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Maspero M, Ali K, Cazzaniga B, Yilmaz S, Raj R, Liu Q, Quintini C, Miller C, Hashimoto K, Fairchild RL, Schlegel A. Acute rejection after liver transplantation with machine perfusion versus static cold storage: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Hepatology 2023; 78:835-846. [PMID: 36988381 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Acute cellular rejection (ACR) is a frequent complication after liver transplantation. By reducing ischemia and graft damage, dynamic preservation techniques may diminish ACR. We performed a systematic review to assess the effect of currently tested organ perfusion (OP) approaches versus static cold storage (SCS) on post-transplant ACR-rates. APPROACH AND RESULTS A systematic search of Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science was conducted. Studies reporting ACR-rates between OP and SCS and comprising at least 10 liver transplants performed with either hypothermic oxygenated perfusion (HOPE), normothermic machine perfusion, or normothermic regional perfusion were included. Studies with mixed perfusion approaches were excluded. Eight studies were identified (226 patients in OP and 330 in SCS). Six studies were on HOPE, one on normothermic machine perfusion, and one on normothermic regional perfusion. At meta-analysis, OP was associated with a reduction in ACR compared with SCS [OR: 0.55 (95% CI, 0.33-0.91), p =0.02]. This effect remained significant when considering HOPE alone [OR: 0.54 (95% CI, 0.29-1), p =0.05], in a subgroup analysis of studies including only grafts from donation after cardiac death [OR: 0.43 (0.20-0.91) p =0.03], and in HOPE studies with only donation after cardiac death grafts [OR: 0.37 (0.14-1), p =0.05]. CONCLUSIONS Dynamic OP techniques are associated with a reduction in ACR after liver transplantation compared with SCS. PROSPERO registration: CRD42022348356.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Maspero
- Transplantation Center, Digestive Disease and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
- University of Milan, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Khaled Ali
- Transplantation Center, Digestive Disease and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Beatrice Cazzaniga
- Transplantation Center, Digestive Disease and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Sumeyye Yilmaz
- Transplantation Center, Digestive Disease and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Roma Raj
- Transplantation Center, Digestive Disease and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Qiang Liu
- Transplantation Center, Digestive Disease and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Cristiano Quintini
- Transplantation Center, Digestive Disease and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Charles Miller
- Transplantation Center, Digestive Disease and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Koji Hashimoto
- Transplantation Center, Digestive Disease and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Robert L Fairchild
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Andrea Schlegel
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Centre of Preclinical Research, Milan, Italy
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, Swiss HPB Centre, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
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Ghoneima AS, Sousa Da Silva RX, Gosteli MA, Barlow AD, Kron P. Outcomes of Kidney Perfusion Techniques in Transplantation from Deceased Donors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Med 2023; 12:3871. [PMID: 37373568 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12123871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The high demand for organs in kidney transplantation and the expansion of the donor pool have led to the widespread implementation of machine perfusion technologies. In this study, we aim to provide an up-to-date systematic review of the developments in this expanding field over the past 10 years, with the aim of answering the question: "which perfusion technique is the most promising technique in kidney transplantation?" A systematic review of the literature related to machine perfusion in kidney transplantation was performed. The primary outcome measure was delayed graft function (DGF), and secondary outcomes included rates of rejection, graft survival, and patient survival rates after 1 year. Based on the available data, a meta-analysis was performed. The results were compared with data from static cold storage, which is still the standard of care in many centers worldwide. A total of 56 studies conducted in humans were included, and 43 studies reported outcomes of hypothermic machine perfusion (HMP), with a DGF rate of 26.4%. A meta-analysis of 16 studies showed significantly lower DGF rates in the HMP group compared to those of static cold storage (SCS). Five studies reported outcomes of hypothermic machine perfusion + O2, with an overall DGF rate of 29.7%. Two studies explored normothermic machine perfusion (NMP). These were pilot studies, designed to assess the feasibility of this perfusion approach in the clinical setting. Six studies reported outcomes of normothermic regional perfusion (NRP). The overall incidence of DGF was 71.5%, as it was primarily used in uncontrolled DCD (Maastricht category I-II). Three studies comparing NRP to in situ cold perfusion showed a significantly lower rate of DGF with NRP. The systematic review and meta-analysis provide evidence that dynamic preservation strategies can improve outcomes following kidney transplantation. More recent approaches such as normothermic machine perfusion and hypothermic machine perfusion + O2 do show promising results but need further results from the clinical setting. This study shows that the implementation of perfusion strategies could play an important role in safely expanding the donor pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed S Ghoneima
