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Wang R, Hou L, Lu H, Zhang Y, Guo T, Zhou B, Zhao H, Xing M. Unveiling the interplay of MAPK/NF-κB/MLKL axis in brain health: Omega-3 as a promising candidates against copper neurotoxicity. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 370:122791. [PMID: 39357438 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.122791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2024] [Revised: 08/26/2024] [Accepted: 09/29/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024]
Abstract
Excessive intake of copper (Cu) may lead to increased inflammatory responses in brain, which can cause damage to neurons and glial cells, thereby affecting normal brain function. Omega-3 (ω-3) is a common dietary supplement, particularly rich in DHA in the brain, known for its anti-inflammatory properties and its role in lipid balance regulation and structural maintenance. Here, ω-3 is supplemented to Cu-exposed chickens to assess its neuroprotection in vivo and in vitro. Pathologically, ω-3 significantly alleviated structural and functional abnormalities in brain under excess Cu, including barrier disruption, neuronal shrinkage necroptosis and increased release of inflammatory factors such as IL-1β. The molecular docking analyses unveiled high enrichment values of inflammation and MAPK pathway, with IL-1β gene enrichment the highest value. Mechanistically, DHA stabilized the active site of IL-1β, thereby reducing the activation of NF-κB signal and phosphorylation of MAPK/MLKL cascades, ultimately mitigating Cu-induced inflammatory effects. These mechanisms elucidate the action mode of Cu neurotoxicity from aspect of MAPK/NF-κB/MLKL axis and the promising neuroprotection of ω-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoqi Wang
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Lulu Hou
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Hongmin Lu
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Yue Zhang
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Tiantian Guo
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Boran Zhou
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Hongjing Zhao
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, PR China.
| | - Mingwei Xing
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, PR China.
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2
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Li Y, Tang L, Zhao M, Tang R, Fang K, Ge W, Du W. Study on the active components and mechanism of Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma for invigorating the spleen and tonifying qi based on spectrum-effect relationship and network pharmacology. Biomed Chromatogr 2024; 38:e5870. [PMID: 38664069 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Spleen deficiency can lead to various abnormal physiological functions of the spleen. Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma (AMR) is a traditional Chinese medicine used to invigorate the spleen and tonify qi. The study aimed to identify the primary active components influencing the efficacy of AMR in strengthening the spleen and replenishing qi through spectrum-effect relationship and chemometrics. Network pharmacology was used to investigate the mechanism by which AMR strengthens the spleen and replenishes qi, with molecular docking utilized for validation purposes. The findings indicated that bran-fried AMR exhibited superior efficacy, with atractylenolides and atractylone identified as the primary active constituents. Atractylenolide II emerged as the most influential component impacting the effectiveness of AMR, while the key target was androgen receptor. Furthermore, crucial pathways implicated included the mitogen-activated protein cascade (MAPK) cascade, RNA polymerase II transcription factor activity, ligand-activated sequence-specific DNA binding, and RNA polymerase II sequence-specific DNA-binding transcription factor binding. In summary, our study has identified the primary active components associated with the efficacy of AMR and has provided an initial exploration of its mechanism of action. This offers a theoretical foundation for future investigations into the material basis and molecular mechanisms underlying the pharmacodynamics of AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- Research Center of TCM Processing Technology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lulu Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- Research Center of TCM Processing Technology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mingfang Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- Research Center of TCM Processing Technology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rui Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- Research Center of TCM Processing Technology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Keer Fang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- Research Center of TCM Processing Technology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weihong Ge
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- Research Center of TCM Processing Technology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University Chinese Medicine Yinpian Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China
| | - Weifeng Du
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- Research Center of TCM Processing Technology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University Chinese Medicine Yinpian Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China
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Gong Z, Guo J, Liu B, Guo Y, Cheng C, Jiang Y, Liang N, Hu M, Song T, Yang L, Li H, Zhang H, Zong X, Che Q, Shi N. Mechanisms of immune response and cell death in ischemic stroke and their regulation by natural compounds. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1287857. [PMID: 38274789 PMCID: PMC10808662 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1287857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke (IS), which is the third foremost cause of disability and death worldwide, has inflammation and cell death as its main pathological features. IS can lead to neuronal cell death and release factors such as damage-related molecular patterns, stimulating the immune system to release inflammatory mediators, thereby resulting in inflammation and exacerbating brain damage. Currently, there are a limited number of treatment methods for IS, which is a fact necessitating the discovery of new treatment targets. For this review, current research on inflammation and cell death in ischemic stroke was summarized. The complex roles and pathways of the principal immune cells (microglia, astrocyte, neutrophils, T lymphocytes, and monocytes/macrophage) in the immune system after IS in inflammation are discussed. The mechanisms of immune cell interactions and the cytokines involved in these interactions are summarized. Moreover, the cell death mechanisms (pyroptosis, apoptosis, necroptosis, PANoptosis, and ferroptosis) and pathways after IS are explored. Finally, a summary is provided of the mechanism of action of natural pharmacological active ingredients in the treatment of IS. Despite significant recent progress in research on IS, there remain many challenges that need to be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Qianzi Che
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nannan Shi
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Abdelnaser M, Alaaeldin R, Attya ME, Fathy M. Hepatoprotective potential of gabapentin in cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis; targeting oxidative stress, apoptosis, and NF-kB/MAPK signaling pathways. Life Sci 2023; 320:121562. [PMID: 36907325 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Sepsis is a severe inflammatory response to infection with an incidence rate exceeding 48 million cases and 11 million sepsis-related deaths yearly. Furthermore, sepsis remains the fifth most common cause of death worldwide. The present study aimed to examine, for the first time, the potential hepatoprotective activity of gabapentin on cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced sepsis in rats at the molecular level. MAIN METHODS CLP was used as a model of sepsis in male Wistar rats. Histological examination and liver functions were evaluated. Levels of MDA, GSH, SOD, IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α were investigated using ELISA. mRNA levels of Bax, Bcl-2, and NF-kB were assessed by qRT-PCR. Western blotting investigated the expression of ERK1/2, JNK1/2, and cleaved caspase 3 proteins. KEY FINDINGS CLP resulted in liver damage, elevated serum levels of ALT, AST, ALP, MDA, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β, increased expression of ERK1/2, JNK1/2, and cleaved caspase 3 proteins, and upregulated Bax and NF-κB genes expression while it down-regulated Bcl-2 gene expression. However, gabapentin treatment significantly reduced the severity of CLP-induced biochemical, molecular, and histopathological changes. Gabapentin attenuated the levels of the proinflammatory mediators, decreased the expression of JNK1/2, ERK1/2, and cleaved caspase 3 proteins, suppressed Bax and NF-κB genes expression and increased the expression of the Bcl-2 gene. SIGNIFICANCE Consequently, Gabapentin reduced hepatic injury resulting from CLP-induced sepsis by reducing proinflammatory mediators, attenuating apoptosis, and inhibiting the intracellular MAPK (ERK1/2, JNK1/2)-NF-kB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Abdelnaser
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, Minia 61111, Egypt.
| | - Rania Alaaeldin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, Minia 61111, Egypt.
| | - Mina Ezzat Attya
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt.
| | - Moustafa Fathy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt.
