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Martínez-López MV, McLaughlin L, Molina-Pérez A, Pabisiak K, Primc N, Randhawa G, Rodríguez-Arias D, Suárez J, Wöhlke S, Delgado J. Mapping trust relationships in organ donation and transplantation: a conceptual model. BMC Med Ethics 2023; 24:93. [PMID: 37914997 PMCID: PMC10621073 DOI: 10.1186/s12910-023-00965-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The organ donation and transplantation (ODT) system heavily relies on the willingness of individuals to donate their organs. While it is widely believed that public trust plays a crucial role in shaping donation rates, the empirical support for this assumption remains limited. In order to bridge this knowledge gap, this article takes a foundational approach by elucidating the concept of trust within the context of ODT. By examining the stakeholders involved, identifying influential factors, and mapping the intricate trust relationships among trustors, trustees, and objects of trust, we aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of trust dynamics in ODT. We employ maps and graphs to illustrate the functioning of these trust relationships, enabling a visual representation of the complex interactions within the ODT system. Through this conceptual groundwork, we pave the way for future empirical research to investigate the link between trust and organ donation rates, informed by a clarified understanding of trust in ODT. This study can also provide valuable insights to inform interventions and policies aimed at enhancing organ donation rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Victoria Martínez-López
- Department of Philosophy I, FiloLab-UGR, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
- Ethical Legal and Psychosocial Aspects of Organ Transplantation (ELPAT), European Society for Organ Transplantation (ESOT), Padua, Italy.
| | - Leah McLaughlin
- Ethical Legal and Psychosocial Aspects of Organ Transplantation (ELPAT), European Society for Organ Transplantation (ESOT), Padua, Italy
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - Alberto Molina-Pérez
- Ethical Legal and Psychosocial Aspects of Organ Transplantation (ELPAT), European Society for Organ Transplantation (ESOT), Padua, Italy.
- Instituto de Estudios Sociales Avanzados (IESA), CSIC, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Krzysztof Pabisiak
- Ethical Legal and Psychosocial Aspects of Organ Transplantation (ELPAT), European Society for Organ Transplantation (ESOT), Padua, Italy
- Dept Nephrology Transplantation and Internal Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Nadia Primc
- Ethical Legal and Psychosocial Aspects of Organ Transplantation (ELPAT), European Society for Organ Transplantation (ESOT), Padua, Italy
- Institute of History and Ethics of Medicine, Medical Department, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gurch Randhawa
- Ethical Legal and Psychosocial Aspects of Organ Transplantation (ELPAT), European Society for Organ Transplantation (ESOT), Padua, Italy
- Institute for Health Research, University of Bedfordshire, Bedfordshire, UK
| | - David Rodríguez-Arias
- Department of Philosophy I, FiloLab-UGR, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Ethical Legal and Psychosocial Aspects of Organ Transplantation (ELPAT), European Society for Organ Transplantation (ESOT), Padua, Italy
| | - Jorge Suárez
- Department of Philosophy I, FiloLab-UGR, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Sabine Wöhlke
- Ethical Legal and Psychosocial Aspects of Organ Transplantation (ELPAT), European Society for Organ Transplantation (ESOT), Padua, Italy
- Department Health Sciences, Faculty Life Science, Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Janet Delgado
- Department of Philosophy I, FiloLab-UGR, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Ethical Legal and Psychosocial Aspects of Organ Transplantation (ELPAT), European Society for Organ Transplantation (ESOT), Padua, Italy
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2
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Ugur ZB, Molina Pérez A. The toll of COVID-19 on organ donation and kidney transplantation in Europe: Do legislative defaults matter? Health Policy 2023; 136:104890. [PMID: 37573724 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2023.104890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the cascading effects of COVID-19 pandemic on organ donation and transplantation in Europe. We also check whether legislative defaults for organ donation have a role in these outcomes. For this purpose, we used data from 32 European countries, between 2010 and 2021, and estimated pooled OLS regressions. We find that COVID-19 pandemic reduced deceased organ donation rates by 23.4%, deceased kidney transplantation rates by 27.9% and live kidney transplantation rates by 31.1% after accounting for health system capacity indicators. While our study finds that presumed consent legislation under normal circumstances leads to notable benefits in terms of deceased kidney transplantation and organ donation rates, the legislative defaults did not have a significant impact during the pandemic. Additionally, our findings indicate a trade-off between living and deceased transplantation that is influenced by the legislative default.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep B Ugur
- Department of Economics, Social Sciences University of Ankara, Ulus, Ankara C421, Turkey.
