1
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Sharma AN, Verma R. Source, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Natural Occurring 2,2'-Bipyridines. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202300764. [PMID: 37996963 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202300764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Molecules containing bipyridine scaffold are fascinating and versatile compounds in the field of natural product chemistry and drug discovery, and these molecules have possible therapeutic applications due to possession of potent biological activities such as antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, antitumor, and phytotoxic. Significant efforts have been devoted to isolating various 2,2' bipyridine compounds from natural sources, with antimicrobial, anti-cancer, and immunosuppressive properties. This review describes recent developments in isolation from different microbial origins, synthesis, and investigation of different kinds of biological activities of 2,2' bipyridines, with a particular emphasis on caerulomycins, collismycins, and related derivates thereof in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amar Nath Sharma
- Research and Development unit, Pharmaffiliates Analytics & Synthetics (P) Ltd, Panchkula, Haryana, 134109, India
| | - Rajni Verma
- Department of Applied Sciences, Chandigarh Engineering College, Jhanjeri, Mohali, India
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2
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Chen M, Pang B, Ding W, Zhao Q, Tang Z, Liu W. Investigation of 2,2'-Bipyridine Biosynthesis Reveals a Common Two-Component System for Aldehydes Production by Carboxylate Reduction. Org Lett 2022; 24:897-902. [PMID: 35044177 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c04239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report a two-component enzymatic system that efficiently catalyzes the reduction of a carboxylate to an aldehyde in the biosynthesis of 2,2'-bipyridine antibiotics caerulomycins. The associated paradigm involves the activation of carboxylate by ATP-dependent adenylation protein CaeF, followed by its reduction catalyzed by CaeB2, a new class of NADPH-dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) that directly reduces AMP-conjugated carboxylate, which is distinct from the known aldehyde-producing enzymes that reduce ACP- or CoA-conjugated carboxylates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Bo Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wenping Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qunfei Zhao
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhijun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China.,Huzhou Center of Bio-Synthetic Innovation, 1366 Hongfeng Road, Huzhou 313000, China
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3
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Pang B, Liao R, Tang Z, Guo S, Wu Z, Liu W. Caerulomycin and collismycin antibiotics share a trans-acting flavoprotein-dependent assembly line for 2,2'-bipyridine formation. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3124. [PMID: 34035275 PMCID: PMC8149447 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23475-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Linear nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) and polyketide synthases (PKSs) template the modular biosynthesis of numerous nonribosomal peptides, polyketides and their hybrids through assembly line chemistry. This chemistry can be complex and highly varied, and thus challenges our understanding in NRPS and PKS-programmed, diverse biosynthetic processes using amino acid and carboxylate building blocks. Here, we report that caerulomycin and collismycin peptide-polyketide hybrid antibiotics share an assembly line that involves unusual NRPS activity to engage a trans-acting flavoprotein in C-C bond formation and heterocyclization during 2,2'-bipyridine formation. Simultaneously, this assembly line provides dethiolated and thiolated 2,2'-bipyridine intermediates through differential treatment of the sulfhydryl group arising from L-cysteine incorporation. Subsequent L-leucine extension, which does not contribute any atoms to either caerulomycins or collismycins, plays a key role in sulfur fate determination by selectively advancing one of the two 2,2'-bipyridine intermediates down a path to the final products with or without sulfur decoration. These findings further the appreciation of assembly line chemistry and will facilitate the development of related molecules using synthetic biology approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Rijing Liao
- Shanghai Institute of Precision Medicine, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhijun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengjie Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuhua Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China. .,Huzhou Center of Bio-Synthetic Innovation, Huzhou, China.