- Department of HPB and Transplant Surgery, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Richard X Sousa Da Silva
- Swiss HPB and Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Adam D Barlow
- Department of HPB and Transplant Surgery, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Philipp Kron
- Department of HPB and Transplant Surgery, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
- Swiss HPB and Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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3
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Sousa Da Silva RX, Darius T, Mancina L, Eden J, Wernlé K, Ghoneima AS, Barlow AD, Clavien PA, Dutkowski P, Kron P. Real-time assessment of kidney allografts during HOPE using flavin mononucleotide (FMN) - a preclinical study. FRONTIERS IN TRANSPLANTATION 2023; 2:1132673. [PMID: 38993877 PMCID: PMC11235286 DOI: 10.3389/frtra.2023.1132673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Introduction The gap between available donor grafts and patients on the waiting lists is constantly growing. This leads to an increased utilization of high-risk and therefore more vulnerable kidney grafts. The use of high-risk organs requires further optimization of machine preservation and assessment strategies before transplantation. Hypothermic machine perfusion (HMP) is the standard of care for kidneys originating from donation after circulatory death (DCD), whereas the evidence of HMP with additional oxygen (HOPE) is still very limited. Furthermore, an objective quality assessment of HMP-perfused kidneys is lacking. Recently, the release of mitochondria derived fragments, i.e., flavin mononucleotide (FMN) of complex I during machine liver perfusion was shown to be predictive for liver graft function before implantation. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate, if FMN is useful also for assessment of kidney injury before use. Methods A porcine perfusion model was used to investigate the feasibility of assessment of kidney grafts during hypothermic oxygenated perfusion (HOPE) with either 0, 30 or 60 minutes of warm ischemia. The model with warm ischemia times (WIT) of 30 min and 60 min, was used to mimic a clinically relevant scenario. A group with no warm ischemia time (0' WIT) served as control group. The groups underwent minimal static cold storage (SCS) of 2 h followed by 2 h of end-ischemic HOPE with repeated real-time FMN measurements. In a further step, these values were related to the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and to the functionality of the respiratory chain, represented by the capacity of ATP production. Results We demonstrate, first, feasibility of perfusate FMN measurements in perfused kidneys, and secondly its correlation with donor warm ischemia time. Accordingly, FMN measurement showed significantly higher release in the 60-minute WIT group (n = 4) compared to the 30-minute WIT (n = 4) and the control group (n = 4). FMN release correlated also with DAMP signaling, such as the release of 8-OHdG and HMGB1. Finally, ATP replenishment proved to be best in control kidneys, followed by kidneys with 30 min and then by kidneys with 60 min of WIT. Discussion This study demonstrates the feasibility of FMN measurement in kidneys during HOPE. In addition, we show a correlation between FMN quantification and pre-existing kidney graft injury. Based on this, real-time FMN measurement during HOPE may be an objective assessment tool to accept high-risk kidneys for transplantation while minimizing post-transplant dysfunction, moving away from former "gut feeling" towards objective criteria in accepting marginal kidney grafts for transplantation. Graft evaluation based on these results may close the gap between available grafts and patients on the waiting lists by increasing utilization rates without significant impact for the recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard X Sousa Da Silva
- Swiss HPB and Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tom Darius
- Department of Surgery, Surgery and Abdominal Transplant Unit, University Clinics Saint Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Pôle de Chirurgie Expérimentale et Transplantation, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Leandro Mancina
- Swiss HPB and Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Janina Eden
- Swiss HPB and Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kendra Wernlé
- Swiss HPB and Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ahmed S Ghoneima
- Department of HPB and Transplant Surgery, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Adam D Barlow
- Department of HPB and Transplant Surgery, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre-Alain Clavien
- Swiss HPB and Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Dutkowski
- Swiss HPB and Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Kron