| | - Alberto Molina Pérez
- Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Institute of Advanced Social Studies, Córdoba, Spain
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3
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Then SN, Martin DE, McGee A, Gardiner D, El Moslemani N. Decision-making About Premortem Interventions for Donation: Navigating Legal and Ethical Complexities. Transplantation 2023; 107:1655-1663. [PMID: 37069655 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Premortem interventions (PMIs) for organ donation play a vital role in preserving opportunities for deceased donation or increasing the chances of successful transplantation of donor organs. Although ethical considerations relating to use of particular PMIs have been well explored, the ethical and legal aspects of decision-making about the use of PMIs have received comparatively little attention. In many countries, there is significant uncertainty regarding whether PMIs are lawful or, if they are, who can authorize them. Furthermore, emphasis on consideration of therapeutic goals in substitute decision-making frameworks may discourage consideration of donation goals. In this article, we examine the fundamental questions of who should have the authority to make decisions about the use of PMIs on behalf of a potential donor and how such decisions should be made. We draw on international examples of legal reform that have sought to clarify the legal position in relation to administering PMIs and identify potential elements of an effective regulatory model for PMIs. In doing so, we argue that reforms are needed in many countries to provide legal certainty for clinicians who are responsible for supporting decision-making about PMIs and to ensure that the goals and preferences of potential donors are accorded due consideration in the decision-making process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Ning Then
- Australian Centre for Health Law Research, Faculty of Business and Law, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane City, Australia
| | | | - Andrew McGee
- Australian Centre for Health Law Research, Faculty of Business and Law, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane City, Australia
| | - Dale Gardiner
- Adult Intensive Care, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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4
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van Oosterhout SPC, van der Niet AG, Abdo WF, Boenink M, Cherpanath TGV, Epker JL, Kotsopoulos AM, van Mook WNKA, Sonneveld HPC, Volbeda M, Olthuis G, van Gurp JLP. How clinicians discuss patients' donor registrations of consent and presumed consent in donor conversations in an opt-out system: a qualitative embedded multiple-case study. Crit Care 2023; 27:299. [PMID: 37507800 PMCID: PMC10375668 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-023-04581-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Netherlands introduced an opt-out donor system in 2020. While the default in (presumed) consent cases is donation, family involvement adds a crucial layer of influence when applying this default in clinical practice. We explored how clinicians discuss patients' donor registrations of (presumed) consent in donor conversations in the first years of the opt-out system. METHODS A qualitative embedded multiple-case study in eight Dutch hospitals. We performed a thematic analysis based on audio recordings and direct observations of donor conversations (n = 15, 7 consent and 8 presumed consent) and interviews with the clinicians involved (n = 16). RESULTS Clinicians' personal considerations, their prior experiences with the family and contextual factors in the clinicians' profession defined their points of departure for the conversations. Four routes to discuss patients' donor registrations were constructed. In the Consent route (A), clinicians followed patients' explicit donation wishes. With presumed consent, increased uncertainty in interpreting the donation wish appeared and prompted clinicians to refer to "the law" as a conversation starter and verify patients' wishes multiple times with the family. In the Presumed consent route (B), clinicians followed the law intending to effectuate donation, which was more easily achieved when families recognised and agreed with the registration. In the Consensus route (C), clinicians provided families some participation in decision-making, while in the Family consent route (D), families were given full decisional capacity to pursue optimal grief processing. CONCLUSION Donor conversations in an opt-out system are a complex interplay between seemingly straightforward donor registrations and clinician-family interactions. When clinicians are left with concerns regarding patients' consent or families' coping, families are given a larger role in the decision. A strict uniform application of the opt-out system is unfeasible. We suggest incorporating the four previously described routes in clinical training, stimulating discussions across cases, and encouraging public conversations about donation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne P C van Oosterhout
- Department of IQ Healthcare, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Kapittelweg 54, 6525 EP, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Anneke G van der Niet
- Department of IQ Healthcare, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Kapittelweg 54, 6525 EP, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - W Farid Abdo
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marianne Boenink
- Department of IQ Healthcare, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Kapittelweg 54, 6525 EP, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas G V Cherpanath
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jelle L Epker
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Angela M Kotsopoulos
- Department of Intensive Care, Elisabeth Tweesteden Hospital, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Walther N K A van Mook
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans P C Sonneveld
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Isala Hospital, Zwolle, The Netherlands
| | - Meint Volbeda
- Department of Critical Care, University of Groningen, University Medical Center, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Olthuis
- Department of IQ Healthcare, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Kapittelweg 54, 6525 EP, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jelle L P van Gurp
- Department of IQ Healthcare, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Kapittelweg 54, 6525 EP, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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5