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4
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Xie Y, Chen J, Wang B, Chen T, Chen J, Zhang Y, Liu X, Chen Q. Activation and enhancement of caerulomycin A biosynthesis in marine-derived Actinoalloteichus sp. AHMU CJ021 by combinatorial genome mining strategies. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:159. [PMID: 32762690 PMCID: PMC7412835 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01418-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Activation of silent biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) in marine-derived actinomycete strains is a feasible strategy to discover bioactive natural products. Actinoalloteichus sp. AHMU CJ021, isolated from the seashore, was shown to contain an intact but silent caerulomycin A (CRM A) BGC-cam in its genome. Thus, a genome mining work was preformed to activate the strain’s production of CRM A, an immunosuppressive drug lead with diverse bioactivities. Results To well activate the expression of cam, ribosome engineering was adopted to treat the wild type Actinoalloteichus sp. AHMU CJ021. The initial mutant strain XC-11G with gentamycin resistance and CRM A production titer of 42.51 ± 4.22 mg/L was selected from all generated mutant strains by gene expression comparison of the essential biosynthetic gene-camE. The titer of CRM A production was then improved by two strain breeding methods via UV mutagenesis and cofactor engineering-directed increase of intracellular riboflavin, which finally generated the optimal mutant strain XC-11GUR with a CRM A production titer of 113.91 ± 7.58 mg/L. Subsequently, this titer of strain XC-11GUR was improved to 618.61 ± 16.29 mg/L through medium optimization together with further adjustment derived from response surface methodology. In terms of this 14.6 folds increase in the titer of CRM A compared to the initial value, strain XC-GUR could be a well alternative strain for CRM A development. Conclusions Our results had constructed an ideal CRM A producer. More importantly, our efforts also had demonstrated the effectiveness of abovementioned combinatorial strategies, which is applicable to the genome mining of bioactive natural products from abundant actinomycetes strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunchang Xie
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule Ministry of Education and Jiangxi's Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Subtropic Plant Resources of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China
| | - Jiawen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule Ministry of Education and Jiangxi's Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Subtropic Plant Resources of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Read and Write, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Innovative Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Provincial Academician Workstation of BGI Synthetic Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Beishan Industrial Zone, Shenzhen, 518083, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Jinsha Road, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| | - Tai Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Read and Write, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Innovative Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Provincial Academician Workstation of BGI Synthetic Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Beishan Industrial Zone, Shenzhen, 518083, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Jinsha Road, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| | - Junyu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule Ministry of Education and Jiangxi's Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Subtropic Plant Resources of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Xiaoying Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
| | - Qi Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
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5
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Mei X, Lan M, Cui G, Zhang H, Zhu W. Caerulomycins from Actinoalloteichus cyanogriseus WH1-2216-6: isolation, identification and cytotoxicity. Org Chem Front 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qo00685k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
SAR study of 42 caerulomycins from A. cyanogriseus revealed that 6-aldoxime and 4-O-glycosidation are respectively essential for their activity and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangui Mei
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs
- Ministry of Education of China
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy
- Ocean University of China
- 5# Yushan Road
| | - Mengmeng Lan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs
- Ministry of Education of China
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy
- Ocean University of China
- 5# Yushan Road
| | - Guodong Cui
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs
- Ministry of Education of China
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy
- Ocean University of China
- 5# Yushan Road
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs
- Ministry of Education of China
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy
- Ocean University of China
- 5# Yushan Road
| | - Weiming Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs
- Ministry of Education of China
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy
- Ocean University of China
- 5# Yushan Road
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6
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Chen M, Zhang Y, Du Y, Zhao Q, Zhang Q, Wu J, Liu W. Enzymatic competition and cooperation branch the caerulomycin biosynthetic pathway toward different 2,2'-bipyridine members. Org Biomol Chem 2018. [PMID: 28649680 DOI: 10.1039/c7ob01284e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we characterized CaeB6 as a selective hydroxylase and CaeG1 as an O-methyltransferase in the biosynthesis of the 2,2'-bipyridine natural products caerulomycins (CAEs). The C3-hydroxylation activity of CaeB6 competes with the C4-O-methylation activity of CaeG1 and thereby branches the CAE pathway from a common C4-O-demethylated 2,2'-bipyridine intermediate. CaeG1-catalyzed C4-O-methylation leads to a main route that produces the major product CAE-A in Actinoalloteichus cyanogriseus NRRL B-2194. In contrast, CaeB6-catalyzed C3-hydroxylation results in a shunt route in which CaeG1 causes C4-O-methylation and subsequent C3-O-methylation to produce a series of minor CAE products. These findings provide new insights into the biosynthetic pathway of CAEs and a synthetic biology strategy for the selective functionalization of the 2,2'-bipyridine core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Nature Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