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Jiao W, Jiang L, Zhang Y. SNHG1 alleviates the oxidative stress and inflammatory response in traumatic brain injury through regulating miR-377-3p/DUSP1 axis. Neuroreport 2023; 34:17-29. [PMID: 36504038 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the role of short nucleolar RNA host gene 1 (SNHG1) in regulating inflammation and brain injury in traumatic brain injury (TBI). METHODS The Feeney's free-falling method was used to induce moderate TBI model in mice. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was employed to construct the microglia in vitro. Reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) was conducted to monitor expression of SNHG1, microRNAs (miR)-377-3p, oxidative and inflammatory factors. TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling and immunohistochemistry were adopted to determine neuronal cell apoptosis. Flow cytometry was conducted to measure apoptosis. Moreover, Bax, Bcl2, Caspase3, dual-specific phosphatase-1 (DUSP1)/mitogen-activated protein kinase/NF-KB were tested by western blot. Furthermore, bioinformatics, dual-luciferase assay and RNA-binding protein immunoprecipitation experiment were implemented to verify the targeting relationship among SNHG1, miR-377-3p and DUSP1. RESULTS SNHG1 was knocked down, while miR-377-3p was overexpressed in TBI mice and lipopolysaccharide-induced microglia. Meanwhile, overexpressing SNHG1 reduced neuronal damage and weakened the oxidative stress and inflammation in TBI on matter in vivo or in vitro. Additionally, overexpressing SNHG1 attenuated miR-377-3p-mediated inflammatory factors, oxidative stress and neuronal damage. Moreover, miR-377-3p was the target of SNHG1 and DUSP1. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a better understanding of the SNHG1/miR-377-3p/DUSP1 axis in regulating the development of TBI, which is helpful to formulate a treatment plan for TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lili Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, Bozhou People's Hospital, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Bozhou, Anhui, China
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Mader MMD, Lefering R, Westphal M, Maegele M, Czorlich P. Traumatic brain injury with concomitant injury to the spleen: characteristics and mortality of a high-risk trauma cohort from the TraumaRegister DGU®. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg 2022; 48:4451-4459. [PMID: 33206232 PMCID: PMC9712402 DOI: 10.1007/s00068-020-01544-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Based on the hypothesis that systemic inflammation contributes to secondary injury after initial traumatic brain injury (TBI), this study aims to describe the effect of splenectomy on mortality in trauma patients with TBI and splenic injury. METHODS A retrospective cohort analysis of patients prospectively registered into the TraumaRegister DGU® (TR-DGU) with TBI (AISHead ≥ 3) combined with injury to the spleen (AISSpleen ≥ 1) was conducted. Multivariable logistic regression modeling was performed to adjust for confounding factors and to assess the independent effect of splenectomy on in-hospital mortality. RESULTS The cohort consisted of 1114 patients out of which 328 (29.4%) had undergone early splenectomy. Patients with splenectomy demonstrated a higher Injury Severity Score (median: 34 vs. 44, p < 0.001) and lower Glasgow Coma Scale (median: 9 vs. 7, p = 0.014) upon admission. Splenectomized patients were more frequently hypotensive upon admission (19.8% vs. 38.0%, p < 0.001) and in need for blood transfusion (30.3% vs. 61.0%, p < 0.001). The mortality was 20.7% in the splenectomy group and 10.3% in the remaining cohort. After adjustment for confounding factors, early splenectomy was not found to exert a significant effect on in-hospital mortality (OR 1.29 (0.67-2.50), p = 0.45). CONCLUSION Trauma patients with TBI and spleen injury undergoing splenectomy demonstrate a more severe injury pattern, more compromised hemodynamic status and higher in-hospital mortality than patients without splenectomy. Adjustment for confounding factors reveals that the splenectomy procedure itself is not independently associated with survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Marc-Daniel Mader
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Rolf Lefering
- Institute for Research in Operative Medicine (IFOM), University of Witten/Herdecke, Ostmerheimer Strasse 200, 51109, Cologne, Germany
| | - Manfred Westphal
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marc Maegele
- Institute for Research in Operative Medicine (IFOM), University of Witten/Herdecke, Ostmerheimer Strasse 200, 51109, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Witten/Herdecke, Cologne-Merheim Medical Center, Ostmerheimer Strasse 200, 51109, Cologne, Germany
| | - Patrick Czorlich
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
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Hu Q, Luo K, Liu P, Mei Y. To discuss the mechanism of colchicine in the treatment of acute cerebral infarction based on network pharmacology. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e30720. [PMID: 36197265 PMCID: PMC9509177 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000030720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore the mechanism of action of colchicine in the treatment of acute cerebral infarction (ACI) based on network pharmacology. The Swiss Target Prediction Database and CTD database were used to predict the target information of colchicine. ACI-related targets were retrieved using the GeneCards database, and the target protein interaction network (PPI) and active ingredient-target network were obtained by combining Cytoscape 3.7.1 software and R language. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis and gene function analysis (GO) enrichment analysis were performed using R language to preliminarily explore the multiple pharmacological mechanisms of action of colchicine. There were 200 targets identified by network parameter analysis; 958 ACI targets were identified. Overlapping comparisons allowed the extraction of 143 overlapping targets, and the top 30 targets were screened according to the topological isomerization parameters. Component-target networks were constructed. A PPI of overlapping targets was established to identify key targets. In addition, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis and GO functional enrichment analysis were performed to explore the multiple mechanisms of action of colchicine in the treatment of ACI. Colchicine treatment of ACI is characterized by multi-component, multi-target and multi-pathway, and can exert complex network regulation through the interaction between different targets, providing a new idea and new basis for further exploration of the mechanism of action of colchicine in the treatment of ACI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoxia Hu
- Department of Geriatrics, the Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Ningbo University, Institute of Geriatrics of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- *Correspondence: Qiaoxia Hu, Department of Geriatrics, the Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Ningbo University, Institute of Geriatrics of Ningbo University, 247 Renmin Road, Ningbo 315020, China (e-mail: )
| | - Kena Luo
- Department of Geriatrics, the Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Ningbo University, Institute of Geriatrics of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Puheng Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, the Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Ningbo University, Institute of Geriatrics of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yifei Mei
- Department of Geriatrics, the Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Ningbo University, Institute of Geriatrics of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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Newell-Rogers MK, Duong A, Nazarali R, Tobin RP, Rogers SK, Shapiro LA. Unilateral Cervical Vagotomy Modulates Immune Cell Profiles and the Response to a Traumatic Brain Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:9851. [PMID: 36077246 PMCID: PMC9456009 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
TBI induces splenic B and T cell expansion that contributes to neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. The vagus nerve, the longest of the cranial nerves, is the predominant parasympathetic pathway allowing the central nervous system (CNS) control over peripheral organs, including regulation of inflammatory responses. One way this is accomplished is by vagus innervation of the celiac ganglion, from which the splenic nerve innervates the spleen. This splenic innervation enables modulation of the splenic immune response, including splenocyte selection, activation, and downstream signaling. Considering that the left and right vagus nerves have distinct courses, it is possible that they differentially influence the splenic immune response following a CNS injury. To test this possibility, immune cell subsets were profiled and quantified following either a left or a right unilateral vagotomy. Both unilateral vagotomies caused similar effects with respect to the percentage of B cells and in the decreased percentage of macrophages and T cells following vagotomy. We next tested the hypothesis that a left unilateral vagotomy would modulate the splenic immune response to a traumatic brain injury (TBI). Mice received a left cervical vagotomy or a sham vagotomy 3 days prior to a fluid percussion injury (FPI), a well-characterized mouse model of TBI that consistently elicits an immune and neuroimmune response. Flow cytometric analysis showed that vagotomy prior to FPI resulted in fewer CLIP+ B cells, and CD4+, CD25+, and CD8+ T cells. Vagotomy followed by FPI also resulted in an altered distribution of CD11bhigh and CD11blow macrophages. Thus, transduction of immune signals from the CNS to the periphery via the vagus nerve can be targeted to modulate the immune response following TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Karen Newell-Rogers
- School of Medicine, Texas A&M University, 8447 Riverside Parkway, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
- BCell Solutions, Inc., Colorado Springs, CO 80907, USA
| | - Amanda Duong
- School of Medicine, Texas A&M University, 8447 Riverside Parkway, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Rizwan Nazarali
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, CO 80309, USA
| | - Richard P. Tobin
- Department of Surgery-Surgical Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Susannah K. Rogers
- School of Medicine, Texas A&M University, 8447 Riverside Parkway, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Lee A. Shapiro
- School of Medicine, Texas A&M University, 8447 Riverside Parkway, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
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9
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Li YF, Ren X, Zhang L, Wang YH, Chen T. Microglial polarization in TBI: Signaling pathways and influencing pharmaceuticals. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:901117. [PMID: 35978950 PMCID: PMC9376354 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.901117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a serious disease that threatens life and health of people. It poses a great economic burden on the healthcare system. Thus, seeking effective therapy to cure a patient with TBI is a matter of great urgency. Microglia are macrophages in the central nervous system (CNS) and play an important role in neuroinflammation. When TBI occurs, the human body environment changes dramatically and microglia polarize to one of two different phenotypes: M1 and M2. M1 microglia play a role in promoting the development of inflammation, while M2 microglia play a role in inhibiting inflammation. How to regulate the polarization direction of microglia is of great significance for the treatment of patients with TBI. The polarization of microglia involves many cellular signal transduction pathways, such as the TLR-4/NF-κB, JAK/STAT, HMGB1, MAPK, and PPAR-γ pathways. These provide a theoretical basis for us to seek therapeutic drugs for the patient with TBI. There are several drugs that target these pathways, including fingolimod, minocycline, Tak-242 and erythropoietin (EPO), and CSF-1. In this study, we will review signaling pathways involved in microglial polarization and medications that influence this process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yu-Hai Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 904th Hospital of PLA, Medical School of Anhui Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 904th Hospital of PLA, Medical School of Anhui Medical University, Wuxi, China
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Zhang J, Li Z, Chandrasekar A, Li S, Ludolph A, Boeckers TM, Huber-Lang M, Roselli F, Olde Heuvel F. Fast Maturation of Splenic Dendritic Cells Upon TBI Is Associated With FLT3/FLT3L Signaling. Front Immunol 2022; 13:824459. [PMID: 35281004 PMCID: PMC8907149 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.824459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The consequences of systemic inflammation are a significant burden after traumatic brain injury (TBI), with almost all organs affected. This response consists of inflammation and concurrent immunosuppression after injury. One of the main immune regulatory organs, the spleen, is highly interactive with the brain. Along this brain–spleen axis, both nerve fibers as well as brain-derived circulating mediators have been shown to interact directly with splenic immune cells. One of the most significant comorbidities in TBI is acute ethanol intoxication (EI), with almost 40% of patients showing a positive blood alcohol level (BAL) upon injury. EI by itself has been shown to reduce proinflammatory mediators dose-dependently and enhance anti-inflammatory mediators in the spleen. However, how the splenic immune modulatory effect reacts to EI in TBI remains unclear. Therefore, we investigated early splenic immune responses after TBI with and without EI, using gene expression screening of cytokines and chemokines and fluorescence staining of thin spleen sections to investigate cellular mechanisms in immune cells. We found a strong FLT3/FLT3L induction 3 h after TBI, which was enhanced by EI. The FLT3L induction resulted in phosphorylation of FLT3 in CD11c+ dendritic cells, which enhanced protein synthesis, maturation process, and the immunity of dendritic cells, shown by pS6, peIF2A, MHC-II, LAMP1, and CD68 by immunostaining and TNF-α expression by in-situ hybridization. In conclusion, these data indicate that TBI induces a fast maturation and immunity of dendritic cells which is associated with FLT3/FLT3L signaling and which is enhanced by EI prior to TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Center for Biomedical Research (ZBMF), Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Zhenghui Li
- Department of Neurology, Center for Biomedical Research (ZBMF), Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.,Department of Neurosurgery, Kaifeng Central Hospital, Kaifeng, China
| | - Akila Chandrasekar
- Department of Neurology, Center for Biomedical Research (ZBMF), Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Shun Li
- Department of Neurology, Center for Biomedical Research (ZBMF), Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Albert Ludolph
- Department of Neurology, Center for Biomedical Research (ZBMF), Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) , Ulm, Germany
| | - Tobias Maria Boeckers
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) , Ulm, Germany.,Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Markus Huber-Lang
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma-Immunology, University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Francesco Roselli
- Department of Neurology, Center for Biomedical Research (ZBMF), Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) , Ulm, Germany.,Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Florian Olde Heuvel
- Department of Neurology, Center for Biomedical Research (ZBMF), Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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11
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Nanoparticles Carrying NF-κB p65-Specific siRNA Alleviate Colitis in Mice by Attenuating NF-κB-Related Protein Expression and Pro-Inflammatory Cellular Mediator Secretion. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14020419. [PMID: 35214151 PMCID: PMC8874689 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis is a disease that causes inflammation and ulcers in the colon and which is typically recurrent, and NF-κB proteins are important players during disease progression. Here, we assess the impact of silica-coated calcium phosphate nanoparticles carrying encapsulated siRNA against NF-κB p65 on a murine model of colitis. To this end, nanoparticles were injected intravenously (2.0 mg siRNA/kg body weight) into mice after colitis induction with dextran sulfate sodium or healthy ones. The disease activity index, the histopathological impact on the colon, the protein expression of several NF-κB-associated players, and the mediator secretion (colon tissue, blood) were analyzed. We found that the nanoparticles effectively alleviated the clinical and histopathological features of colitis. They further suppressed the expression of NF-κB proteins (e.g., p65, p50, p52, p100, etc.) in the colon. They finally attenuated the local (colon) or systemic (blood) pro-inflammatory mediator secretion (e.g., TNF-α, IFN-β, MCP-1, interleukins, etc.) as well as the leucocyte load of the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes. The nanoparticle biodistribution in diseased animals was seen to pinpoint organs containing lymphoid entities (appendix, intestine, lung, etc.). Taken together, the nanoparticle-related silencing of p65 NF-κB protein expression could well be used for the treatment of ulcerative colitis in the future.