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Walton P, Pérez-Blanco A, Beed S, Glazier A, Ferreira Salomao Pontes D, Kingdon J, Jordison K, Weiss MJ. Organ and Tissue Donation Consent Model and Intent to Donate Registries: Recommendations From an International Consensus Forum. Transplant Direct 2023; 9:e1416. [PMID: 37138558 PMCID: PMC10150845 DOI: 10.1097/txd.0000000000001416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Consent model and intent to donate registries are often the most public facing aspects of an organ and tissue donation and transplantation (OTDT) system. This article describes the output of an international consensus forum designed to give guidance to stakeholders considering reform of these aspects of their system. Methods This Forum was initiated by Transplant Québec and cohosted by the Canadian Donation and Transplantation Program partnered with multiple national and international donation and transplantation organizations. This article describes the output of the consent and registries domain working group, which is 1 of 7 domains from this Forum. The domain working group members included administrative, clinical, and academic experts in deceased donation consent models in addition to 2 patient, family, and donor partners. Topic identification and recommendation consensus was completed over a series of virtual meetings from March to September 2021. Consensus was achieved by applying the nominal group technique informed by literature reviews performed by working group members. Results Eleven recommendations were generated and divided into 3 topic groupings: consent model, intent to donate registry structure, and consent model change management. The recommendations emphasized the need to adapt all 3 elements to the legal, societal, and economic realities of the jurisdiction of the OTDT system. The recommendations stress the importance of consistency within the system to ensure that societal values such as autonomy and social cohesion are applied through all levels of the consent process. Conclusions We did not recommend one consent model as universally superior to others, although considerations of factors that contribute to the successful deployment of consent models were discussed in detail. We also include recommendations on how to navigate changes in the consent model in a way that preserves an OTDT system's most valuable resource: public trust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phil Walton
- Organ and Tissue Donation and Transplantation, NHS Blood and Transplant, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Jennifer Kingdon
- Canadian Donation and Transplantation Research Program, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Kim Jordison
- Canadian Donation and Transplantation Research Program, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Matthew J. Weiss
- Canadian Donation and Transplantation Research Program, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Transplant Québec, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Centre Mère-Enfant Soleil du CHU de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
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6
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Martinez-Lopez MV, Coll E, Cruz-Quintana F, Dominguez-Gil B, Hannikainen IR, Lara Rosales R, Pérez-Blanco A, Perez-Marfil MN, Pérez-Villares JM, Uruñuela D, Rodríguez-Arias D. Family bereavement and organ donation in Spain: a mixed method, prospective cohort study protocol. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e066286. [PMID: 36609324 PMCID: PMC9827244 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-066286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is a discrepancy in the literature as to whether authorising or refusing the recovery of organs for transplantation is of direct benefit to families in their subsequent grieving process. This study aims to explore the impact of the family interview to pose the option of posthumous donation and the decision to authorise or refuse organ recovery on the grieving process of potential donors' relatives. METHODS AND ANALYSIS A protocol for mixed methods, prospective cohort longitudinal study is proposed. Researchers do not randomly assign participants to groups. Instead, participants are considered to belong to one of three groups based on factors related to their experiences at the hospital. In this regard, families in G1, G2 and G3 would be those who authorised organ donation, declined organ donation or were not asked about organ donation, respectively. Their grieving process is monitored at three points in time: 1 month after the patient's death, when a semistructured interview focused on the lived experience during the donation process is carried out, 3 months and 9 months after the death. At the second and third time points, relatives' grieving process is assessed using six psychometric tests: State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory-II, Inventory of Complicated Grief, The Impact of Event Scale: Revised, Posttraumatic Growth Inventory and Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale. Descriptive statistics (means, SDs and frequencies) are computed for each group and time point. Through a series of regression models, differences between groups in the evolution of bereavement are estimated. Additionally, qualitative analyses of the semistructured interviews are conducted using the ATLAS.ti software. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study involves human participants and was approved by Comité Coordinador de Ética de la Investigación Biomédica de Andalucía (CCEIBA) ID:1052-N-21. The results will be disseminated at congresses and ordinary academic forums. Participants gave informed consent to participate in the study before taking part.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Francisco Cruz-Quintana
- Department of Personality, Assessment and Psychological Treatment, Faculty of Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Ivar R Hannikainen
- Department of Philosophy I, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | | | - Maria Nieves Perez-Marfil
- Department of Personality, Assessment and Psychological Treatment, Faculty of Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | | | - David Rodríguez-Arias
- Department of Philosophy I, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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7
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Molina-Pérez A, Werner-Felmayer G, Van Assche K, Jensen AMB, Delgado J, Flatscher-Thöni M, Hannikainen IR, Rodriguez-Arias D, Schicktanz S, Wöhlke S. Attitudes of European students towards family decision-making and the harmonisation of consent systems in deceased organ donation: a cross-national survey. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:2080. [PMCID: PMC9664433 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14476-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
European countries are increasingly harmonising their organ donation and transplantation policies. Although a growing number of nations are moving to presumed consent to deceased organ donation, no attempts have been made to harmonise policies on individual consent and the role of the family in the decision-making process. Little is known about public awareness of and attitudes towards the role of the family in their own country and European harmonisation on these health policy dimensions. To improve understanding of these issues, we examined what university students think about the role of the family in decision-making in deceased organ donation and about harmonising consent policies within Europe.
Methods
Using LimeSurvey© software, we conducted a comparative cross-sectional international survey of 2193 university students of health sciences and humanities/social sciences from Austria (339), Belgium (439), Denmark (230), Germany (424), Greece (159), Romania (190), Slovenia (190), and Spain (222).
Results
Participants from opt-in countries may have a better awareness of the family’s legal role than those from opt-out countries. Most respondents opposed the family veto, but they were more ambivalent towards the role of the family as a surrogate decision-maker. The majority of participants were satisfied with the family’s legal role. However, those who were unsatisfied preferred to limit family involvement. Overall, participants were opposed to the idea of national sovereignty over consent policies. They favoured an opt-out policy harmonisation and were divided over opt-in. Their views on harmonisation of family involvement were consistent with their personal preferences.
Conclusions
There is overall division on whether families should have a surrogate role, and substantial opposition to granting them sole authority over decision-making. If European countries were to harmonise their policies on consent for organ donation, an opt-out system that grants families a surrogate decision-making role may enjoy the widest public support.