- Swiss HPB and Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Clavien PA, Dutkowski P, Mueller M, Eshmuminov D, Bautista Borrego L, Weber A, Muellhaupt B, Sousa Da Silva RX, Burg BR, Rudolf von Rohr P, Schuler MJ, Becker D, Hefti M, Tibbitt MW. Transplantation of a human liver following 3 days of ex situ normothermic preservation. Nat Biotechnol 2022; 40:1610-1616. [PMID: 35641829 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-022-01354-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Current organ preservation methods provide a narrow window (usually <12 hours) to assess, transport and implant donor grafts for human transplantation. Here we report the transplantation of a human liver discarded by all centers, which could be preserved for several days using ex situ normothermic machine perfusion. The transplanted liver exhibited normal function, with minimal reperfusion injury and the need for only a minimal immunosuppressive regimen. The patient rapidly recovered a normal quality of life without any signs of liver damage, such as rejection or injury to the bile ducts, according to a 1-year follow up. This inaugural clinical success opens new horizons in clinical research and promises an extended time window of up to 10 days for assessment of viability of donor organs as well as converting an urgent and highly demanding surgery into an elective procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Alain Clavien
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary (HPB) and Transplant Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. .,Wyss Zurich Translational Center, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Philipp Dutkowski
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary (HPB) and Transplant Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matteo Mueller
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary (HPB) and Transplant Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Wyss Zurich Translational Center, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dilmurodjon Eshmuminov
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary (HPB) and Transplant Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Wyss Zurich Translational Center, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lucia Bautista Borrego
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary (HPB) and Transplant Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Wyss Zurich Translational Center, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Achim Weber
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, and Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beat Muellhaupt
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Richard X Sousa Da Silva
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary (HPB) and Transplant Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Wyss Zurich Translational Center, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Brian R Burg
- Wyss Zurich Translational Center, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Pixium Vision, Paris, France
| | - Philipp Rudolf von Rohr
- Wyss Zurich Translational Center, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin J Schuler
- Wyss Zurich Translational Center, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dustin Becker
- Wyss Zurich Translational Center, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Max Hefti
- Wyss Zurich Translational Center, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mark W Tibbitt
- Wyss Zurich Translational Center, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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5
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Parente A, Flores Carvalho M, Eden J, Dutkowski P, Schlegel A. Mitochondria and Cancer Recurrence after Liver Transplantation—What Is the Benefit of Machine Perfusion? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179747. [PMID: 36077144 PMCID: PMC9456431 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor recurrence after liver transplantation has been linked to multiple factors, including the recipient’s tumor burden, donor factors, and ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). The increasing number of livers accepted from extended criteria donors has forced the transplant community to push the development of dynamic perfusion strategies. The reason behind this progress is the urgent need to reduce the clinical consequences of IRI. Two concepts appear most beneficial and include either the avoidance of ischemia, e.g., the replacement of cold storage by machine perfusion, or secondly, an endischemic organ improvement through perfusion in the recipient center prior to implantation. While several concepts, including normothermic perfusion, were found to reduce recipient transaminase levels and early allograft dysfunction, hypothermic oxygenated perfusion also reduced IRI-associated post-transplant complications and costs. With the impact on mitochondrial injury and subsequent less IRI-inflammation, this endischemic perfusion was also found to reduce the recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after liver transplantation. Firstly, this article highlights the contributing factors to tumor recurrence, including the surgical and medical tissue trauma and underlying mechanisms of IRI-associated inflammation. Secondly, it focuses on the role of mitochondria and associated interventions to reduce cancer recurrence. Finally, the role of machine perfusion technology as a delivery tool and as an individual treatment is discussed together with the currently available clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Parente
- The Liver Unit, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2GW, UK
| | - Mauricio Flores Carvalho
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Centre of Preclinical Research, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Janina Eden
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, Swiss HPB Centre, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Dutkowski
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, Swiss HPB Centre, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Schlegel
