, and augmented ISCs viability within the small intestine (SI) under LPS treatment. In addition, CWA administration effectively prevented proliferation stops and promoted the growth of isolated crypts. Mechanistically, our results show that the appearance of γH2AX was accompanied by weakened expression of SETDB1, a gene that has been reported to safeguard genome stability. Notably, we found that CWA significantly rescued the decreased expression of SETDB1 and reduced DNA damage after LPS treatment. Taken together, CWA could protect against LPS-induced gut damage through enhancing ISCs survival and function. Our results suggest that CWA may become an effective therapeutic regulator to treat intestinal diseases and infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lixia Kai
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China
| | - Luoyi Zhu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bocheng Xu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nana Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Yizhen Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tizhong Shan
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China
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2
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Stefanson AL, Bakovic M. Falcarinol Is a Potent Inducer of Heme Oxygenase-1 and Was More Effective than Sulforaphane in Attenuating Intestinal Inflammation at Diet-Achievable Doses. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:3153527. [PMID: 30420908 PMCID: PMC6215554 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3153527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear factor- (erythroid-derived 2) like 2 (Nrf2) is a transcription factor that regulates the expression of a battery of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytoprotective enzymes including heme oxygenase-1 (Hmox1, Ho-1) and NADPH:quinone oxidoreductase-1 (Nqo1). The isothiocyanate sulforaphane (SF) is widely understood to be the most effective natural activator of the Nrf2 pathway. Falcarinol (FA) is a lesser studied natural compound abundant in medicinal plants as well as dietary plants from the Apiaceae family such as carrot. We evaluated the protective effects of FA and SF (5 mg/kg twice per day in CB57BL/6 mice) pretreatment for one week against acute intestinal and systemic inflammation. The phytochemical pretreatment effectively reduced the magnitude of intestinal proinflammatory gene expression (IL-6, Tnfα/Tnfαr, Infγ, STAT3, and IL-10/IL-10r) with FA showing more potency than SF. FA was also more effective in upregulating Ho-1 at mRNA and protein levels in both the mouse liver and the intestine. FA but not SF attenuated plasma chemokine eotaxin and white blood cell growth factor GM-CSF, which are involved in the recruitment and stabilization of first-responder immune cells. Phytochemicals generally did not attenuate plasma proinflammatory cytokines. Plasma and intestinal lipid peroxidation was also not significantly changed 4 h after LPS injection; however, FA did reduce basal lipid peroxidation in the mesentery. Both phytochemical pretreatments protected against LPS-induced reduction in intestinal barrier integrity, but FA additionally reduced inflammatory cell infiltration even below negative control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L. Stefanson
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, 50 Stone Rd E, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Marica Bakovic
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, 50 Stone Rd E, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
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3
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Gastrointestinal Colonization of Candida Albicans Increases Serum (1→3)-β-D-Glucan, without Candidemia, and Worsens Cecal Ligation and Puncture Sepsis in Murine Model. Shock 2018; 49:62-70. [PMID: 28498297 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000000896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The role of intestinal Candida albicans in bacterial sepsis, in the absence of candidemia, was investigated in murine models. Live C albicans or normal saline solution (NSS) was administered orally once, followed by 5 days of daily oral antibiotic-mixtures (ATB). Cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) was then performed to induce sepsis.Fecal Candida was detected by culture only in models with Candida administration. Oral Candida administration with/without ATB enhanced gut-pathogenic bacteria as determined by microbiome analysis. Despite negative candidemia, serum (1→3)-β-D-glucan (BG) was higher in CLP with Candida preconditioning models than in CLP-controls (NSS-preconditioning) at 6 and/or 18 h post-CLP. Blood bacterial burdens were not increased with Candida administration.Additionally, CLP with high-dose Candida (10 colony forming units) induced higher levels of fecal Candida, serum BG, serum IL-6, and mortality than the lowest dose (100 colony forming units). Interestingly, fluconazole attenuated fecal Candida and improved survival in mice with live-Candida administration, but not in the CLP-controls. Heat-killed Candida preparations or their supernatants reduced bone marrow-derived macrophage killing activity in vitro but enhanced cytokine production.In conclusion, intestinal abundance of fungi and/or fungal-molecules was associated with increased bacterial sepsis severity, perhaps through cytokine storm induction and/or decreased macrophage killing activity. These observations suggest that further investigation of the potential role of intestinal fungal burdens in sepsis is warranted.