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Molina-Pérez A, Rodríguez-Arias D, Delgado J. Differential impact of opt-in, opt-out policies on deceased organ donation rates: a mixed conceptual and empirical study. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e057107. [PMID: 36441113 PMCID: PMC9462118 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-057107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To increase postmortem organ donation rates, several countries are adopting an opt-out (presumed consent) policy, meaning that individuals are deemed donors unless they expressly refused so. Although opt-out countries tend to have higher donation rates, there is no conclusive evidence that this is caused by the policy itself. The main objective of this study is to better assess the direct impact of consent policy defaults per se on deceased organ recovery rates when considering the role of the family in the decision-making process. This study does not take into account any indirect effects of defaults, such as potential psychological and behavioural effects on individuals and their relatives. DESIGN Based on previous work regarding consent policies, we created a conceptual model of the decision-making process for deceased organ recovery that included any scenario that could be directly influenced by opt-in or opt-out policies. We then applied this model to internationally published data of the consent process to determine how frequently policy defaults could apply. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES We measure the direct impact that opt-in and opt-out policies have per se on deceased organ recovery. RESULTS Our analysis shows that opt-in and opt-out have strictly identical outcomes in eight out of nine situations. They only differ when neither the deceased nor the family have expressed a preference and defaults therefore apply. The direct impact of consent policy defaults is typically circumscribed to a range of 0%-5% of all opportunities for organ recovery. Our study also shows that the intervention of the family improves organ retrieval under opt-in but hinders it under opt-out. CONCLUSIONS This study may warn policy makers that, by emphasising the need to introduce presumed consent to increase organ recovery rates, they might be overestimating the influence of the default and underestimating the power granted to families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Molina-Pérez
- Instituto de Estudios Sociales Avanzados (IESA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Cordoba, Spain
- FiloLab-UGR Scientific Unit of Excellence, Department of Philosophy 1, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Ethical, Legal and Psychosocial Aspects of Transplantation (ELPAT), European Society for Organ Transplantation, Padua, Italy
| | - David Rodríguez-Arias
- FiloLab-UGR Scientific Unit of Excellence, Department of Philosophy 1, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Ethical, Legal and Psychosocial Aspects of Transplantation (ELPAT), European Society for Organ Transplantation, Padua, Italy
| | - Janet Delgado
- FiloLab-UGR Scientific Unit of Excellence, Department of Philosophy 1, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Ethical, Legal and Psychosocial Aspects of Transplantation (ELPAT), European Society for Organ Transplantation, Padua, Italy
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Wind T, Jansen N, Flodén A, Haase-Kromwijk B, Shaw D, Gardiner D. Corrigendum: An Inventory of Deceased Donor Family Care and Contact Between Donor Families and Recipients in 15 European Countries. Transpl Int 2022; 35:10717. [PMID: 35992749 PMCID: PMC9390770 DOI: 10.3389/ti.2022.10717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tineke Wind
- Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Tineke Wind,
| | - Nichon Jansen
- Institute of Health and Care Science, Dutch Transplant Foundation, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Anne Flodén
- Institute of Health and Care Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Anaestesiology, Södra Älvsborgs Hospital, Borås, Sweden
| | | | - David Shaw
- Institute of Biomedical Ethics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Health, Ethics and Society, Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Dale Gardiner
- Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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Chow KM, Ahn C, Dittmer I, Au DKS, Cheung I, Cheng YL, Lau CS, Yeung DTK, Li PKT. Introducing Incentives and Reducing Disincentives in Enhancing Deceased Organ Donation and Transplantation. Semin Nephrol 2022; 42:151268. [PMID: 36577641 DOI: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite the effectiveness of solid organ transplantation, progress to close the gap between donor organs and demand remains slow. An organ shortage increases the waiting time for transplant and involves significant costs including patient morbidity and mortality. Against the background of a low deceased organ donation rate, this article discusses the option of introducing incentives and removing disincentives to deceased organ donation. Perspectives from ethics, general public opinion, and the health care profession are examined to ensure a comprehensive appraisal and illustrate different facets of opinion on this complex area. Special cultural and psychosocial considerations in Asia, including the family based consent model, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Ming Chow
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Carol and Richard Yu PD Research Centre, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Curie Ahn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ian Dittmer
- Department of Renal Medicine, Auckland City Hospital, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Derrick Kit-Sing Au
- Centre for Bioethics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Ian Cheung
- Cluster Services Division, Hospital Authority, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Yuk Lun Cheng
- Department of Medicine, Alice Ho Miu Ling Nethersole Hospital, Tai Po, Hong Kong
| | - Chak Sing Lau
- Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Philip Kam-Tao Li
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Carol and Richard Yu PD Research Centre, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong.