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Traumatic brain injury and hemorrhage in a juvenile rat model of polytrauma leads to immunosuppression and splenic alterations. J Neuroimmunol 2021; 361:577723. [PMID: 34619426 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a common cause of morbidity and mortality. We have previously shown that TBI with a concurrent extra-cranial injury reliably leads to post-injury suppression of the innate immune system, but the impact of this injury on the adaptive immune system is unknown. We present data showing that combined injury reduced immune response as assayed in both blood and spleen samples and that these changes parallel apoptosis in the spleen. To assess the clinical relevance of these changes, we examined lungs for spontaneous bacterial colonization. METHODS For these studies, prepubescent (28 day old) rats were injured using a controlled cortical impact model and then 25% blood volume removal by arteriotomy, and injured animals were compared with sham injured animals. Blood and spleen samples at post-injury day 1 were incubated with or without immunostimulant and examined for IFN-γ production using an Eli-Spot assay. Spleen samples were also examined for apoptosis using Annexin V staining, and lungs were harvested and plated on blood agar to examine for spontaneous bacterial colonization. RESULTS Stimulations of whole blood and spleen samples with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate/ionomycin (PMA/I) at post-injury day 1 were associated with significant decreases in IFN-γ-positive cells/million in injured animals. Stimulation of whole blood with either PMA/I or pokeweed mitogen led to reduced tumor necrosis factor alpha production. Spleen from injured animals showed a marked increase in apoptosis. Lung samples showed a 300% increase in colonies per plate in injured animals. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that the combined injury can lead to adaptive immunosuppression, and our findings further suggest a potential role for the spleen in altering leukocyte function following injury.
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Fawzy MA, Maher SA, Bakkar SM, El-Rehany MA, Fathy M. Pantoprazole Attenuates MAPK (ERK1/2, JNK, p38)-NF-κB and Apoptosis Signaling Pathways after Renal Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910669. [PMID: 34639009 PMCID: PMC8508698 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) in the kidney is the most common cause of acute renal dysfunction through different cell damage mechanisms. This study aimed to investigate, on molecular basics for the first time, the effect of pantoprazole on renal IRI in rats. Different biochemical parameters and oxidative stress markers were assessed. ELISA was used to estimate proinflammatory cytokines. qRT-PCR and western blot were used to investigate the gene and protein expression. Renal histopathological examination was also performed. IRI resulted in tissue damage, elevation of serum levels of creatinine, urea nitrogen, malondialdehyde, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, up-regulation of NF-κB, JNK1/2, ERK1/2, p38, and cleaved caspase-3 proteins. Furthermore, it up-regulated the expression of the Bax gene and down-regulated the expression of the Bcl-2 gene. Treatment of the injured rats with pantoprazole, either single dose or multiple doses, significantly alleviated IRI-induced biochemical and histopathological changes, attenuated the levels of proinflammatory cytokines, down-regulated the expression of NF-κB, JNK1/2, ERK1/2, p38, and cleaved caspase-3 proteins, and the Bax gene, and up-regulated Bcl-2 gene expression. Moreover, treatment with pantoprazole multiple doses has an ameliorative effect that is greater than pantoprazole single-dose. In conclusion, pantoprazole diminished renal IRI via suppression of apoptosis, attenuation of the pro-inflammatory cytokines’ levels, and inhibition of the intracellular signaling pathway MAPK (ERK1/2, JNK, p38)–NF-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Fawzy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt;
| | - Sherif A. Maher
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, Minia 61111, Egypt; (S.A.M.); (M.A.E.-R.)
| | - Sally M. Bakkar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt;
| | - Mahmoud A. El-Rehany
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, Minia 61111, Egypt; (S.A.M.); (M.A.E.-R.)
| | - Moustafa Fathy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt;
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
- Correspondence: or
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14
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McDonald SJ, Sharkey JM, Sun M, Kaukas LM, Shultz SR, Turner RJ, Leonard AV, Brady RD, Corrigan F. Beyond the Brain: Peripheral Interactions after Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2021; 37:770-781. [PMID: 32041478 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2019.6885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability, and there are currently no pharmacological treatments known to improve patient outcomes. Unquestionably, contributing toward a lack of effective treatments is the highly complex and heterogenous nature of TBI. In this review, we highlight the recent surge of research that has demonstrated various central interactions with the periphery as a potential major contributor toward this heterogeneity and, in particular, the breadth of research from Australia. We describe the growing evidence of how extracranial factors, such as polytrauma and infection, can significantly alter TBI neuropathology. In addition, we highlight how dysregulation of the autonomic nervous system and the systemic inflammatory response induced by TBI can have profound pathophysiological effects on peripheral organs, such as the heart, lung, gastrointestinal tract, liver, kidney, spleen, and bone. Collectively, this review firmly establishes TBI as a systemic condition. Further, the central and peripheral interactions that can occur after TBI must be further explored and accounted for in the ongoing search for effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J McDonald
- Department Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jessica M Sharkey
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Mujun Sun
- Department Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lola M Kaukas
- School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sandy R Shultz
- Department Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Renee J Turner
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Anna V Leonard
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Rhys D Brady
- Department Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Frances Corrigan
- School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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15
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Buchmann Godinho D, da Silva Fiorin F, Schneider Oliveira M, Furian AF, Rechia Fighera M, Freire Royes LF. The immunological influence of physical exercise on TBI-induced pathophysiology: Crosstalk between the spleen, gut, and brain. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 130:15-30. [PMID: 34400178 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a non-degenerative and non-congenital insult to the brain and is recognized as a global public health problem, with a high incidence of neurological disorders. Despite the causal relationship not being entirely known, it has been suggested that multiorgan inflammatory response involving the autonomic nervous system and the spleen-gut brain axis dysfunction exacerbate the TBI pathogenesis in the brain. Thus, applying new therapeutic tools, such as physical exercise, have been described in the literature to act on the immune modulation induced by brain injuries. However, there are caveats to consider when interpreting the effects of physical exercise on this neurological injury. Given the above, this review will highlight the main findings of the literature involving peripheral immune responses in TBI-induced neurological damage and how changes in the cellular metabolism of the spleen-gut brain axis elicited by different protocols of physical exercise alter the pathophysiology induced by this neurological injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Buchmann Godinho
- Laboratório de Bioquímica do Exercício, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernando da Silva Fiorin
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neuroengenharia, Instituto Internacional de Neurociências Edmond e Lily Safra, Instituto Santos Dumont, Macaíba, RN, Brazil
| | - Mauro Schneider Oliveira
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Flavia Furian
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Michele Rechia Fighera
- Laboratório de Bioquímica do Exercício, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Clínica Médica e Pediatria, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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16
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Huang H, Xia A, Sun L, Lu C, Liu Y, Zhu Z, Wang S, Cai J, Zhou X, Liu S. Pathogenic Functions of Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor- Associated Factor 6 Signaling Following Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:629910. [PMID: 33967693 PMCID: PMC8096983 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.629910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation contributes to delayed (secondary) neurodegeneration following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) signaling may promote post-TBI neuroinflammation, thereby exacerbating secondary injury. This study investigated the pathogenic functions of TRAF6 signaling following TBI in vivo and in vitro. A rat TBI model was established by air pressure contusion while lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure was used to induce inflammatory-like responses in cultured astrocytes. Model rats were examined for cell-specific expression of TRAF6, NF-κB, phosphorylated (p)-NF-κB, MAPKs (ERK, JNK, and p38), p-MAPKs, chemokines (CCL2 and CXCL1), and chemokine receptors (CCR2 and CXCR2) by immunofluorescence, RT-qPCR, western blotting, and ELISA, for apoptosis by TUNEL staining, and spatial cognition by Morris water maze testing. These measurements were compared between TBI model rats receiving intracerebral injections of TRAF6-targeted RNAi vector (AAV9-TRAF6-RNAi), empty vector, MAPK/NF-κB inhibitors, or vehicle. Primary astrocytes were stimulated with LPS following TRAF6 siRNA or control transfection, and NF-κB, MAPKs, chemokine, and chemokine receptor expression levels evaluated by western blotting and ELISA. TRAF6 was expressed mainly in astrocytes and neurons of injured cortex, peaking 3 days post-TBI. Knockdown by AAV9-TRAF6-RNAi improved spatial learning and memory, decreased TUNEL-positive cell number in injured cortex, and downregulated expression levels of p-NF-κB, p-ERK, p-JNK, p-p38, CCL2, CCR2, CXCL1, and CXCR2 post-TBI. Inhibitors of NF-κB, ERK, JNK, and p38 significantly suppressed CCL2, CCR2, CXCL1, and CXCR2 expression following TBI. Furthermore, TRAF6-siRNA inhibited LPS-induced NF-κB, ERK, JNK, p38, CCL2, and CXCL1 upregulation in cultured astrocytes. Targeting TRAF6-MAPKs/NF-κB-chemokine signaling pathways may provide a novel therapeutic approach for reducing post-TBI neuroinflammation and concomitant secondary injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China.,School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Anqi Xia
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China.,School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Chun Lu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Zhenjie Zhu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Siye Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Junyan Cai