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4
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Wang Y, Gong ZJ. Acetylation regulation and pyroptosis in the process of liver failure. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2018; 26:633-638. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v26.i11.633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, many studies have confirmed that acetylation regulation and pyroptosis play important roles in the pathogenesis of liver failure. This paper systematically introduces the roles and possible mechanisms of acetylation regulation and pyroptosis signal pathways in the pathogenesis of liver failure, which may provide a potential novel strategy for the therapy of liver failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zuo-Jiong Gong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, China
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5
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Gastrointestinal Leakage Detected by Serum (1→3)-β-D-Glucan in Mouse Models and a Pilot Study in Patients with Sepsis. Shock 2018; 46:506-518. [PMID: 27172153 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000000645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) leakage is believed to exacerbate sepsis and new, validated markers of GI barrier performance might benefit clinical decision-making. Serum (1→3)-β-D-glucan (BG) was evaluated as a potential GI leakage marker. Serum BG was tested in several mouse models of GI leakage, including dextran sulfate solution (DSS) administration, endotoxin (LPS) injection, and cecal ligation and puncture sepsis (CLP). Serum BG titer was also evaluated in patients with sepsis and septic shock, for comparison.With 0.75% DSS administration, BG increased only after oral administration of heat-killed C. albicans, but increased spontaneously with 1.5% DSS. In the LPS and CLP models, BG increased as early as 1 h and at 12 h after LPS administration and surgery, respectively. GI leakage was confirmed by orthogonal validation methods including FITC-dextran oral administration in the DSS, LPS, and CLP models and, in the DSS model, with urine sucralose after oral administration and serum endotoxemia. IL-6 increased in parallel with serum BG. Serum BG or IL-6, at 18 h, anticipated sepsis mortality in the CLP model.Analysis of serum BG from patients with febrile neutropenic sepsis (N = 49) and febrile non-neutropenic sepsis (N = 39) demonstrated BG elevation. Patients with bacterial septic shock had serum BG titers similar to levels observed in invasive fungal disease, regardless of febrile neutropenia. Serum BG was lower in less severe cases of bacterial sepsis. Elevated serum IL-6 was associated with GI leakage and elevated serum BG.Serum BG may have potential as a sepsis/septic shock biomarker and further study in this context is warranted.
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Panpetch W, Somboonna N, Bulan DE, Issara-Amphorn J, Finkelman M, Worasilchai N, Chindamporn A, Palaga T, Tumwasorn S, Leelahavanichkul A. Oral administration of live- or heat-killed Candida albicans worsened cecal ligation and puncture sepsis in a murine model possibly due to an increased serum (1→3)-β-D-glucan. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181439. [PMID: 28750040 PMCID: PMC5531434 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is the most common fungus in the human intestinal microbiota but not in mice. To make a murine sepsis model more closely resemble human sepsis and to explore the role of intestinal C. albicans, in the absence of candidemia, in bacterial sepsis, live- or heat-killed C. albicans was orally administered to mice at 3h prior to cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). A higher mortality rate of CLP was demonstrated with Candida-administration (live- or heat-killed) prior to CLP. Fecal Candida presented only in experiments with live-Candida administration. Despite the absence of candidemia, serum (1→3)-β-D-glucan (BG) was higher in CLP with Candida-administration than CLP-controls (normal saline administration) at 6h and/or 18h post-CLP. Interestingly, fluconazole attenuated the fecal Candida burden and improved survival in mice with live-Candida administration, but not CLP-control. Microbiota analysis revealed increased Bacteroides spp. and reduced Lactobacillus spp. in feces after Candida administration. Additionally, synergy in the elicitation of cytokine production from bone marrow-derived macrophages, in vitro, was demonstrated by co-exposure to heat-killed E. coli and BG. In conclusion, intestinal abundance of fungi and/or fungal-molecules was associated with increased bacterial sepsis-severity, perhaps through enhanced cytokine elicitation induced by synergistic responses to molecules from gut-derived bacteria and fungi. Conversely, reducing intestinal fungal burdens decreased serum BG and attenuated sepsis in our model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wimonrat Panpetch
- Interdisciplinary Program of Medical Microbiology, Graduate school, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Naraporn Somboonna
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Omics Sciences and Bioinformatics Center, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Dewi Embong Bulan