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11
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Luo A, He H, Xu Z, Ouyang W, Chen Y, Li K, Xie W. A Qualitative Study in Family Units on Organ Donation: Attitude, Influencing Factors and Communication Patterns. Transpl Int 2022; 35:10411. [PMID: 35401037 PMCID: PMC8983816 DOI: 10.3389/ti.2022.10411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the attitude, influencing factors and communication patterns of organ donation in Chinses families. We conducted in-depth interviews with 97 participants from 26 families in China from August 2018 to October 2020. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed by the researchers. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data and Nvivo 12 was used to catalog coded data. Thirty-eight participants indicated that they would like to be a donor while the majority were unlikely to donate. Among those who were willing to donate, some disagreed with family members to donate organs. Themes found included attitude, the timing of thinking, taboo and fear, traditional beliefs, ethics and family communication patterns. Lack of knowledge, fear, taboo, some traditional beliefs and mistrust may discourage donation. Altruism and policy which is good for the family seem to encourage donation. We also constructed three family communication patterns to provide a deeper understanding of the family in China. This is the first qualitative study that analyzed attitude, influencing factors and communication patterns based on family units in China mainland. Our findings showed that family comes first in Chinese. We suggest that family-based consent and incentives are more suitable for the Chinese social context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aijing Luo
- The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Information Research (Central South University), College of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Haiyan He
- The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Information Research (Central South University), College of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zehua Xu
- The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Information Research (Central South University), College of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Public Health College of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Ouyang
- The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Information Research (Central South University), College of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yang Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ke Li
- The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Information Research (Central South University), College of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenzhao Xie
- The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Information Research (Central South University), College of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Díaz-Cobacho G, Cruz-Piqueras M, Delgado J, Hortal-Carmona J, Martínez-López MV, Molina-Pérez A, Padilla-Pozo Á, Ranchal-Romero J, Rodríguez-Arias D. Public Perception of Organ Donation and Transplantation Policies in Southern Spain. Transplant Proc 2022; 54:567-574. [PMID: 35303996 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2022.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This research explores how public awareness and attitudes toward donation and transplantation policies may contribute to Spain's success in cadaveric organ donation. MATERIALS AND METHODS A representative sample of 813 people residing in Andalusia (Southern Spain) were surveyed by telephone or via Internet between October and December 2018. RESULTS Most participants trust Spain's donation and transplantation system (93%) and wish to donate their organs after death (76%). Among donors, a majority have expressed their consent (59%), and few nondonors have expressed their refusal (14%). Only a minority are aware of the presumed consent system in force (28%) and feel sufficiently informed regarding the requirements needed to be an organ donor (16%). Participants mainly consider that relatives should represent the deceased's preferences and be consulted when the deceased's wishes are unknown, as is the case in Spain. CONCLUSION Public trust in the transplant system may contribute to Spain's high performance in organ donation. High levels of societal support toward organ donation and transplantation do not correspond with similar levels of public awareness of donation and transplantation policies in Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Díaz-Cobacho
- Department of Philosophy 1, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; FiloLab-UGR Scientific Unit of Excellence, University of Granada, Spain
| | | | - Janet Delgado
- Department of Philosophy 1, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; ELPAT-ESOT Public Issues Working Group, European Society of Organ Transplantation, Padova, Italy; FiloLab-UGR Scientific Unit of Excellence, University of Granada, Spain
| | - Joaquín Hortal-Carmona
- Department of Philosophy 1, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Centro de salud Albayzín, Servicio Andaluz de Salud, Granada, Spain
| | - M Victoria Martínez-López
- Department of Philosophy 1, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; ELPAT-ESOT Public Issues Working Group, European Society of Organ Transplantation, Padova, Italy; FiloLab-UGR Scientific Unit of Excellence, University of Granada, Spain
| | - Alberto Molina-Pérez
- Department of Philosophy 1, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; ELPAT-ESOT Public Issues Working Group, European Society of Organ Transplantation, Padova, Italy; FiloLab-UGR Scientific Unit of Excellence, University of Granada, Spain; Institute for Advanced Social Studies, Spanish National Research Council (IESA-CSIC), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Álvaro Padilla-Pozo
- Department of Political and Social Sciences, University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julia Ranchal-Romero
- Institute for Advanced Social Studies, Spanish National Research Council (IESA-CSIC), Córdoba, Spain
| | - David Rodríguez-Arias
- Department of Philosophy 1, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; ELPAT-ESOT Public Issues Working Group, European Society of Organ Transplantation, Padova, Italy; FiloLab-UGR Scientific Unit of Excellence, University of Granada, Spain.