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xiaoyun Zhou
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Su Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
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17
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Teuben MPJ, Hollman A, Blokhuis T, Pfeifer R, Spijkerman R, Teuber H, Pape HC, Leenen LPH. Splenectomy is associated with altered leukocyte kinetics after severe trauma. Eur J Med Res 2021; 26:26. [PMID: 33722293 PMCID: PMC7958390 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-021-00497-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inadequate activation of the innate immune system after trauma can lead to severe complications such as Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome. The spleen is thought to modulate the cellular immune system. Furthermore, splenectomy is associated with improved outcome in severely injured trauma patients. We hypothesized that a splenectomy alters the cellular immune response in polytrauma. METHODS All adult patients with an ISS ≥ 16 and suffering from splenic or hepatic injuries were selected from our prospective trauma database. Absolute leukocyte numbers in peripheral blood were measured. White blood cell kinetics during the first 14 days were compared between splenectomized patients, patients treated surgically for liver trauma and nonoperatively treated individuals. RESULTS A total of 129 patients with a mean ISS of 29 were included. Admission characteristics and leukocyte numbers were similar in all groups, except for slightly impaired hemodynamic status in patients with operatively treated liver injuries. On admission, leukocytosis occurred in all groups. During the first 24 h, leukopenia developed gradually, although significantly faster in the operatively treated patients. Thereafter, leukocyte levels normalized in all nonoperatively treated cases whereas leukocytosis persisted in operatively treated patients. This effect was significantly more prominent in splenectomized patients than all other conditions. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that surgery for intra-abdominal injuries is associated with an early drop in leucocyte numbers in peripheral blood. Moreover, splenectomy in severely injured patients is associated with an altered cellular immune response reflected by a persistent state of prominent leukocytosis after trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Paul Johan Teuben
- Department of Trauma, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands. .,Department of Traumatology, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, 8006, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Arne Hollman
- Department of Trauma, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Taco Blokhuis
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Roman Pfeifer
- Department of Traumatology, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, 8006, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roy Spijkerman
- Department of Trauma, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Henrik Teuber
- Department of Traumatology, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, 8006, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Christoph Pape
- Department of Traumatology, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, 8006, Zurich, Switzerland
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18
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Antagonism of Protease-Activated Receptor 4 Protects Against Traumatic Brain Injury by Suppressing Neuroinflammation via Inhibition of Tab2/NF-κB Signaling. Neurosci Bull 2020; 37:242-254. [PMID: 33111257 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-020-00601-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) triggers the activation of the endogenous coagulation mechanism, and a large amount of thrombin is released to curb uncontrollable bleeding through thrombin receptors, also known as protease-activated receptors (PARs). However, thrombin is one of the most critical factors in secondary brain injury. Thus, the PARs may be effective targets against hemorrhagic brain injury. Since the PAR1 antagonist has an increased bleeding risk in clinical practice, PAR4 blockade has been suggested as a more promising treatment. Here, we explored the expression pattern of PAR4 in the brain of mice after TBI, and explored the effect and possible mechanism of BMS-986120 (BMS), a novel selective and reversible PAR4 antagonist on secondary brain injury. Treatment with BMS protected against TBI in mice. mRNA-seq analysis, Western blot, and qRT-PCR verification in vitro showed that BMS significantly inhibited thrombin-induced inflammation in astrocytes, and suggested that the Tab2/ERK/NF-κB signaling pathway plays a key role in this process. Our findings provide reliable evidence that blocking PAR4 is a safe and effective intervention for TBI, and suggest that BMS has a potential clinical application in the management of TBI.
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19
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Morris MC, John D, Singer KE, Moran R, McGlone E, Veile R, Goetzman HS, Makley AT, Caldwell CC, Goodman MD. Post-TBI splenectomy may exacerbate coagulopathy and platelet activation in a murine model. Thromb Res 2020; 193:211-217. [PMID: 32798961 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Traumatic brain injury (TBI) induces acute hypocoagulability, subacute hypercoagulability, and persistently elevated risk for thromboembolic events. Splenectomy is associated with increased mortality in patients with moderate or severe TBI. We hypothesized that the adverse effects of splenectomy in TBI patients may be secondary to the exacerbation of pathologic coagulation and platelet activation changes. METHODS An established murine weight-drop TBI model was utilized and a splenectomy was performed immediately following TBI. Sham as well as TBI and splenectomy alone mice were used as injury controls. Mice were sacrificed for blood draws at 1, 6, and 24 h, as well as 7 days post-TBI. Viscoelastic coagulation parameters were assessed by rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) and platelet activation was measured by expression of P-selectin via flow cytometry analysis of platelet rich plasma samples. RESULTS At 6 h following injury, TBI/splenectomy demonstrated hypocoagulability with prolonged clot formation time (CFT) compared to TBI alone. By 24 h following injury, TBI/splenectomy and splenectomy mice were hypercoagulable with a shorter CFT, a higher alpha angle, and increased MCF, despite a lower percentage of platelet contribution to clot compared to TBI alone. However, only the TBI/splenectomy continued to display this hypercoagulable state at 7 days. While TBI/splenectomy had greater P-selectin expression at 1-h post-injury, TBI alone had significantly greater P-selectin expression at 24 h post-injury compared to TBI/splenectomy. Interestingly, P-selectin expression remained elevated only in TBI/splenectomy at 7 days post-injury. CONCLUSION Splenectomy following TBI exacerbates changes in the post-injury coagulation state. The combination of TBI and splenectomy induces an acute hypocoagulable state that could contribute to an increase in intracranial bleeding. Subacutely, the addition of splenectomy to TBI exacerbates post-injury hypercoagulability and induces persistent platelet activation. These polytrauma effects on coagulation may contribute to the increased mortality observed in patients with combined brain and splenic injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Devin John
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kathleen E Singer
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Ryan Moran
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Emily McGlone
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Rosalie Veile
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Holly S Goetzman
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Division of Research, Shriners Hospital for Children, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Amy T Makley
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Charles C Caldwell
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Division of Research, Shriners Hospital for Children, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Michael D Goodman
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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20
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Liaudanskaya V, Chung JY, Mizzoni C, Rouleau N, Berk AN, Wu L, Turner JA, Georgakoudi I, Whalen MJ, Nieland TJF, Kaplan DL. Modeling Controlled Cortical Impact Injury in 3D Brain-Like Tissue Cultures. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e2000122. [PMID: 32406202 PMCID: PMC7395313 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202000122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) survivors suffer long term from mental illness, neurodegeneration, and neuroinflammation. Studies of 3D tissue models have provided new insights into the pathobiology of many brain diseases. Here, a 3D in vitro contusion model is developed consisting of mouse cortical neurons grown on a silk scaffold embedded in collagen and used outcomes from an in vivo model for benchmarking. Molecular, cellular, and network events are characterized in response to controlled cortical impact (CCI). In this model, CCI induces degradation of neural network structure and function and release of glutamate, which are associated with the expression of programmed necrosis marker phosphorylated Mixed Lineage Kinase Domain Like Pseudokinase (pMLKL). Neurodegeneration is observed first in the directly impacted area and it subsequently spreads over time in 3D space. CCI reduces phosphorylated protein kinase B (pAKT) and Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β) in neurons in vitro and in vivo, but discordant responses are observed in phosphprylated ribosomal S6 kinase (pS6) and phosphorylated Tau (pTau) expression. In summary, the 3D brain-like culture system mimicked many aspects of in vivo responses to CCI, providing evidence that the model can be used to study the molecular, cellular, and functional sequelae of TBI, opening up new possibilities for discovery of therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volha Liaudanskaya
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, 02155, MA, USA
| | - Joon Yong Chung
- Neuroscience Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, 02129, MA, USA
| | - Craig Mizzoni
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, 02155, MA, USA
| | - Nicolas Rouleau
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, 02155, MA, USA
| | - Alexander N Berk
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, 02155, MA, USA
| | - Limin Wu
- Neuroscience Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, 02129, MA, USA
| | - Julia A Turner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, 02155, MA, USA
| | - Irene Georgakoudi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, 02155, MA, USA
| | - Michael J Whalen
- Neuroscience Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, 02129, MA, USA
| | - Thomas J F Nieland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, 02155, MA, USA
| | - David L Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, 02155, MA, USA
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21