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7
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Chen M, Pang B, Du YN, Zhang YP, Liu W. Characterization of the metallo-dependent amidohydrolases responsible for "auxiliary" leucinyl removal in the biosynthesis of 2,2'-bipyridine antibiotics. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2017; 2:137-146. [PMID: 29062971 PMCID: PMC5636949 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
2,2'-Bipyridine (2,2'-BiPy) is an attractive core structure present in a number of biologically active natural products, including the structurally related antibiotics caerulomycins (CAEs) and collismycins (COLs). Their biosynthetic pathways share a similar key 2,2'-BiPy-l-leucine intermediate, which is desulfurated or sulfurated at C5, arises from a polyketide synthase/nonribosomal peptide synthetase hybrid assembly line. Focusing on the common off-line modification steps, we here report that the removal of the "auxiliary" l-leucine residue relies on the metallo-dependent amidohydrolase activity of CaeD or ColD. This activity leads to the production of similar 2,2'-BiPy carboxylate products that then receive an oxime functionality that is characteristic for both CAEs and COLs. Unlike many metallo-dependent amidohydrolase superfamily proteins that have been previously reported, these proteins (particularly CaeD) exhibited a strong zinc ion-binding capacity that was proven by site-specific mutagenesis studies to be essential to proteolytic activity. The kinetics of the conversions that respectively involve CaeD and ColD were analyzed, showing the differences in the efficiency and substrate specificity of these two proteins. These findings would generate interest in the metallo-dependent amidohydrolase superfamily proteins that are involved in the biosynthesis of bioactive natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Nature Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Bo Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Nature Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ya-Nan Du
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Nature Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yi-Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Nature Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Nature Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China.,State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Science & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.,Huzhou Center of Bio-Synthetic Innovation, 1366 Hongfeng Road, Huzhou 313000, China
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8
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Kujur W, Gurram RK, Maurya SK, Nadeem S, Chodisetti SB, Khan N, Agrewala JN. Caerulomycin A suppresses the differentiation of naïve T cells and alleviates the symptoms of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Autoimmunity 2017; 50:317-328. [PMID: 28686480 DOI: 10.1080/08916934.2017.1332185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a highly detrimental autoimmune disease of the central nervous system. There is no cure for it but the treatment typically focuses on subsiding severity and recurrence of the disease. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an animal model of MS. It is characterized by frequent relapses due to the generation of memory T cells. Caerulomycin A (CaeA) is known to suppress the Th1 cells, Th2 cells, and Th17 cells. Interestingly, it enhances the generation of regulatory T cells (Tregs). Th1 cells and Th17 cells are known to aggravate EAE, whereas Tregs suppress the disease symptoms. Consequently, in the current study we evaluated the influence of CaeA on EAE. Intriguingly, we observed by whole body imaging that CaeA regressed the clinical symptoms of EAE. Further, there was reduction in the pool of Th1 cells, Th17 cells, and CD8 T cells. The mechanism involved in suppressing the EAE symptoms was due to the inhibition in the generation of effector and central memory T cells and induction of the expansion of Tregs. In essence, these findings implicate that CaeA may be considered as a potent future immunosuppressive drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weshely Kujur
- a Immunology Laboratory , CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology , Chandigarh , India
| | - Rama Krishna Gurram
- a Immunology Laboratory , CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology , Chandigarh , India.,b National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Sudeep K Maurya
- a Immunology Laboratory , CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology , Chandigarh , India
| | - Sajid Nadeem
- a Immunology Laboratory , CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology , Chandigarh , India
| | - Sathi Babu Chodisetti
- a Immunology Laboratory , CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology , Chandigarh , India.,c Department of Microbiology and Immunology , Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey , PA , USA
| | - Nargis Khan
- a Immunology Laboratory , CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology , Chandigarh , India.,d Department of Medicine , McGill University , Montreal , QC , Canada
| | - Javed Naim Agrewala
- a Immunology Laboratory , CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology , Chandigarh , India
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9
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Zhu Y, Xu J, Mei X, Feng Z, Zhang L, Zhang Q, Zhang G, Zhu W, Liu J, Zhang C. Biochemical and Structural Insights into the Aminotransferase CrmG in Caerulomycin Biosynthesis. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:943-52. [PMID: 26714051 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Caerulomycin A (CRM A 1) belongs to a family of natural products containing a 2,2'-bipyridyl ring core structure and is currently under development as a potent novel immunosuppressive agent. Herein, we report the functional characterization, kinetic analysis, substrate specificity, and structure insights of an aminotransferase CrmG in 1 biosynthesis. The aminotransferase CrmG was confirmed to catalyze a key transamination reaction to convert an aldehyde group to an amino group in the 1 biosynthetic pathway, preferring l-glutamate and l-glutamine as the amino donor substrates. The crystal structures of CrmG in complex with the cofactor 5'-pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) or 5'-pyridoxamine phosphate (PMP) or the acceptor substrate were determined to adopt a canonical fold-type I of PLP-dependent enzymes with a unique small additional domain. The structure guided site-directed mutagenesis identified key amino acid residues for substrate binding and catalytic activities, thus providing insights into the transamination mechanism of CrmG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiguang Zhu