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Wind T, Jansen N, Flodén A, Haase-Kromwijk B, Shaw D, Gardiner D. An Inventory of Deceased Donor Family Care and Contact Between Donor Families and Recipients in 15 European Countries. Transpl Int 2022; 35:10188. [PMID: 35185370 PMCID: PMC8842228 DOI: 10.3389/ti.2021.10188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Families of organ donors play an important role in the deceased organ donation process. The aim of this study was to gain insight into donor family care by creating an inventory of practice in various European countries. A questionnaire about donor family care and contact between donor families and recipients was developed. Representatives of the organ donor professionals of 15 European countries responded (94%). The donor coordinator plays a key role in care for the donor family. All countries provide information about the donation results to the families, although diminished due to privacy laws. Anonymous written contact between donor families and recipients is possible in almost all countries and direct contact in only a few. Remembrance ceremonies exist in most countries. Half of the respondents thought the aftercare could improve. This first inventory shows that differences exist between countries, depending on the organisation of the donation process, the law and the different role of the professionals. Direct contact between donor families and recipients is rarely supported by the donation organisation. To date there has been limited research about the experience of donor family aftercare and we would urge all donation organisations to consider this as a priority area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tineke Wind
- Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Tineke Wind,
| | - Nichon Jansen
- Institute of Health and Care Science, Dutch Transplant Foundation, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Anne Flodén
- Institute of Health and Care Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Anaestesiology, Södra Älvsborgs Hospital, Borås, Sweden
| | | | - David Shaw
- Institute of Biomedical Ethics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Health, Ethics and Society, Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Dale Gardiner
- Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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Molina-Pérez A, Delgado J, Frunza M, Morgan M, Randhawa G, de Wijdeven JRV, Schicktanz S, Schiks E, Wöhlke S, Rodríguez-Arias D. Should the family have a role in deceased organ donation decision-making? A systematic review of public knowledge and attitudes towards organ procurement policies in Europe. Transplant Rev (Orlando) 2021; 36:100673. [PMID: 34864448 DOI: 10.1016/j.trre.2021.100673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
GOAL To assess public knowledge and attitudes towards the family's role in deceased organ donation in Europe. METHODS A systematic search was conducted in CINHAL, MEDLINE, PAIS Index, Scopus, PsycINFO, and Web of Science on December 15th, 2017. Eligibility criteria were socio-empirical studies conducted in Europe from 2008 to 2017 addressing either knowledge or attitudes by the public towards the consent system, including the involvement of the family in the decision-making process, for post-mortem organ retrieval. Screening and data collection were performed by two or more independent reviewers for each record. RESULTS Of the 1482 results, 467 studies were assessed in full-text form, and 33 were included in this synthesis. When the deceased has not expressed any preference, a majority of the public support the family's role as a surrogate decision-maker. When the deceased expressly consented, the respondents' answers depend on whether they see themselves as potential donors or as a deceased's next-of-kin. Answers also depend on the relationship between the deceased and the decision-maker(s) within the family, and on their ethnic or cultural background. CONCLUSIONS Public views on the authority of the family in organ donation decision-making requiere further research. A common conceptual framework and validated well-designed questionnaires are needed for future studies. The findings should be considered in the development of Government policy and guidance regarding the role of families in deceased organ donation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Molina-Pérez
- Institute for Advanced Social Studies, Spanish National Research Council, Cordoba, Spain; Public Issues working group, ELPAT-ESOT, Padova, Italy.
| | - Janet Delgado
- Public Issues working group, ELPAT-ESOT, Padova, Italy; Department of Philosophy 1, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Mihaela Frunza
- Department of Philosophy, Faculty of History and Philosophy, Babes-Bolyai University of Cluj, Cluj, Romania
| | - Myfanwy Morgan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Gurch Randhawa
- Institute for Health Research, University of Bedfordshire, Luton, England, United Kingdom
| | | | - Silke Schicktanz
- Department of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Eline Schiks
- Department of Policy, Dutch Transplant Foundation, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Sabine Wöhlke
- Department of Health Sciences, HAW-Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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Hyde MK, Masser BM, Edwards ARA, Ferguson E. Australian Perspectives on Opt-In and Opt-Out Consent Systems for Deceased Organ Donation. Prog Transplant 2021; 31:357-367. [PMID: 34806919 DOI: 10.1177/15269248211046023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: As many countries change to opt-out systems to address organ shortages, calls for similar reform in Australia persist. Community perspectives on consent systems for donation remain under-researched, therefore Australian perspectives on consent systems and their effectiveness in increasing donation rates were explored. Design: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, participants completed a survey presenting opt-in, soft opt-out, and hard opt-out systems, with corresponding descriptions. Participants chose the system they perceived as most effective and described their reasoning. Results: Participants (N = 509) designated soft opt-out as the most effective system (52.3%; hard opt-out 33.7%; opt-in 13.7%). Those who identified with an ethnic/cultural group or were not registered had greater odds of choosing opt-out. Six themes identified in thematic analysis reflected their reasoning: (1) who decides (individual, shared decision with family); (2) right to choose; (3) acceptability (ethics, fairness); and utility in overcoming barriers for (4) individuals (apathy, awareness, ease of donating, fear/avoidance of death); (5) family (easier family experience, family veto); (6) society (normalizing donation, donation as default, expanding donor pool). Choice and overcoming individual barriers were more frequently endorsed themes for opt-in and opt-out, respectively. Discussion: Results suggested the following insights regarding system effectiveness: uphold/prioritize individual's recorded donation decision above family wishes; involve family in decision making if no donation preference is recorded; retain a register enabling opt-in and opt-out for unequivocal decisions and promoting individual control; and maximize ease of registering. Future research should establish whether systems considered effective are also acceptable to the community to address organ shortages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa K Hyde
- 1974The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Barbara M Masser