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Centre of Preclinical Research, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, Swiss HPB Centre, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
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6
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Panconesi R, Flores Carvalho M, Dondossola D, Muiesan P, Dutkowski P, Schlegel A. Impact of Machine Perfusion on the Immune Response After Liver Transplantation – A Primary Treatment or Just a Delivery Tool. Front Immunol 2022; 13:855263. [PMID: 35874758 PMCID: PMC9304705 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.855263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The frequent use of marginal livers forces transplant centres to explore novel technologies to improve organ quality and outcomes after implantation. Organ perfusion techniques are therefore frequently discussed with an ever-increasing number of experimental and clinical studies. Two main approaches, hypothermic and normothermic perfusion, are the leading strategies to be introduced in clinical practice in many western countries today. Despite this success, the number of studies, which provide robust data on the underlying mechanisms of protection conveyed through this technology remains scarce, particularly in context of different stages of ischemia-reperfusion-injury (IRI). Prior to a successful clinical implementation of machine perfusion, the concept of IRI and potential key molecules, which should be addressed to reduce IRI-associated inflammation, requires a better exploration. During ischemia, Krebs cycle metabolites, including succinate play a crucial role with their direct impact on the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) at mitochondrial complex I upon reperfusion. Such features are even more pronounced under normothermic conditions and lead to even higher levels of downstream inflammation. The direct consequence appears with an activation of the innate immune system. The number of articles, which focus on the impact of machine perfusion with and without the use of specific perfusate additives to modulate the inflammatory cascade after transplantation is very small. This review describes first, the subcellular processes found in mitochondria, which instigate the IRI cascade together with proinflammatory downstream effects and their link to the innate immune system. Next, the impact of currently established machine perfusion strategies is described with a focus on protective mechanisms known for the different perfusion approaches. Finally, the role of such dynamic preservation techniques to deliver specific agents, which appear currently of interest to modulate this posttransplant inflammation, is discussed together with future aspects in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Panconesi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Hepatobiliary Unit, Careggi University Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- General Surgery 2U-Liver Transplant Unit, Department of Surgery, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della, Scienza di Torino, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Mauricio Flores Carvalho
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Hepatobiliary Unit, Careggi University Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Daniele Dondossola
- General and Liver Transplant Surgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore, Policlinico and University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Muiesan
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Hepatobiliary Unit, Careggi University Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- General and Liver Transplant Surgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore, Policlinico and University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Philipp Dutkowski
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary (HPB) Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Schlegel
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Hepatobiliary Unit, Careggi University Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- General and Liver Transplant Surgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore, Policlinico and University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary (HPB) Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Andrea Schlegel,
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Schlegel A, Porte R, Dutkowski P. Protective mechanisms and current clinical evidence of hypothermic oxygenated machine perfusion (HOPE) in preventing post-transplant cholangiopathy. J Hepatol 2022; 76:1330-1347. [PMID: 35589254 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2022.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The development of cholangiopathies after liver transplantation impacts on the quality and duration of graft and patient survival, contributing to higher costs as numerous interventions are required to treat strictures and infections at the biliary tree. Prolonged donor warm ischaemia time in combination with additional cold storage are key risk factors for the development of biliary strictures. Based on this, the clinical implementation of dynamic preservation strategies is a current hot topic in the field of donation after circulatory death (DCD) liver transplantation. Despite various retrospective studies reporting promising results, also regarding biliary complications, there are only a few randomised-controlled trials on machine perfusion. Recently, the group from Groningen has published the first randomised-controlled trial on hypothermic oxygenated perfusion (HOPE), demonstrating a significant reduction of symptomatic ischaemic cholangiopathies with the use of a short period of HOPE