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong
Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology,
South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Jinxin Xu
- Key
Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine
and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Xiangui Mei
- Key
Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School
of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Zhan Feng
- Key
Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine
and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Liping Zhang
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong
Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology,
South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Qingbo Zhang
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong
Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology,
South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Guangtao Zhang
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong
Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology,
South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Weiming Zhu
- Key
Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School
of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jinsong Liu
- Key
Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine
and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Changsheng Zhang
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong
Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology,
South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China
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10
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Zhu Y, Picard MÈ, Zhang Q, Barma J, Després XM, Mei X, Zhang L, Duvignaud JB, Couture M, Zhu W, Shi R, Zhang C. Flavoenzyme CrmK-mediated substrate recycling in caerulomycin biosynthesis. Chem Sci 2016; 7:4867-4874. [PMID: 30155134 PMCID: PMC6016722 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc00771f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Biochemical and structural investigations into the flavoenzyme CrmK reveal a substrate recycling/salvaging mechanism in caerulomycin biosynthesis.
Substrate salvage or recycling is common and important for primary metabolism in cells but is rare in secondary metabolism. Herein we report flavoenzyme CrmK-mediated shunt product recycling in the biosynthesis of caerulomycin A (CRM A 1), a 2,2′-bipyridine-containing natural product that is under development as a potent novel immunosuppressive agent. We demonstrated that the alcohol oxidase CrmK, belonging to the family of bicovalent FAD-binding flavoproteins, catalyzed the conversion of an alcohol into a carboxylate via an aldehyde. The CrmK-mediated reactions were not en route to 1 biosynthesis but played an unexpectedly important role by recycling shunt products back to the main pathway of 1. Crystal structures and site-directed mutagenesis studies uncovered key residues for FAD-binding, substrate binding and catalytic activities, enabling the proposal for the CrmK catalytic mechanism. This study provides the first biochemical and structural evidence for flavoenzyme-mediated substrate recycling in secondary metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiguang Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology , Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica , South China Sea Institute of Oceanology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 164 West Xingang Road , Guangzhou 510301 , China .
| | - Marie-Ève Picard
- Département de biochimie , de microbiologie et de bio-informatique , PROTEO , Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS) , Université Laval , Québec G1V 0A6 , Canada .
| | - Qingbo Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology , Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica , South China Sea Institute of Oceanology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 164 West Xingang Road , Guangzhou 510301 , China .
| | - Julie Barma
- Département de biochimie , de microbiologie et de bio-informatique , PROTEO , Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS) , Université Laval , Québec G1V 0A6 , Canada .
| | - Xavier Murphy Després
- Département de biochimie , de microbiologie et de bio-informatique , PROTEO , Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS) , Université Laval , Québec G1V 0A6 , Canada .
| | - Xiangui Mei
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs , Chinese Ministry of Education , School of Medicine and Pharmacy , Ocean University of China , 5 Yushan Road , Qingdao 266003 , China
| | - Liping Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology , Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica , South China Sea Institute of Oceanology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 164 West Xingang Road , Guangzhou 510301 , China .
| | - Jean-Baptiste Duvignaud
- Département de biochimie , de microbiologie et de bio-informatique , PROTEO , Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS) , Université Laval , Québec G1V 0A6 , Canada .
| | - Manon Couture
- Département de biochimie , de microbiologie et de bio-informatique , PROTEO , Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS) , Université Laval , Québec G1V 0A6 , Canada .
| | - Weiming Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs , Chinese Ministry of Education , School of Medicine and Pharmacy , Ocean University of China , 5 Yushan Road , Qingdao 266003 , China
| | - Rong Shi
- Département de biochimie , de microbiologie et de bio-informatique , PROTEO , Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS) , Université Laval , Québec G1V 0A6 , Canada .
| | - Changsheng Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology , Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica , South China Sea Institute of Oceanology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 164 West Xingang Road , Guangzhou 510301 , China .
