Efficacy and Safety of a Weight-based Dosing Regimen of Valganciclovir for Cytomegalovirus Prophylaxis in Pediatric Solid-organ Transplant Recipients

Body surface area compared to body weight dosing of valganciclovir is associated with increased toxicity in pediatric solid organ transplantation recipients

Optimal dosing of valganciclovir (VGCV) for cytomegalovirus (CMV) prevention in pediatric solid organ transplantation recipients (SOTR) is controversial. Dosing calculated based on body surface area (BSA) and creatinine clearance is recommended but simplified body weight (BW) dosing is often prescribed. We conducted a retrospective 6-center study to compare safety and efficacy of these strategies in the first-year posttransplant There were 100 (24.2%) pediatric SOTR treated with BSA and 312 (75.7%) with BW dosing. CMV DNAemia was documented in 31.0% vs 23.4% (P = .1) at any time during the first year and breakthrough DNAemia in 16% vs 12.2% (P = .3) of pediatric SOTR receiving BSA vs BW dosing, respectively. However, neutropenia (50% vs 29.3%, P <.001), lymphopenia (51% vs 15.0%, P <.001), and acute kidney injury causing treatment modification (8.0% vs 1.8%, P <.001) were documented more frequently during prophylaxis in pediatric SOTR receiving BSA vs BW dosing. The adjusted odds ratio of VGCV-attributed toxicities comparing BSA and BW dosing was 2.3 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.4-3.7] for neutropenia, 7.0 (95% CI, 3.9-12.4) for lymphopenia, and 4.6 (95% CI, 2.2-9.3) for premature discontinuation or dose reduction of VGCV, respectively. Results demonstrate that BW dosing is associated with significantly less toxicity without any increase in CMV DNAemia.

Optimizing ganciclovir and valganciclovir dosing regimens in pediatric patients with cytomegalovirus infection: a spotlight on therapeutic drug monitoring

INTRODUCTION

Infants and immunocompromised children with cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection have significant morbidity and mortality. Ganciclovir (GCV) and its oral prodrug valganciclovir (VGCV) are the major antiviral options of choice for the prophylaxis and treatment of CMV infection. However, with the currently recommended dosing regimens used in pediatric patients, large intra- and inter-individual variability of pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters and exposure are observed.

AREAS COVERED

This review describes the PK and pharmacodynamic (PD) characteristics of GCV and VGCV in pediatrics. Moreover, the role of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) and current clinical practice for GCV and VGCV dosing regimens optimization in pediatrics are discussed.

EXPERT OPINION

GCV/VGCV TDM has shown the potential value to improve the benefit/risk ratio in pediatrics when using the therapeutic ranges derived from adults. However, well-designed studies are required to evaluate the relationship of TDM with clinical outcomes. Furthermore, studies to explore the children-specific dose-response-effect relationships will be helpful to facilitate the TDM practice. In the clinical setting, optimal sampling methods such as limited sampling strategies for pediatrics can be used in TDM and intracellular ganciclovir triphosphate may be used as an alternative TDM marker.

Prevention and management of CMV infection in pediatric solid organ transplant recipients

Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) remains one of the most common opportunistic infections following solid organ transplantation in children. CMV causes morbidity and mortality through direct tissue-invasive disease and indirect immunomodulatory effects. In recent years, several new agents have emerged for the prevention and treatment of CMV disease in solid organ transplant recipients. However, pediatric data remain scarce, and many of the treatments are extrapolated from the adult literature. Controversies exist about the type and duration of prophylactic therapies and the optimal dosing of antiviral agents. This review provides an up-to-date overview of treatment modalities used to prevent and treat CMV disease in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients.