- Department of Water Resources Management, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Mulawarman University, Indonesia
| | | | - Malcolm Finkelman
- Associates of Cape Cod, Inc., East Falmouth, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Navaporn Worasilchai
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ariya Chindamporn
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tanapat Palaga
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Somying Tumwasorn
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- * E-mail: (AL); (ST)
| | - Asada Leelahavanichkul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-mediated Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand
- STAR on Craniofacial and Skeleton Disorders, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- * E-mail: (AL); (ST)
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7
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Wang Y, George SP, Roy S, Pham E, Esmaeilniakooshkghazi A, Khurana S. Both the anti- and pro-apoptotic functions of villin regulate cell turnover and intestinal homeostasis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35491. [PMID: 27765954 PMCID: PMC5073230 DOI: 10.1038/srep35491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the small intestine, epithelial cells are derived from stem cells in the crypts, migrate up the villus as they differentiate and are ultimately shed from the villus tips. This process of proliferation and shedding is tightly regulated to maintain the intestinal architecture and tissue homeostasis. Apoptosis regulates both the number of stem cells in the crypts as well as the sloughing of cells from the villus tips. Previously, we have shown that villin, an epithelial cell-specific actin-binding protein functions as an anti-apoptotic protein in the gastrointestinal epithelium. The expression of villin is highest in the apoptosis-resistant villus cells and lowest in the apoptosis-sensitive crypts. In this study we report that villin is cleaved in the intestinal mucosa to generate a pro-apoptotic fragment that is spatially restricted to the villus tips. This cleaved villin fragment severs actin in an unregulated fashion to initiate the extrusion and subsequent apoptosis of effete cells from the villus tips. Using villin knockout mice, we validate the physiological role of villin in apoptosis and cell extrusion from the gastrointestinal epithelium. Our study also highlights the potential role of villin’s pro-apoptotic function in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease, ischemia-reperfusion injury, enteroinvasive bacterial and parasitic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaohong Wang
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Sudeep P George
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston TX 77204, USA
| | - Swati Roy
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston TX 77204, USA
| | - Eric Pham
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston TX 77204, USA
| | | | - Seema Khurana
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston TX 77204, USA.,Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX 77030, USA
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8
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Stolp B, Melican K. Microbial pathogenesis revealed by intravital microscopy: pros, cons and cautions. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:2014-26. [PMID: 26938770 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Intravital multiphoton imaging allows visualization of infections and pathogenic mechanisms within intact organs in their physiological context. Today, most organs of mice and rats are applicable to in vivo or ex vivo imaging, opening completely new avenues for many researchers. Advances in fluorescent labeling of pathogens and infected cells, as well as improved small animal models for human pathogens, led to the increased application of in vivo imaging in infectious diseases research in recent years. Here, we review the latest literature on intravital or ex vivo imaging of viral and bacterial infections and critically discuss requirements, benefits and drawbacks of applied animal models, labeling strategies, and imaged organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Stolp
- Heidelberg University Hospital, Center of Infectious Diseases, Integrative Virology, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Keira Melican
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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9
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Abstract