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Tan Z, Chen L, Ren Y, Jiang X, Gao W. Neuroprotective effects of FK866 against traumatic brain injury: Involvement of p38/ERK pathway. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2020; 7:742-756. [PMID: 32302063 PMCID: PMC7261767 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE FK866 is an inhibitor of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), which exhibits neuroprotective effects in ischemic brain injury. However, in traumatic brain injury (TBI), the role and mechanism of FK866 remain unclear. The present research was aimed to investigate whether FK866 could attenuate TBI and clarified the underlying mechanisms. METHODS A controlled cortical impact model was established, and FK866 at a dose of 5 mg/kg was administered intraperitoneally at 1 h and 6 h, then twice per day post-TBI until sacrifice. Brain water content, Evans blue dye extravasation, modified neurological severity scores (mNSS), Morris water maze test, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunofluorescence staining, and western blot were performed. RESULTS The results demonstrated that FK866 significantly mitigated the brain edema, blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, and ameliorated the neurological function post-TBI. Moreover, FK866 decreased the number of Iba-1-positive cells, GFAP-positive astrocytes, and AQP4-positive cells. FK866 reduced the protein levels of proinflammatory cytokines and inhibited NF-κB from translocation to the nucleus. FK866 upregulated the expression of Bcl-2, diminished the expression of Bax and caspase 3, and the number of apoptotic cells. Moreover, p38 MAPK and ERK activation were significantly inhibited by FK866. INTERPRETATION FK866 attenuated TBI-induced neuroinflammation and apoptosis, at least in part, through p38/ERK MAPKs signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongju Tan
- Department of GeriatricsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Lili Chen
- Department of NeurologyXiasha CampusSir Run Run Shaw HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Yucheng Ren
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Xiaohang Jiang
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of NeurologyChangxing People’s HospitalThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University Changxing CampusChangxingZhejiangChina
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22
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Fan H, Li D, Guan X, Yang Y, Yan J, Shi J, Ma R, Shu Q. MsrA Suppresses Inflammatory Activation of Microglia and Oxidative Stress to Prevent Demyelination via Inhibition of the NOX2-MAPKs/NF-κB Signaling Pathway. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2020; 14:1377-1389. [PMID: 32308370 PMCID: PMC7147623 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s223218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Demyelination causes neurological deficits involving visual, motor, sensory symptoms. Deregulation of several enzymes has been identified in demyelination, which holds potential for the development of treatment strategies for demyelination. However, the specific effect of methionine sulfoxide reductase A (MsrA) on demyelination remains unclear. Hence, this study aims to explore the effect of MsrA on oxidative stress and inflammatory response of microglia in demyelination. Methods Initially, we established a mouse model with demyelination induced by cuprizone and a cell model provoked by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The expression of MsrA in wild-type (WT) and MsrA-knockout (MsrA-/-) mice were determined by RT-qPCR and Western blot analysis. In order to further explore the function of MsrA on inflammatory response, and oxidative stress in demyelination, we detected the expression of microglia marker Iba1, inflammatory factors TNF-α and IL-1β and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, as well as expression of the NOX2-MAPKs/NF-κB signaling pathway-related genes in MsrA-/- mice and LPS-induced microglia following different treatments. Results MsrA expression was downregulated in MsrA-/- mice. MsrA silencing was shown to produce severely injured motor coordination, increased expressions of Iba1, TNF-α, IL-1β, ROS and NOX2, and extent of ERK, p38, IκBα, and p65 phosphorylation, but reduced SOD activity. Conjointly, our study suggests that Tat-MsrA fusion protein can prevent the cellular inflammatory response and subsequent demyelination through negative regulation of the NOX2-MAPKs/NF-κB signaling pathway. Conclusion Our data provide a profound insight on the role of endogenous antioxidative defense systems such as MsrA in controlling microglial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Fan
- The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, People's Republic of China
| | - Damiao Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinlei Guan
- Department of Pharmacy, Wuhan Puai Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhui Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, People's Republic of China
| | - Junqiang Yan
- The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Shi
- The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ranran Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, Ninth Hospital of Xi'an, Affiliated to Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Shu
- Department of Pharmacy, Ninth Hospital of Xi'an, Affiliated to Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, People's Republic of China
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Royes LFF, Gomez-Pinilla F. Making sense of gut feelings in the traumatic brain injury pathogenesis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 102:345-361. [PMID: 31102601 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a devastating condition which often initiates a sequel of neurological disorders that can last throughout lifespan. From metabolic perspective, TBI also compromises systemic physiology including the function of body organs with subsequent malfunctions in metabolism. The emerging panorama is that the effects of TBI on the periphery strike back on the brain and exacerbate the overall TBI pathogenesis. An increasing number of clinical reports are alarming to show that metabolic dysfunction is associated with incidence of long-term neurological and psychiatric disorders. The autonomic nervous system, associated hypothalamic-pituitary axis, and the immune system are at the center of the interface between brain and body and are central to the regulation of overall homeostasis and disease. We review the strong association between mechanisms that regulate cell metabolism and inflammation which has important clinical implications for the communication between body and brain. We also discuss the integrative actions of lifestyle interventions such as diet and exercise on promoting brain and body health and cognition after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Fernando Freire Royes
- Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Center of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Santa Maria - UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernando Gomez-Pinilla
- Departments of Neurosurgery, and Integrative and Biology and Physiology, UCLA Brain Injury Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.
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Yin M, Shen Z, Yang L, Zheng W, Song H. Protective effects of CXCR3/HO‑1 gene‑modified BMMSCs on damaged intestinal epithelial cells: Role of the p38‑MAPK signaling pathway. Int J Mol Med 2019; 43:2086-2102. [PMID: 30864680 PMCID: PMC6445595 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) modified by CXC-chemokine receptor type 3 (CXCR3) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) genes can repair damaged intestinal epithelial cells in vitro, and the role of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38-MAPK) pathway in this process. A model of intestinal epithelial crypt cell line-6 (IEC-6) damage was created, and BMMSCs were transfected with either the CXCR3 and/or HO-1 gene in vitro. There were nine experimental groups in which the damaged IEC-6 cells were co-cultured with differentially-treated BMMSCs and lymphocytes for 24 h. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis, immunohistochemistry and a western blot analysis were performed to detect stem cell transfection, the repair of damaged intestinal epithelial cells and the expression of related molecules in the P38-MAPK pathway, respectively. Crystal violet staining and live cell imaging were used to detect the chemotaxis of BMMSCs. Flow cytometry was used to detect T lymphocyte activity and the surface markers expressed on BMMSCs. An ELISA was used to quantify cytokine production. The adenovirus (Ad)-CXCR3/MSCs exhibited the characteristics of stem cells and exhibited chemotaxis. The Ad-CXCR3/MSCs and Ad-(CXCR3 + HO)/MSCs exhibited increased expression of tight junction protein zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and anti-proliferating cell nuclear antigen in the damaged IEC-6 cells, and apoptosis of the damaged IEC-6 cells was decreased. BMMSCs inhibited the phosphorylation of p38, in addition to downstream molecules of the p38MAPK signaling pathway. The Ad-CXCR3/MSCs and Ad-(CXCR3 + HO)/MSCs exhibited significantly decreased expression levels of downstream molecules, including phosphorylated (p)-p38, p-activated transcription factor 2, p-C/EBP homologous protein-10, and p-myocyte enhancer factor 2C, and target molecules (e.g., apoptotic bodies). The effects of Ad-(CXCR3 + HO)/MSCs on the repair of the damaged intestinal tract and inhibition of the p38-MAPK pathway was more marked than those in other groups on day 7 post-surgery in the rejection model for small bowel transplantation. BMMSCs modified by the CXCR3 and HO-1 genes exhibited superior ability to repair damaged intestinal epithelial cells and served this role via the p38-MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingli Yin
- Tianjin First Central Hospital Clinic Institute, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China
| | - Zhongyang Shen
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
| | - Liu Yang
- Tianjin First Central Hospital Clinic Institute, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China
| | - Weiping Zheng
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
| | - Hongli Song
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
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Liu S, Lu C, Liu Y, Zhou X, Sun L, Gu Q, Shen G, Guo A. Hyperbaric Oxygen Alleviates the Inflammatory Response Induced by LPS Through Inhibition of NF-κB/MAPKs-CCL2/CXCL1 Signaling Pathway in Cultured Astrocytes. Inflammation 2018; 41:2003-2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-018-0843-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Tan D, Yu X, Chen M, Chen J, Xu J. Lutein protects against severe traumatic brain injury through anti‑inflammation and antioxidative effects via ICAM‑1/Nrf‑2. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:4235-4240. [PMID: 28731190 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Many studies have reported that lutein may exert its biological activities, including anti‑inflammation, anti‑oxidase and anti‑apoptosis, through effects on reactive oxygen species (ROS). Thus, lutein may prevent the damaging activities of ROS in cells. The current study investigated the effect of lutein against severe traumatic brain injury (STBI) and examined the mechanism of this protective effect. Sprague‑Dawley rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: Control group, STBI model group, 40 mg/kg lutein‑treated group, 80 mg/kg lutein‑treated group and 160 mg/kg lutein‑treated group. In this study, lutein protects against STBI, suppressed, interleukin (IL)‑1β, IL‑6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein‑1 expression, reduced serum ROS levels, and reduced superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities in STBI rats. Treatment with lutein effectively downregulated the expression of NF‑κB p65 and cyclooxygenase‑2, intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)‑1 protein, and upregulated nuclear factor erythroid 2 like 2 (Nrf‑2) and endothelin‑1 protein levels in STBI rats. These findings demonstrated that lutein protects against STBI, has anti‑inflammation and antioxidative effects and alters ICAM‑1/Nrf‑2 expression, which may be a novel therapeutic for STBI the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianhui Tan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoping Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