- 1974The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Rodríguez-Arias D, Molina-Pérez A, Hannikainen IR, Delgado J, Söchtig B, Wöhlke S, Schicktanz S. Governance quality indicators for organ procurement policies. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252686. [PMID: 34086783 PMCID: PMC8177644 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Consent policies for post-mortem organ procurement (OP) vary throughout Europe, and yet no studies have empirically evaluated the ethical implications of contrasting consent models. To fill this gap, we introduce a novel indicator of governance quality based on the ideal of informed support, and examine national differences on this measure through a quantitative survey of OP policy informedness and preferences in seven European countries. Methods Between 2017–2019, we conducted a convenience sample survey of students (n = 2006) in Austria (AT), Belgium (BE), Denmark (DK), Germany (DE), Greece (GR), Slovenia (SI) and Spain (ES), asking participants about their donation preferences, as well as their beliefs and views about the policy in place. From these measures, we computed indices of informedness, policy support, and fulfilment of unexpressed preferences, which we compared across countries and consent systems. Results Our study introduces a tool for analyzing policy governance in the context of OP. Wide variation in policy awareness was observed: Most respondents in DK, DE, AT and BE correctly identified the policy in place, while those in SI, GR and ES did not. Respondents in opt-out countries (AT, BE, ES and GR) tended to support the policy in place (with one exception, i.e., SI), whereas those in opt-in countries (DE and DK) overwhelmingly opposed it. These results reveal stark differences in governance quality across countries and consent policies: We found a preponderance of informed opposition in opt-in countries and a general tendency towards support–either informed or uninformed–in opt-out countries. We also found informed divergence in opt-in countries and a tendency for convergence–either informed or uninformed–among opt-out countries. Conclusion Our study offers a novel tool for analyzing governance quality and illustrates, in the context of OP, how the strengths and weaknesses of different policy implementations can be estimated and compared using quantitative survey data.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Rodríguez-Arias
- FiloLab-UGR, Philosophy I Department, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
- ELPAT-ESOT Public Issues Working Group, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Alberto Molina-Pérez
- FiloLab-UGR, Philosophy I Department, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
- ELPAT-ESOT Public Issues Working Group, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Social Studies, Spanish National Research Council (IESA-CSIC), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ivar R. Hannikainen
- FiloLab-UGR, Philosophy I Department, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Janet Delgado
- ELPAT-ESOT Public Issues Working Group, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- University Hospital of the Canary Islands, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Benjamin Söchtig
- Department of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Sabine Wöhlke
- ELPAT-ESOT Public Issues Working Group, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- Department of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Department of Health Sciences, HAW-Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Silke Schicktanz
- Department of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
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Pan XT, Ji-Ma, Liu W, Bai ZC, Dai ZF, Huang JT, Lin JF. Investigation and Strategic Analysis of Family Barriers to Organ Donation in China. Transplant Proc 2021; 53:513-519. [PMID: 33293039 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2020.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Families play a prominent role in the eventual organ donation decision. Because the deceased cannot directly express their wishes, their families become the actual decision makers. In China, families are permitted to make decisions regarding organ donation that may not be in accordance with the wishes of the deceased family member, and objections by families are a main bottleneck in the donation process. METHODS Face-to-face questioning was conducted with organ procurement organization coordinators. At the same time, questionnaires were distributed in 11 cities in Zhejiang Province. RESULTS Of the respondents, 69.9% considered family consent necessary and 77.1% thought that the view of their family had a great, even decisive, influence on them to decide to become donors. If the deceased family member had registered as an organ donor, 65.2% of families decided that they would respect the wishes of the deceased person. Adult children (58.6%) were more likely to donate than parents (37.4%; χ2 = 123.009, P < .001). Those born after 2000 and after 1990 (62.5% and 52.8%, respectively) were much more likely to donate than those born after 1960 (18.1%; χ2 = 191.485, P < .001). The interviews indicated that there were high rates of donation refusals within potential donation families. Most donor families chose to make hidden donations, and the majority of donor families had a simple family structure. CONCLUSIONS To promote organ donation, China needs to reconsider the role of families in the decision-making process. It is essential to increase organ donation awareness within the younger generation and encourage them to discuss with their families their willingness to donate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ting Pan
- The First Clinical Medical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Ji-Ma
- The First Clinical Medical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Wei Liu
- The First Clinical Medical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zi-Cheng Bai
- The First Clinical Medical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zhen-Feng Dai
- The First Clinical Medical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jun-Ting Huang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jian-Feng Lin
- The First Clinical Medical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
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Sonnenberg EM, Hsu JY, Reese PP, Goldberg D, Abt PL. Wide Variation in the Percentage of Donation After Circulatory Death Donors Across Donor Service Areas: A Potential Target for Improvement. Transplantation 2020; 104:1668-1674. [PMID: 32732846 PMCID: PMC7170761 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000003019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Substantial differences exist in the clinical characteristics of donors across the 58 donor service areas (DSAs). Organ procurement organization (OPO) performance metrics incorporate organs donated after circulatory determination of death (DCDD) donors but do not measure potential DCDD donors. METHODS Using 2011-2016 United Network for Organ Sharing data, we examined the variability in DCDD donors/all deceased donors (%DCDD) across DSAs. We supplemented United Network for Organ Sharing data with CDC death records and OPO statistics to characterize underlying process and system factors that may correlate with donors and utilization. RESULTS Among 52 184 deceased donors, the %DCDD varied widely across DSAs, with a median of 15.1% (interquartile range [9.3%, 20.9%]; range 0.0%-32.0%). The %DCDD had a modest positive correlation with 4 DSA factors: median match model for end-stage liver disease, proportion of white deaths out of total deaths, kidney center competition, and %DCDD livers by a local transplant center (all Spearman coefficients 0.289-0.464), and negative correlation with 1 factor: mean kidney waiting time (Spearman coefficient -0.388). Adjusting for correlated variables in linear regression explained 46.3% of the variability in %DCDD. CONCLUSIONS Donor pool demographics, waitlist metrics, center competition, and DCDD utilization explain only a portion of the variability of DCDD donors. This requires further studies and policy changes to encourage consideration of all possible organ donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M. Sonnenberg