before DCD liver implantation. The most likely mechanism for this important effect, also shown in several experimental studies, is based on mitochondrial reprogramming under hypothermic aerobic conditions, e.g. exposure to oxygen in the cold, with a controlled and slow metabolism of ischaemically accumulated succinate and simultaneous ATP replenishment. This unique feature prevents mitochondrial oxidative injury and further downstream tissue inflammation. HOPE treatment therefore supports livers by protecting them from ischaemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), and thereby also prevents the development of post-transplant biliary injury. With reduced IRI-associated inflammation, recipients are also protected from activation of the innate immune system, with less acute rejections seen after HOPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Schlegel
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital Zurich, Swiss HPB and Transplant Center, Zurich, Switzerland; General and Liver Transplant Surgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20100 Milan, Italy
| | - Robert Porte
- Department of Surgery, Surgical Research Laboratory, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Philipp Dutkowski
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital Zurich, Swiss HPB and Transplant Center, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Knijff LWD, van Kooten C, Ploeg RJ. The Effect of Hypothermic Machine Perfusion to Ameliorate Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Donor Organs. Front Immunol 2022; 13:848352. [PMID: 35572574 PMCID: PMC9099247 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.848352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypothermic machine perfusion (HMP) has become the new gold standard in clinical donor kidney preservation and a promising novel strategy in higher risk donor livers in several countries. As shown by meta-analysis for the kidney, HMP decreases the risk of delayed graft function (DGF) and improves graft survival. For the liver, HMP immediately prior to transplantation may reduce the chance of early allograft dysfunction (EAD) and reduce ischemic sequelae in the biliary tract. Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), unavoidable during transplantation, can lead to massive cell death and is one of the main causes for DGF, EAD or longer term impact. Molecular mechanisms that are affected in IRI include levels of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF), induction of cell death, endothelial dysfunction and immune responses. In this review we have summarized and discussed mechanisms on how HMP can ameliorate IRI. Better insight into how HMP influences IRI in kidney and liver transplantation may lead to new therapies and improved transplant outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura W. D. Knijff
- Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
- Transplant Centre of the Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Cees van Kooten
- Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
- Transplant Centre of the Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Rutger J. Ploeg
- Transplant Centre of the Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Kirste G. Cold but not too cold: advances in hypothermic and normothermic organ perfusion. KOREAN JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTATION 2022; 36:2-14. [PMID: 35769433 PMCID: PMC9235527 DOI: 10.4285/kjt.22.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplantation is the method of choice and, in many cases, the only method of treatment for patients with end-stage organ disease. Excellent results have been achieved, and the main focus today is to extend the number of available donors. The use of extended-criteria donors or donors after circulatory death is standard, but is accompanied by an increased risk of ischemia reperfusion injury. This review presents newly developed machine perfusion techniques using hypothermic, subnormothermic, or normothermic conditions, with or without oxygenation. Possibilities for treatment and quality assessment in decision-making about organ acceptability are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guenter Kirste
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Freiburg, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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10
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Parente A, Tirotta F, Ronca V, Schlegel A, Muiesan P. Donation after Circulatory Death Liver Transplantation in Paediatric Recipients. TRANSPLANTOLOGY 2022; 3:91-102. [DOI: 10.3390/transplantology3010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Waiting list mortality together, with limited availability of organs, are one of the major challenges in liver transplantation (LT). Especially in the paediatric population, another limiting factor is the scarcity of transplantable liver grafts due to additional concerns regarding graft size matching. In adults, donation after circulatory death (DCD) liver grafts have been used to expand the donor pool with satisfactory results. Although several studies suggest that DCD livers could also be used in paediatric recipients with good outcomes, their utilisation in children is still limited to a small number of reports. Novel organ perfusion strategies could be used to improve organ quality and help to increase the number of DCD grafts utilised for children. With the current manuscript, we present the available literature of LT using DCD grafts in paediatric recipients, discussing current challenges with the use of these livers in children and how machine perfusion technologies could be of impact in the future.