| | - Moran Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
| | - Junchen Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
| | - Jincheng Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
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Wang CF, Zhao CC, Weng WJ, Lei J, Lin Y, Mao Q, Gao GY, Feng JF, Jiang JY. Alteration in Long Non-Coding RNA Expression after Traumatic Brain Injury in Rats. J Neurotrauma 2017; 34:2100-2108. [PMID: 28145813 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2016.4642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-fang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Institute of Head Trauma, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-cheng Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Institute of Head Trauma, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-ji Weng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Lei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Institute of Head Trauma, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Mao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-yi Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Institute of Head Trauma, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-feng Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Institute of Head Trauma, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji-yao Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Institute of Head Trauma, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Marcet P, Santos N, Borlongan CV. When friend turns foe: central and peripheral neuroinflammation in central nervous system injury. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 4:82-92. [PMID: 29670933 PMCID: PMC5901724 DOI: 10.20517/2347-8659.2017.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Injury to the central nervous system (CNS) is common, and though it has been well studied, many aspects of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and stroke are poorly understood. TBI and stroke are two pathologic events that can cause severe, immediate impact to the neurostructure and function of the CNS, which has been recognized recently to be exacerbated by the body’s own immune response. Although the brain damage induced by the initial trauma is most likely unsalvageable, the secondary immunologic deterioration of neural tissue gives ample opportunity for therapeutic strategists seeking to mitigate TBI’s secondary detrimental effects. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the cell death mechanisms associated with CNS injury with special emphasis on inflammation. The authors discuss sources of inflammation, and introduce the role of the spleen in the systemic response to inflammation after CNS injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Marcet
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Nicole Santos
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Cesar V Borlongan
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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Tao XG, Shi JH, Hao SY, Chen XT, Liu BY. Protective Effects of Calpain Inhibition on Neurovascular Unit Injury through Downregulating Nuclear Factor-κB-related Inflammation during Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice. Chin Med J (Engl) 2017; 130:187-198. [PMID: 28091411 PMCID: PMC5282676 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.198001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In addition to neurons, all components of the neurovascular unit (NVU), such as glial, endothelial, and basal membranes, are destroyed during traumatic brain injury (TBI). Previous studies have shown that excessive stimulation of calpain is crucial for cerebral injury after traumatic insult. The objective of this study was to investigate whether calpain activation participated in NVU disruption and edema formation in a mouse model of controlled cortical impact (CCI). Methods: One hundred and eight mice were divided into three groups: the sham group, the control group, and the MDL28170 group. MDL28170 (20 mg/kg), an efficient calpain inhibitor, was administered intraperitoneally at 5 min, 3 h, and 6 h after experimental CCI. We then measured neurobehavioral deficits, calpain activity, inflammatory mediator levels, blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption, and NVU deficits using electron microscopy and histopathological analysis at 6 h and 24 h after CCI. Results: The MDL28170 treatment significantly reduced the extent of both cerebral contusion (MDL28170 vs. vehicle group, 16.90 ± 1.01 mm3 and 17.20 ± 1.17 mm3 vs. 9.30 ± 1.05 mm3 and 9.90 ± 1.17 mm3, both P < 0.001) and edema (MDL28170 vs. vehicle group, 80.76 ± 1.25% and 82.00 ± 1.84% vs. 82.55 ± 1.32% and 83.64 ± 1.25%, both P < 0.05), improved neurological scores (MDL28170 vs. vehicle group, 7.50 ± 0.45 and 6.33 ± 0.38 vs. 12.33 ± 0.48 and 11.67 ± 0.48, both P < 0.001), and attenuated NVU damage resulting (including tight junction (TJ), basement membrane, BBB, and neuron) from CCI at 6 h and 24 h. Moreover, MDL28170 markedly downregulated nuclear factor-κB-related inflammation (tumor necrosis factor-α [TNF-α]: MDL28170 vs. vehicle group, 1.15 ± 0.07 and 1.62 ± 0.08 vs. 1.59 ± 0.10 and 2.18 ± 0.10, both P < 0.001; inducible nitric oxide synthase: MDL28170 vs. vehicle group, 4.51 ± 0.23 vs. 6.23 ± 0.12, P < 0.001 at 24 h; intracellular adhesion molecule-1: MDL28170 vs. vehicle group, 1.45 ± 0.13 vs. 1.70 ± 0.12, P < 0.01 at 24 h) and lessened both myeloperoxidase activity (MDL28170 vs. vehicle group, 0.016 ± 0.001 and 0.016 ± 0.001 vs. 0.024 ± 0.001 and 0.023 ± 0.001, P < 0.001 and 0.01, respectively) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) levels (MDL28170 vs. vehicle group, 0.87 ± 0.13 and 1.10 ± 0.10 vs. 1.17 ± 0.13 and 1.25 ± 0.12, P < 0.001 and 0.05, respectively) at 6 h and 24 h after CCI. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that MDL28170 can protect the structure of the NVU by inhibiting the inflammatory cascade, reducing the expression of MMP-9, and supporting the integrity of TJ during acute TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Gang Tao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jing-Hua Shi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Shu-Yu Hao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xue-Tao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Bai-Yun Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050; Department of Neurotrauma, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
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Yang B, Hamilton JA, Valenzuela KS, Bogaerts A, Xi X, Aronowski J, Mays RW, Savitz SI. Multipotent Adult Progenitor Cells Enhance Recovery After Stroke by Modulating the Immune Response from the Spleen. Stem Cells 2017; 35:1290-1302. [PMID: 28263009 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Stem cell therapy modulates not only the local microenvironment of the brain but also the systemic immune responses. We explored the impact of human multipotent adult progenitor cells (MAPC) modulating splenic activation and peripheral immune responses after ischemic stroke. Hundred twenty-six Long-Evans adult male rats underwent middle cerebral artery occlusion. Twenty-four hours later, they received IV MAPC or saline treatment. At 3 days after infusion, RNA was isolated from the injured cortex and spleen for microarray analysis. Spleen mass, splenocyte phenotype, and releasing cytokines were measured. Serum cytokines, MAPC biodistribution, brain lesion sizes and neurofunctional deficits were compared in rats treated with MAPC or saline with and without spleens. Stroked animals treated with MAPC exhibited genes that more closely resembled animals with sham surgery. Gene categories downregulated by MAPC included leukocyte activation, antigen presentation, and immune effector processing, associated with the signaling pathways regulated by TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IFN-γ within the brain. MAPC treatment restored spleen mass reduction caused by stroke, elevated Treg cells within the spleen, increased IL-10 and decreased IL-1β released by splenocytes. MAPC reduced IL-6 and IL-1β and upregulated IL-10 serum levels. Compared with saline, MAPC enhance stroke recovery in rats with intact spleens but had no effects in rats without spleens. MAPC restores expression of multiple genes and pathways involved in immune and inflammatory responses after stroke. Immunomodulation of the splenic response by the intravenous administration of MAPC may create a more favorable environment for brain repair after stroke. Stem Cells 2017;35:1290-1302.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Yang
- Stroke Program, McGovern Medical School at UT-Health Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jason A Hamilton
- Athersys, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Novartis Pharmaceutical Corp, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
| | - Krystal S Valenzuela
- Stroke Program, McGovern Medical School at UT-Health Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - XiaoPei Xi
- Stroke Program, McGovern Medical School at UT-Health Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jaroslaw Aronowski
- Stroke Program, McGovern Medical School at UT-Health Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Sean I Savitz
- Stroke Program, McGovern Medical School at UT-Health Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
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Overview of Traumatic Brain Injury: An Immunological Context. Brain Sci 2017; 7:brainsci7010011. [PMID: 28124982 PMCID: PMC5297300 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci7010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) afflicts people of all ages and genders, and the severity of injury ranges from concussion/mild TBI to severe TBI. Across all spectrums, TBI has wide-ranging, and variable symptomology and outcomes. Treatment options are lacking for the early neuropathology associated with TBIs and for the chronic neuropathological and neurobehavioral deficits. Inflammation and neuroinflammation appear to be major mediators of TBI outcomes. These systems are being intensively studies using animal models and human translational studies, in the hopes of understanding the mechanisms of TBI, and developing therapeutic strategies to improve the outcomes of the millions of people impacted by TBIs each year. This manuscript provides an overview of the epidemiology and outcomes of TBI, and presents data obtained from animal and human studies focusing on an inflammatory and immunological context. Such a context is timely, as recent studies blur the traditional understanding of an “immune-privileged” central nervous system. In presenting the evidence for specific, adaptive immune response after TBI, it is hoped that future studies will be interpreted using a broader perspective that includes the contributions of the peripheral immune system, to central nervous system disorders, notably TBI and post-traumatic syndromes.