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11
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Kaur S, Srivastava G, Sharma AN, Jolly RS. Novel immunosuppressive agent caerulomycin A exerts its effect by depleting cellular iron content. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:2286-99. [PMID: 25537422 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Recently, we have described the use of caerulomycin A (CaeA) as a potent novel immunosuppressive agent. Immunosuppressive drugs are crucial for long-term graft survival following organ transplantation and treatment of autoimmune diseases, inflammatory disorders, hypersensitivity to allergens, etc. The objective of this study was to identify cellular targets of CaeA and decipher its mechanism of action. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Jurkat cells were treated with CaeA and cellular iron content, iron uptake/release, DNA content and deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate pool determined. Activation of MAPKs; expression level of transferrin receptor 1, ferritin and cell cycle control molecules; reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell viability were measured using Western blotting, qRT-PCR or flow cytometry. KEY RESULTS CaeA caused intracellular iron depletion by reducing its uptake and increasing its release by cells. CaeA caused cell cycle arrest by (i) inhibiting ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) enzyme, which catalyses the rate-limiting step in the synthesis of DNA; (ii) stimulating MAPKs signalling transduction pathways that play an important role in cell growth, proliferation and differentiation; and (iii) by targeting cell cycle control molecules such as cyclin D1, cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and p21(CIP1/WAF1) . The effect of CaeA on cell proliferation was reversible. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS CaeA exerts its immunosuppressive effect by targeting iron. The effect is reversible, which makes CaeA an attractive candidate for development as a potent immunosuppressive drug, but also indicates that iron chelation can be used as a rationale approach to selectively suppress the immune system, because compared with normal cells, rapidly proliferating cells require a higher utilization of iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suneet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
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Cerulomycin A. Transplantation 2014. [DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000000536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Singla AK, Gurram RK, Chauhan A, Khatri N, Vohra RM, Jolly RS, Agrewala JN. Caerulomycin A suppresses immunity by inhibiting T cell activity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107051. [PMID: 25286329 PMCID: PMC4186789 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Caerulomycin A (CaeA) is a known antifungal and antibiotic agent. Further, CaeA is reported to induce the expansion of regulatory T cell and prolongs the survival of skin allografts in mouse model of transplantation. In the current study, CaeA was purified and characterized from a novel species of actinomycetes, Actinoalloteichus spitiensis. The CaeA was identified for its novel immunosuppressive property by inhibiting in vitro and in vivo function of T cells. METHODS Isolation, purification and characterization of CaeA were performed using High Performance Flash Chromatography (HPFC), NMR and mass spectrometry techniques. In vitro and in vivo T cell studies were conducted in mice using flowcytometry, ELISA and thymidine-[methyl-(3)H] incorporation. RESULTS CaeA significantly suppressed T cell activation and IFN-γ secretion. Further, it inhibited the T cells function at G1 phase of cell cycle. No apoptosis was noticed by CaeA at a concentration responsible for inducing T cell retardation. Furthermore, the change in the function of B cells but not macrophages was observed. The CaeA as well exhibited substantial inhibitory activity in vivo. CONCLUSION This study describes for the first time novel in vitro and in vivo immunosuppressive function of CaeA on T cells and B cells. CaeA has enough potential to act as a future immunosuppressive drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind K. Singla
- Biochemical Engineering Research and Process Development Centre, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rama Krishna Gurram
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Arun Chauhan
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Neeraj Khatri
- Experimental Animal Facility, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rakesh M. Vohra
- Biochemical Engineering Research and Process Development Centre, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ravinder S. Jolly
- Department of Chemistry, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Javed N. Agrewala
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
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