Cytomegalovirus infection in liver-transplanted children

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is a common complication of liver trans-plantation in children. The CMV serostatus of recipients and donors is the primary risk factor, and prophylaxis or pre-emptive strategies are recommended for high-risk patients. Graft rejection, coinfection and Epstein-Bar virus reactivation, which can lead to post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease, are indirect effects of CMV infection. Assessment of CMV infection viral load should be routinely performed upon clinical suspicion. However, tissue-invasive CMV disease is not associated with CMV viraemia and requires confirmation by tissue pathology. Oral valganciclovir and intravenous ganciclovir are equivalent treatments, and the duration of treatment depends on factors including CMV viral load, tissue pathology, and clinical response. Risk stratification by donor and recipient status prior to transplantation and post-transplantation antiviral prophylaxis or pre-emptive therapy are recommended. Adult guidelines have been established but additional study of the effectiveness of the preventive guidelines in children is needed. This review summarizes the burden, risk factors, clinical manifestations, laboratory evaluation, treatment, and prevention of CMV infection in children after liver transplantation.

Valganciclovir prophylaxis for cytomegalovirus infection in pediatric kidney transplant recipients: a single-center experience

BACKGROUND

There are two approaches for treating cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection occurring after kidney transplantation (KTx). One is preemptive therapy in which treatment is started after confirming positive CMV antigenemia using periodic antigenemia assay. The other approach is prophylactic therapy in which oral valganciclovir (VGCV) is started within 10 days after KTx and continued for 200 days. The Transplantation Society guidelines recommend prophylactic therapy for high-risk (donor's CMV-IgG antibody positive and recipient's negative) pediatric recipients. However, the adequate dose and side effects of VGCV are not clear in children, and there is no sufficient information about prophylaxis for Japanese pediatric recipients.

METHODS

A single-center retrospective analysis was conducted on case series of high-risk pediatric patients who underwent KTx and received oral VGCV prophylaxis at the Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, between August 2018 and March 2019. Data were collected using medical records.

RESULTS

The dose of administration was 450 mg in all the study patients (n = 5). Reduction or discontinuation was required in four of five patients due to adverse events, which included neutropenia in one patient, anemia in two patients, and neutropenia and digestive symptoms in one patient. Late-onset CMV disease occurred in all patients. No seroconversion was observed during prophylaxis.

CONCLUSIONS

Our preliminary study suggests that the dosage endorsed by The Transplantation Society may be an overdose for Japanese pediatric recipients. Further studies are required to examine the safety and efficacy of VGCV prophylaxis in Japanese pediatric recipients.

Considerations and controversies of pharmacologic management of the pediatric kidney transplant recipient

Pediatric kidney transplantation has experienced considerable growth and improvement in patient and allograft outcomes over the past 20 years, in part due to advancements in immunosuppressive regimens and management. Despite this progress, care for this unique population can be challenging due to limited pediatric transplant data and trials, intricacies related to differences in children and adolescents compared with their adult counterparts, and limitations to long-term survival facing all solid organ transplant populations. Immunosuppression and infection prevention practices vary from one pediatric transplant center to another and clinical controversies exist surrounding treatment and dosing. This review aims to summarize key aspects of pharmacologic management in this population and present pertinent data that describe the influence of practice to serve as a resource for practitioners caring for this unique specialty patient population. Additionally, this review highlights select controversies that exist within pediatric kidney transplantation.

Evaluation of stability using one versus three tubes for each quality control concentration in matrix-based bioanalysis

Aim: Contract research organizations and pharmaceutical firms have performed stability testing using one of two methods: storing in the freezer a single tube of matrix for each quality control concentration (Method 1), followed by aliquoting and analysis; and storing three tubes for each quality control concentration, followed by analysis (Method 2). This research project was conducted to determine if there were detectable differences between Method 1 and Method 2. Methodology: Five model drugs were selected: teriflunomide (stable compound) and acetyl salicylic acid, simvastatin, tenofovir alafenamide and valganciclovir (stability concerns). Samples were stored at -80°C for 1, 3 and 12 months and then analyzed. Samples were also placed at different locations within the freezer. Results: For the drugs tested, the results suggest that there is no significant difference in the outcome of stability testing, regardless whether Method 1 or Method 2 was followed.