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Bao H, Yang X, Zhuang Y, Huang Y, Wang T, Zhang M, Dai D, Wang S, Xiao H, Huang G, Kuai J, Tao L. The effects of poloxamer 188 on the autophagy induced by traumatic brain injury. Neurosci Lett 2016; 634:7-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Liu L, Song H, Duan H, Chai J, Yang J, Li X, Yu Y, Zhang X, Hu X, Xiao M, Feng R, Yin H, Hu Q, Yang L, Du J, Li T. TSG-6 secreted by human umbilical cord-MSCs attenuates severe burn-induced excessive inflammation via inhibiting activations of P38 and JNK signaling. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30121. [PMID: 27444207 PMCID: PMC4957124 DOI: 10.1038/srep30121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The hMSCs have become a promising approach for inflammation treatment in acute phase. Our previous study has demonstrated that human umbilical cord-MSCs could alleviate the inflammatory reaction of severely burned wound. In this study, we further investigated the potential role and mechanism of the MSCs on severe burn-induced excessive inflammation. Wistar rats were randomly divided into following groups: Sham, Burn, Burn+MSCs, Burn+MAPKs inhibitors, and Burn, Burn+MSCs, Burn+Vehicle, Burn+siTSG-6, Burn+rhTSG-6 in the both experiments. It was found that MSCs could only down-regulate P38 and JNK signaling, but had no effect on ERK in peritoneal macrophages of severe burn rats. Furthermore, suppression of P38 and JNK activations significantly reduced the excessive inflammation induced by severe burn. TSG-6 was secreted by MSCs using different inflammatory mediators. TSG-6 from MSCs and recombinant human (rh)TSG-6 all significantly reduced activations of P38 and JNK signaling induced by severe burn and then attenuated excessive inflammations. On the contrary, knockdown TSG-6 in the cells significantly increased phosphorylation of P38 and JNK signaling and reduced therapeutic effect of the MSCs on excessive inflammation. Taken together, this study suggested TSG-6 from MSCs attenuated severe burn-induced excessive inflammation via inhibiting activation of P38 and JNK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingying Liu
- Department of Burn &Plastic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital to PLA General Hospital
| | - Huifeng Song
- Department of Burn &Plastic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital to PLA General Hospital
| | - Hongjie Duan
- Department of Burn &Plastic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital to PLA General Hospital
| | - Jiake Chai
- Department of Burn &Plastic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital to PLA General Hospital
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Burn &Plastic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital to PLA General Hospital
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Burn &Plastic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital to PLA General Hospital
| | - Yonghui Yu
- Department of Burn &Plastic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital to PLA General Hospital
| | - Xulong Zhang
- Department of Burn &Plastic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital to PLA General Hospital
| | - Xiaohong Hu
- Department of Burn &Plastic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital to PLA General Hospital
| | - Mengjing Xiao
- Department of Burn &Plastic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital to PLA General Hospital
| | - Rui Feng
- Department of Burn &Plastic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital to PLA General Hospital
| | - Huinan Yin
- Department of Burn &Plastic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital to PLA General Hospital
| | - Quan Hu
- Department of Burn &Plastic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital to PLA General Hospital
| | - Longlong Yang
- Department of Burn &Plastic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital to PLA General Hospital
| | - Jundong Du
- Department of Burn &Plastic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital to PLA General Hospital
| | - Tianran Li
- Department of Burn &Plastic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital to PLA General Hospital
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Belinga VF, Wu GJ, Yan FL, Limbenga EA. Splenectomy following MCAO inhibits the TLR4-NF-κB signaling pathway and protects the brain from neurodegeneration in rats. J Neuroimmunol 2016; 293:105-113. [PMID: 27049570 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The Toll-like receptor 4(TLR4)/nuclear factor kappa B NF-κB inflammatory pathway contributes to secondary inflammation in many diseases including stroke. Moreover, the neuroprotective effect of splenectomy in stroke is supported by a vast body of experimental evidence. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanism(s) by which splenectomy enhance neuroprotection in stroke is still poorly understood. Our study aimed to investigate whether post-ischemic splenectomy modulate the TLR4/NF-κB inflammatory pathway in stroke. METHODS Immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate the levels of TLR4 and NF-κB expression in brain areas (parietal lobe, hippocampus and striatum) of rats that underwent: MCAO-splenectomy surgery (MS ); MCAO surgery without splenectomy (MCAO control or MC); Sham MCAO and splenectomy surgery (sham control group or SC group respectively. Apoptosis in these areas was assessed by TUNEL detection technique. RESULTS The levels of TLR4 and NF-κB expression were significantly reduced in splenectomized rats relative to the MS group (P<0.01). Additionally, the number of apoptotic cells in the ischemic hemisphere were significantly higher in both MCAO groups compared to the Sham group (P<0.05), between day 1 and day 7. An exception was observed in the striatum where the difference in apoptotic rate between the MS and sham group was not statistically significant at the same time points. Moreover, the variation apoptotic rate in different cerebral zone correlated to variation in TLR4 and NF-κB expression. CONCLUSION In summary, our study provides further evidence of neuroprotective effect of splenectomy in ischemic stroke. Our results suggest that such an effect might be due to the inhibition of theTLR4/NF-κB inflammatory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Fabrice Belinga
- Department of Neurology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Guan-Jin Wu
- Department of Neurology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Fu-Ling Yan
- Department of Neurology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Erica Audrey Limbenga
- Department of Neurology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Di Battista AP, Rhind SG, Hutchison MG, Hassan S, Shiu MY, Inaba K, Topolovec-Vranic J, Neto AC, Rizoli SB, Baker AJ. Inflammatory cytokine and chemokine profiles are associated with patient outcome and the hyperadrenergic state following acute brain injury. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:40. [PMID: 26883121 PMCID: PMC4754875 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0500-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Traumatic brain injury (TBI) elicits intense sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activation with profuse catecholamine secretion. The resultant hyperadrenergic state is linked to immunomodulation both within the brain and systemically. Dysregulated inflammation post-TBI exacerbates secondary brain injury and contributes to unfavorable patient outcomes including death. The aim of this study was to characterize the early dynamic profile of circulating inflammatory cytokines/chemokines in patients admitted for moderate-to-severe TBI, to examine interrelationships between these mediators and catecholamines, as well as clinical indices of injury severity and neurological outcome. Methods Blood was sampled from 166 isolated TBI patients (aged 45 ± 20.3 years; 74.7 % male) on admission, 6-, 12-, and 24-h post-injury and from healthy controls (N = 21). Plasma cytokine [interleukin (IL)-1β, -2, -4, -5, -10, -12p70, -13, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-γ] and chemokine [IL-8, eotaxin, eotaxin-3, IFN-γ-induced protein (IP)-10, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, -4, macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC), macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1β, thymus activation regulated chemokine (TARC)] concentrations were analyzed using high-sensitivity electrochemiluminescence multiplex immunoassays. Plasma catecholamines [epinephrine (Epi), norepinephrine (NE)] were measured by immunoassay. Neurological outcome at 6 months was assessed using the extended Glasgow outcome scale (GOSE) dichotomized as good (>4) or poor (≤4) outcomes. Results Patients showed altered levels of IL-10 and all chemokines assayed relative to controls. Significant differences in a number of markers were evident between moderate and severe TBI cohorts. Elevated IL-8, IL-10, and TNF-α, as well as alterations in 8 of 9 chemokines, were associated with poor outcome at 6 months. Notably, a positive association was found between Epi and IL-1β, IL-10, Eotaxin, IL-8, and MCP-1. NE was positively associated with IL-1β, IL-10, TNF-α, eotaxin, IL-8, IP-10, and MCP-1. Conclusions Our results provide further evidence that exaggerated SNS activation acutely after isolated TBI in humans may contribute to harmful peripheral inflammatory cytokine/chemokine dysregulation. These findings are consistent with a potentially beneficial role for therapies aimed at modulating the inflammatory response and hyperadrenergic state acutely post-injury. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0500-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex P Di Battista
- Defence Research & Development Canada, Toronto Research Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Shawn G Rhind
- Defence Research & Development Canada, Toronto Research Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Faculty of Kinesiology & Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Michael G Hutchison
- Faculty of Kinesiology & Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hopsital, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Syed Hassan
- Defence Research & Development Canada, Toronto Research Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Maria Y Shiu
- Defence Research & Development Canada, Toronto Research Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Faculty of Kinesiology & Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Kenji Inaba
- Division of Trauma & Critical Care, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,LA County+ USC Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Jane Topolovec-Vranic
- Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hopsital, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | | | - Sandro B Rizoli
- Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hopsital, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Critical Care, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Surgery, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Andrew J Baker
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hopsital, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Critical Care, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Surgery, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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The Role of Spleen-Derived Immune Cells in Ischemic Brain Injury. SPRINGER SERIES IN TRANSLATIONAL STROKE RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-32337-4_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Chu W, Yuan J, Huang L, Xiang X, Zhu H, Chen F, Chen Y, Lin J, Feng H. Valproic Acid Arrests Proliferation but Promotes Neuronal Differentiation of Adult Spinal NSPCs from SCI Rats. Neurochem Res 2015; 40:1472-86. [PMID: 26023063 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1618-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although the adult spinal cord contains a population of multipotent neural stem/precursor cells (NSPCs) exhibiting the potential to replace neurons, endogenous neurogenesis is very limited after spinal cord injury (SCI) because the activated NSPCs primarily differentiate into astrocytes rather than neurons. Valproic acid (VPA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor, exerts multiple pharmacological effects including fate regulation of stem cells. In this study, we cultured adult spinal NSPCs from chronic compressive SCI rats and treated with VPA. In spite of inhibiting the proliferation and arresting in the G0/G1 phase of NSPCs, VPA markedly promoted neuronal differentiation (β-tubulin III(+) cells) as well as decreased astrocytic differentiation (GFAP(+) cells). Cell cycle regulator p21(Cip/WAF1) and proneural genes Ngn2 and NeuroD1 were increased in the two processes respectively. In vivo, to minimize the possible inhibitory effects of VPA to the proliferation of NSPCs as well as avoid other neuroprotections of VPA in acute phase of SCI, we carried out a delayed intraperitoneal injection of VPA (150 mg/kg/12 h) to SCI rats from day 15 to day 22 after injury. Both of the newborn neuron marker doublecortin and the mature neuron marker neuron-specific nuclear protein were significantly enhanced after VPA treatment in the epicenter and adjacent segments of the injured spinal cord. Although the impaired corticospinal tracks had not significantly improved, Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan scores in VPA treatment group were better than control. Our study provide the first evidence that administration of VPA enhances the neurogenic potential of NSPCs after SCI and reveal the therapeutic value of delayed treatment of VPA to SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Chu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, No. 29, Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China,
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Barmparas G, Lamb AW, Lee D, Nguyen B, Eng J, Bloom MB, Ley EJ. Postoperative infection risk after splenectomy: A prospective cohort study. Int J Surg 2015; 17:10-4. [PMID: 25779211 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Splenectomy is associated with a life-long risk for overwhelming infections. The risk for early post-operative infectious complications following traumatic and elective splenectomy is, however, understudied. This investigation aimed to determine if splenectomy increases the risk for post-operative infections. METHODS This was a retrospective review of prospectively collected data on patients admitted to the surgical intensive care unit (SICU) between 1/2011 and 7/2013 investigating the risk for infectious complications in patients undergoing a splenectomy compared with those undergoing any other abdominal surgery. RESULTS During the 30-month study period, a total of 1884 patients were admitted to the SICU. Of those, 33 (2%) had a splenectomy and 493 (26%) had an abdominal surgery. The two groups were well balanced for age, APACHE IV score >20, and past medical history, including diabetes mellitus, cardiac history, renal failure or immunosuppression. Patients undergoing splenectomy were more likely to have sustained a traumatic injury (30% vs. 7%, p < 0.01). After adjustment, splenectomy was associated with increased risk for infectious complications (49% vs. 29%, Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) [95% CI]: 2.7 [1.3, 5.6], p = 0.01), including intra-abdominal abscess (9% vs. 3%, AOR [95% CI]: 4.3 [1.1, 16.2], p = 0.03). On a subgroup analysis, there were no differences between traumatic and elective splenectomy with regards to overall infectious complications (50% vs. 46%, p = 0.84), although, abdominal abscess developed only in those who had an elective splenectomy (0% vs. 12%, p = 0.55). CONCLUSION Splenectomy increases the risk for post-operative infectious complications. Further studies identifying strategies to decrease the associated morbidity are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galinos Barmparas