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- National Clinician Scholars Program, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jesse Y. Hsu
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Peter P. Reese
- Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Renal-Electrolyte and Hypertension, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David Goldberg
- Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Peter L. Abt
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Stadlbauer V, Zink C, Likar P, Zink M. Family discussions and demographic factors influence adolescent's knowledge and attitude towards organ donation after brain death: a questionnaire study. BMC Med Ethics 2020; 21:57. [PMID: 32646404 PMCID: PMC7346659 DOI: 10.1186/s12910-020-00499-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Knowledge and attitude towards organ donation are critical factors influencing organ donation rate. We aimed to assess the knowledge and attitude towards organ donation in adolescents in Austria and Switzerland. Methods A paper-based survey was performed in two secondary schools (age range 11–20 years) in Austria and Switzerland. 354/400 surveys were sufficiently answered and analyzed. Results Our study found that knowledge on organ donation is scarce in adolescents. Less than 60% of those surveyed thinks that a person is dead when declared brain dead. 84.6% would authorize organ donation after brain death for themselves, but only 69% would authorize organ donation after brain death for a close relative. 93.7% would accept a donor organ if they needed one. Family discussions, rather than school discussions, influenced knowledge on organ donation, the percentage of respondents who have a firm opinion on organ donation and the rate of declaration of this opinion. Age, gender, nationality and religion also influenced knowledge and attitude towards organ donation. Nearly one third of adolescents are of the opinion that selling non-vital organs should be legalized. Conclusion Since having had family discussions, a potentially modifiable factor, was positively associated with knowledge and attitude towards organ donation, we postulate that educational programs stimulating family discussions on organ donation may be a promising strategy to increase knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Stadlbauer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Research Unit "Transplantation Research", Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036, Graz, Austria.
| | - Christoph Zink
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hospital of the Brothers of St. John of God, St. Veit an der Glan, Austria and Hospital of the Elisabethinen Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Austria
| | - Paul Likar
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hospital of the Brothers of St. John of God, St. Veit an der Glan, Austria and Hospital of the Elisabethinen Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Austria
| | - Michael Zink
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hospital of the Brothers of St. John of God, St. Veit an der Glan, Austria and Hospital of the Elisabethinen Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Austria
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Akbulut S, Ozer A, Gokce A, Demyati K, Saritas H, Yilmaz S. Attitudes, awareness, and knowledge levels of the Turkish adult population toward organ donation: Study of a nationwide survey. World J Clin Cases 2020; 8:2235-2245. [PMID: 32548154 PMCID: PMC7281036 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v8.i11.2235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The most important factors affecting attitudes on organ donation are socioeconomic, educational, cultural, and religious factors in many countries. AIM To evaluate the attitudes, awareness, and knowledge levels of the Turkish adult population toward organ donation. METHODS This nationwide study surveyed 3000 adults (≥ 18 years) in Turkey. To ensure a representative sample, the Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics-II (modified for Turkey) was used. Turkey was divided into 26 regions based on social, economic, and geographic criteria as identified by the Turkish Statistical Institute. A stratified sampling method was used with an even distribution of adults across cities and towns based on population data. Data were collected by the PRP Research and Consultancy Company using computer-assisted personal interviews. RESULTS Out of 3000 individuals represented in the study population, 1465 (48.8%) were male and 1535 (51.2%) female. The results showed that most participants were under 45 years (59.0%) and married (72.1%), some had a bachelor's degree or higher (21.9%), and very few (1.5%) had any direct experience with organ transplantation - whether in the family, or a family member on a transplantation waiting list. Most of the study population (88.3%) had not considered donating an organ, however, most (87.9%) said that they would accept an organ from a donor if they needed one. Among the individuals surveyed, 67% were willing to donate an organ to a close relative, while 26.8% would donate an organ to an unrelated person. Only 47.2% said they had adequate information about brain death, and 85.2% refused to consent to donating organs of family members declared brain dead. Only 33.9% thought they had adequate information about organ donation. The main source of information was the television. The two main reasons for refusing organ donation were that it was too soon to think about organ donation and the importance of retaining the integrity of the dead person's body. CONCLUSION This study showed that Turkey's adult population has inadequate knowledge about organ donation. The study advocates for public education programs to increase awareness among the general population about legislation related to organ donation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Akbulut
- Department of Public Health, Inonu University Faculty of Medicine, Malatya 44280, Turkey
- Liver Transplant Institute, Inonu University, Malatya 44280, Turkey
| | - Ali Ozer
- Department of Public Health, Inonu University Faculty of Medicine, Malatya 44280, Turkey
| | - Ayse Gokce
- Department of Public Health, Inonu University Faculty of Medicine, Malatya 44280, Turkey
| | - Khaled Demyati
- Liver Transplant Institute, Inonu University, Malatya 44280, Turkey
- Department of Surgery, An-Najah National University Hospital, An-Najah National University, Nablus 11941, Palestine
| | - Hasan Saritas
- Department of Surgical Nursing, Inonu University Faculty of Nursing, Malatya 44280, Turkey
| | - Sezai Yilmaz
- Liver Transplant Institute, Inonu University, Malatya 44280, Turkey
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Sharif A. The author replies. Kidney Int 2020; 97:1299. [PMID: 32444093 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2020.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Sharif
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK; Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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Donation Starts With a Decision: The Role of the Individual and Family in Organ Donation. Transplantation 2019; 103:864-865. [DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000002623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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