Obesity is a multifactorial disorder that results in excessive accumulation of adipose tissue. Although obesity is caused by alterations in the energy consumption/expenditure balance, the factors promoting this disequilibrium are incompletely understood. The rapid development of new technologies and analysis strategies to decode the gut microbiota composition and metabolic pathways has opened a door into the complexity of the guest-host interactions between the gut microbiota and its human host in health and in disease. Pivotal studies have demonstrated that manipulation of the gut microbiota and its metabolic pathways can affect host's adiposity and metabolism. These observations have paved the way for further assessment of the mechanisms underlying these changes. In this review we summarize the current evidence for possible mechanisms underlying gut microbiota induced obesity. The review addresses some well-known effects of the gut microbiota on energy harvesting and changes in metabolic machinery, on metabolic and immune interactions and on possible changes in brain function and behavior. Although there is limited understanding on the symbiotic relationship between us and our gut microbiome, and how disturbances of this relationship affects our health, there is compelling evidence for an important role of the gut microbiota in the development and perpetuation of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Sanmiguel
- Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Arpana Gupta
- Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Emeran A. Mayer
- Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Physiology, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Psychiatry, Los Angeles, CA
- UCLA CURE Digestive Diseases Research Center, Los Angeles, CA
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10
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Abstract
As the prevalence of obesity and associated disease continues to rise and concerns for the spiralling economic and social costs also escalate, innovative management strategies beyond primary prevention and traditional lifestyle interventions are urgently needed. The biological basis of disease is one avenue for further exploration in this context. Several key inflammatory markers have been consistently associated with both obesity and risk of adverse outcomes in obesity-associated diseases, which suggests that a persistent, low-grade, inflammatory response is a potentially modifiable risk factor. In this Review, we provide evidence supporting perturbation of the intestinal microbiota and changes in intestinal permeability as potential triggers of inflammation in obesity. Further characterisation of the mechanisms underpinning the triggers of such inflammatory responses in overweight and obese individuals could offer unique opportunities for intervention strategies to help ameliorate the risk of obesity-associated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Cox
- Molecular Basis of Disease, Griffith University, Southport, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Heart Foundation Research Centre, Griffith University, Southport, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Griffith Health Institute, and School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Nicholas P West
- Molecular Basis of Disease, Griffith University, Southport, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Griffith Health Institute, and School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Allan W Cripps
- Molecular Basis of Disease, Griffith University, Southport, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Griffith Health Institute, and School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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11
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Song D, Zong X, Zhang H, Wang T, Yi H, Luan C, Wang Y. Antimicrobial peptide Cathelicidin-BF prevents intestinal barrier dysfunction in a mouse model of endotoxemia. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 25:141-7. [PMID: 25639228 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal barrier functions are altered during the development of sepsis. Cathelicidin antimicrobial peptides, such as LL-37 and mCRAMP, can protect animals against intestinal barrier dysfunction. Cathelicidin-BF (C-BF), a new cathelicidin peptide purified from the venom of the snake Bungarus fasciatus, has been shown to have both antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. This study investigated whether C-BF pretreatment could protect the intestinal barrier against dysfunction in a mouse model of endotoxemia, induced by intraperitoneal injection of LPS (10mg/kg). Mice were treated with low or high dose C-BF before treatment with LPS, and samples were collected 5h after LPS treatment. C-BF reduced LPS induced intestinal histological damage and gut permeability to 4 KD Fluorescein-isothiocyanate-conjugated dextran. Pretreatment with C-BF prevented LPS induced intestinal tight junction disruption and epithelial cell apoptosis. Moreover, C-BF down regulated the expression and secretion of TNF-α, a process involving the NF-κB signaling pathway. C-BF also reduced LPS induced TNF-α expression through the NF-κB signaling pathway in mouse RAW 264.7 macrophages. These findings indicate that C-BF can prevent gut barrier dysfunction induced by LPS, suggesting that C-BF may be used to develop a prophylactic agent for intestinal injury in endotoxemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deguang Song
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin Zong
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haiwen Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tenghao Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongbo Yi
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chao Luan