- Department of Surgery, Division of Acute Care Surgery and Surgical Critical Care, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alexander W Lamb
- Department of Surgery, Division of Acute Care Surgery and Surgical Critical Care, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Debora Lee
- Department of Surgery, Division of Acute Care Surgery and Surgical Critical Care, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Brandon Nguyen
- Department of Surgery, Division of Acute Care Surgery and Surgical Critical Care, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jamie Eng
- Department of Surgery, Division of Acute Care Surgery and Surgical Critical Care, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Matthew B Bloom
- Department of Surgery, Division of Acute Care Surgery and Surgical Critical Care, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Eric J Ley
- Department of Surgery, Division of Acute Care Surgery and Surgical Critical Care, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Jing-Shi W, Yi-Ni W, Lin W, Zhao W. Splenectomy as a treatment for adults with relapsed hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis of unknown cause. Ann Hematol 2014; 94:753-60. [PMID: 25512183 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-014-2276-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Our aim was to evaluate the clinical value of splenectomy as a treatment for relapsed hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) of unknown cause in adults. We retrospectively reviewed the clinical data from medical records of 19 adults with relapsed HLH of unknown cause treated with splenectomy in our institution from June 2007 to March 2014. To rule out possible underlying diseases, including infection, autoimmune disease, neoplasms, and primary HLH, the patients had undergone examinations including F18 fluoro-2-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography, HLH-associated gene defects, and lymph node biopsies. Twelve patients (63.2%) achieved partial responses (PR), whereas seven patients (36.8%) had no response (NR) prior to splenectomy. Infection and hemorrhage were the main complications of splenectomy. Eighteen cases were evaluable after follow-up. Seven cases with histopathologic diagnoses of lymphoma had received chemotherapy, four of whom had achieved complete responses (CR), one PR, and two NR. Maintenance treatment was ceased 2 or 3 months after splenectomy in the other 11 cases, five of whom had CR, four PR, and two NR. Eleven of 18 cases (61.1%) survived with a median follow-up of 25 months (range 3-79 months) for survivors. Twelve- and 36-month progression-free survival rates were 48 and 24%, respectively; 12- and 36-month overall survival rates were 57 and 25%, respectively. Median survival time was 22 months. Our results indicate splenectomy may be an effective means of diagnosis and treatment of relapsed HLH of unknown cause. Further study is required to establish the mechanism and value of splenectomy in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Jing-Shi
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, 95 Yong'an Road, Beijing,, Xicheng district,, 100050, China
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Schulze J, Vogelgesang A, Dressel A. Catecholamines, steroids and immune alterations in ischemic stroke and other acute diseases. Aging Dis 2014; 5:327-39. [PMID: 25276491 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2014.0500327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The outcome of stroke patients is not only determined by the extent and localization of the ischemic lesion, but also by stroke-associated infections. Stroke-induced immune alterations, which are related to stroke-associated infections, have been described over the last decade. Here we review the evidence that catecholamines and steroids induced by stroke result in stroke-induced immune alterations. In addition, we compare the immune alterations observed in other acute diseases such as myocardial infarction, brain trauma, and surgical trauma with the changes seen in stroke-induced immune alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antje Vogelgesang
- Section of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - Alexander Dressel
- Section of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
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Liang J, Luan Y, Lu B, Zhang H, Luo YN, Ge P. Protection of ischemic postconditioning against neuronal apoptosis induced by transient focal ischemia is associated with attenuation of NF-κB/p65 activation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96734. [PMID: 24800741 PMCID: PMC4011781 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Accumulating evidences have demonstrated that nuclear factor κB/p65 plays a protective role in the protection of ischemic preconditioning and detrimental role in lethal ischemia-induced programmed cell death including apoptosis and autophagic death. However, its role in the protection of ischemic postconditioning is still unclear. Methods Rat MCAO model was used to produce transient focal ischemia. The procedure of ischemic postconditioning consisted of three cycles of 30 seconds reperfusion/reocclusion of MCA. The volume of cerebral infarction was measured by TTC staining and neuronal apoptosis was detected by TUNEL staining. Western blotting was used to analyze the changes in protein levels of Caspase-3, NF-κB/p65, phosphor- NF-κB/p65, IκBα, phosphor- IκBα, Noxa, Bim and Bax between rats treated with and without ischemic postconditioning. Laser scanning confocal microscopy was used to examine the distribution of NF-κB/p65 and Noxa. Results Ischemic postconditioning made transient focal ischemia-induced infarct volume decrease obviously from 38.6%±5.8% to 23.5%±4.3%, and apoptosis rate reduce significantly from 46.5%±6.2 to 29.6%±5.3% at reperfusion 24 h following 2 h focal cerebral ischemia. Western blotting analysis showed that ischemic postconditioning suppressed markedly the reduction of NF-κB/p65 in cytoplasm, but elevated its content in nucleus either at reperfusion 6 h or 24 h. Moreover, the decrease of IκBα and the increase of phosphorylated IκBα and phosphorylated NF-κB/p65 at indicated reperfusion time were reversed by ischemic postconditioning. Correspondingly, proapoptotic proteins Caspase-3, cleaved Caspase-3, Noxa, Bim and Bax were all mitigated significantly by ischemic postconditioning. Confocal microscopy revealed that ischemic postconditioning not only attenuated ischemia-induced translocation of NF-κB/p65 from neuronal cytoplasm to nucleus, but also inhibited the abnormal expression of proapoptotic protein Noxa within neurons. Conclusions We demonstrated in this study that the protection of ischemic postconditioning on neuronal apoptosis caused by transient focal ischemia is associated with attenuation of the activation of NF-κB/p65 in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Liang
- Department of Pediatrics, First hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Neuroscience Research Center, First hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yongxin Luan
- Department of Neurosurgery, First hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bin Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, First hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yi-nan Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, First hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Neuroscience Research Center, First hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Pengfei Ge
- Department of Neurosurgery, First hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Neuroscience Research Center, First hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- * E-mail:
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Zhao L, Yang YF, Gao YB, Wang SM, Wang LF, Zuo HY, Dong J, Xu XP, Su ZT, Zhou HM, Zhu LL, Peng RY. Upregulation of HIF-1α via activation of ERK and PI3K pathway mediated protective response to microwave-induced mitochondrial injury in neuron-like cells. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 50:1024-34. [PMID: 24627260 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8667-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Microwave-induced learning and memory deficits in animal models have been gaining attention in recent years, largely because of increasing public concerns on growing environmental influences. The data from our group and others have showed that the injury of mitochondria, the major source of cellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in primary neurons, could be detected in the neuron cells of microwave-exposed rats. In this study, we provided some insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms behind mitochondrial injury in PC12 cell-derived neuron-like cells. PC12 cell-derived neuron-like cells were exposed to 30 mW/cm(2) microwave for 5 min, and damages of mitochondrial ultrastructure could be observed by using transmission electron microscopy. Impairments of mitochondrial function, indicated by decrease of ATP content, reduction of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and cytochrome c oxidase (COX) activities, decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, could be detected. We also found that hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1α), a key regulator responsible for hypoxic response of the mammalian cells, was upregulated in microwave-exposed neuron-like cells. Furthermore, HIF-1α overexpression protected mitochondria from injury by increasing the ATP contents and MMP, while HIF-1α silence promoted microwave-induced mitochondrial damage. Finally, we demonstrated that both ERK and PI3K signaling activation are required in microwave-induced HIF-1α activation and protective response. In conclusion, we elucidated a regulatory connection between impairments of mitochondrial function and HIF-1α activation in microwave-exposed neuron-like cells. By modulating mitochondrial function and protecting neuron-like cells against microwave-induced mitochondrial injury, HIF-1α represents a promising therapeutic target for microwave radiation injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhao
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Haidian District, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, People's Republic of China
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Borre YE, Panagaki T, Koelink PJ, Morgan ME, Hendriksen H, Garssen J, Kraneveld AD, Olivier B, Oosting RS. Neuroprotective and cognitive enhancing effects of a multi-targeted food intervention in an animal model of neurodegeneration and depression. Neuropharmacology 2013; 79:738-49. [PMID: 24286859 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Rising neurodegenerative and depressive disease prevalence combined with the lack of effective pharmaceutical treatments and dangerous side effects, has created an urgent need for the development of effective therapies. Considering that these disorders are multifactorial in origin, treatments designed to interfere at different mechanistic levels may be more effective than the traditional single-targeted pharmacological concepts. To that end, an experimental diet composed of zinc, melatonin, curcumin, piperine, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5, n-3), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6, n-3), uridine, and choline was formulated. This diet was tested on the olfactory bulbectomized rat (OBX), an established animal model of depression and cognitive decline. The ingredients of the diet have been individually shown to attenuate glutamate excitoxicity, exert potent anti-oxidant/anti-inflammatory properties, and improve synaptogenesis; processes that all have been implicated in neurodegenerative diseases and in the cognitive deficits following OBX in rodents. Dietary treatment started 2 weeks before OBX surgery, continuing for 6 weeks in total. The diet attenuated OBX-induced cognitive and behavioral deficits, except long-term spatial memory. Ameliorating effects of the diet extended to the control animals. Furthermore, the experimental diet reduced hippocampal atrophy and decreased the peripheral immune activation in the OBX rats. The ameliorating effects of the diet on the OBX-induced changes were comparable to those of the NMDA receptor antagonist, memantine, a drug used for the management of Alzheimer's disease. This proof-of-concept study suggests that a diet, which simultaneously targets multiple disease etiologies, can prevent/impede the development of a neurodegenerative and depressive disorders and the concomitant cognitive deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya E Borre
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, PO Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands; Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Utrecht University, PO Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Theodora Panagaki
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, PO Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Pim J Koelink
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, PO Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mary E Morgan
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, PO Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hendrikus Hendriksen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, PO Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands; Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Utrecht University, PO Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, PO Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands; Danone Research, Center for Specialized Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Aletta D Kraneveld
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, PO Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Berend Olivier
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, PO Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands; Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Utrecht University, PO Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald S Oosting
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, PO Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands; Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Utrecht University, PO Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
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