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yizhen Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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12
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Williams JM, Duckworth CA, Burkitt MD, Watson AJM, Campbell BJ, Pritchard DM. Epithelial cell shedding and barrier function: a matter of life and death at the small intestinal villus tip. Vet Pathol 2014; 52:445-55. [PMID: 25428410 PMCID: PMC4441880 DOI: 10.1177/0300985814559404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium is a critical component of the gut barrier. Composed of a single layer of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) held together by tight junctions, this delicate structure prevents the transfer of harmful microorganisms, antigens, and toxins from the gut lumen into the circulation. The equilibrium between the rate of apoptosis and shedding of senescent epithelial cells at the villus tip, and the generation of new cells in the crypt, is key to maintaining tissue homeostasis. However, in both localized and systemic inflammation, this balance may be disturbed as a result of pathological IEC shedding. Shedding of IECs from the epithelial monolayer may cause transient gaps or microerosions in the epithelial barrier, resulting in increased intestinal permeability. Although pathological IEC shedding has been observed in mouse models of inflammation and human intestinal conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease, understanding of the underlying mechanisms remains limited. This process may also be an important contributor to systemic and intestinal inflammatory diseases and gut barrier dysfunction in domestic animal species. This review aims to summarize current knowledge about intestinal epithelial cell shedding, its significance in gut barrier dysfunction and host-microbial interactions, and where research in this field is directed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Williams
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - C A Duckworth
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - M D Burkitt
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - A J M Watson
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - B J Campbell
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - D M Pritchard
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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13
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Williams JM, Duckworth CA, Watson AJM, Frey MR, Miguel JC, Burkitt MD, Sutton R, Hughes KR, Hall LJ, Caamaño JH, Campbell BJ, Pritchard DM. A mouse model of pathological small intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis and shedding induced by systemic administration of lipopolysaccharide. Dis Model Mech 2013; 6:1388-99. [PMID: 24046352 PMCID: PMC3820262 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.013284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut barrier, composed of a single layer of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) held together by tight junctions, prevents the entrance of harmful microorganisms, antigens and toxins from the gut lumen into the blood. Small intestinal homeostasis is normally maintained by the rate of shedding of senescent enterocytes from the villus tip exactly matching the rate of generation of new cells in the crypt. However, in various localized and systemic inflammatory conditions, intestinal homeostasis can be disturbed as a result of increased IEC shedding. Such pathological IEC shedding can cause transient gaps to develop in the epithelial barrier and result in increased intestinal permeability. Although pathological IEC shedding has been implicated in the pathogenesis of conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease, our understanding of the underlying mechanisms remains limited. We have therefore developed a murine model to study this phenomenon, because IEC shedding in this species is morphologically analogous to humans. IEC shedding was induced by systemic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration in wild-type C57BL/6 mice, and in mice deficient in TNF-receptor 1 (Tnfr1−/−), Tnfr2 (Tnfr2−/−), nuclear factor kappa B1 (Nfκb1−/−) or Nfĸb2 (Nfĸb2−/−). Apoptosis and cell shedding was quantified using immunohistochemistry for active caspase-3, and gut-to-circulation permeability was assessed by measuring plasma fluorescence following fluorescein-isothiocyanate–dextran gavage. LPS, at doses ≥0.125 mg/kg body weight, induced rapid villus IEC apoptosis, with peak cell shedding occurring at 1.5 hours after treatment. This coincided with significant villus shortening, fluid exudation into the gut lumen and diarrhea. A significant increase in gut-to-circulation permeability was observed at 5 hours. TNFR1 was essential for LPS-induced IEC apoptosis and shedding, and the fate of the IECs was also dependent on NFκB, with signaling via NFκB1 favoring cell survival and via NFκB2 favoring apoptosis. This model will enable investigation of the importance and regulation of pathological IEC apoptosis and cell shedding in various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Williams
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
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