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Miyagi S, Kashiwadate T, Nishimaki H, Tokodai K, Fujio A, Miyazawa K, Sasaki K, Matsumura M, Unno M, Kamei T, Matsuno N. (Cast2021) Oxygenated Hypothermic Machine Perfusion of Kidney Transplantation from Donors After Cardiac Death Due to Long-Term Low Blood Pressure and Hypoxia: The First Case Report of a Clinical Trial Using a New Japanese Perfusion System. Transplant Proc 2022; 54:225-229. [PMID: 35031116 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2021.09.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Machine perfusion of marginal kidney grafts obtained from donors after cardiac death (DCD) has become a standard therapy worldwide. However, the use of grafts from DCD due to long-term low blood pressure is associated with a high incidence of primary graft nonfunction. Furthermore, the importance of oxygenation in machine perfusion remains unclear. We report the first case of a clinical trial of a kidney transplant obtained from a DCD using a Japanese oxygenated hypothermic perfusion system (CMX-08W, Chuo Seiko Co Ltd, Asahikawa, Japan). PATIENTS AND METHODS The donor was a 61-year-old man with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. His SpO2 decreased to 80% to 90%, his blood pressure remained consistently low for 4 hours and 30 minutes, and he suffered a cardiac arrest. Subsequently, we carried him to the operating room. The warm ischemic time was 12 minutes, and the cold ischemic time was 418 minutes. The recipient was a 58-year-old man who had been undergoing hemodialysis for 26 years. He was diagnosed with nephrosclerosis and multiple renal cysts. Oxygenated hypothermic machine perfusion was used on the kidney transplant obtained from the DCD. RESULTS The recipient gradually recovered and was withdrawn from hemodialysis therapy 14 days post transplantation. His renal function improved, and he was discharged on postoperative day 36. Currently, his renal function remains good (phosphocreatine, 1.7). CONCLUSIONS Oxygenated machine perfusion is used to preserve organs and determine if an organ is suitable for transplantation. This may provide the possibility of perfusion preservation and expand the criteria for cardiac arrest-associated renal transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigehito Miyagi
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan.
| | - Toshiaki Kashiwadate
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Nishimaki
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Tokodai
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Atsushi Fujio
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Koji Miyazawa
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kengo Sasaki
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Muneyuku Matsumura
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Michiaki Unno
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Takashi Kamei
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Naoto Matsuno
- Department of Hepato-Biliary Pancreatic/Transplantation Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Hokkaido, Japan
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12
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Zulpaite R, Miknevicius P, Leber B, Strupas K, Stiegler P, Schemmer P. Ex-vivo Kidney Machine Perfusion: Therapeutic Potential. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 8:808719. [PMID: 35004787 PMCID: PMC8741203 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.808719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Kidney transplantation remains the gold standard treatment for patients suffering from end-stage kidney disease. To meet the constantly growing organ demands grafts donated after circulatory death (DCD) or retrieved from extended criteria donors (ECD) are increasingly utilized. Not surprisingly, usage of those organs is challenging due to their susceptibility to ischemia-reperfusion injury, high immunogenicity, and demanding immune regulation after implantation. Lately, a lot of effort has been put into improvement of kidney preservation strategies. After demonstrating a definite advantage over static cold storage in reduction of delayed graft function rates in randomized-controlled clinical trials, hypothermic machine perfusion has already found its place in clinical practice of kidney transplantation. Nevertheless, an active investigation of perfusion variables, such as temperature (normothermic or subnormothermic), oxygen supply and perfusate composition, is already bringing evidence that ex-vivo machine perfusion has a potential not only to maintain kidney viability, but also serve as a platform for organ conditioning, targeted treatment and even improve its quality. Many different therapies, including pharmacological agents, gene therapy, mesenchymal stromal cells, or nanoparticles (NPs), have been successfully delivered directly to the kidney during ex-vivo machine perfusion in experimental models, making a big step toward achievement of two main goals in transplant surgery: minimization of graft ischemia-reperfusion injury and reduction of immunogenicity (or even reaching tolerance). In this comprehensive review current state of evidence regarding ex-vivo kidney machine perfusion and its capacity in kidney graft treatment is presented. Moreover, challenges in application of these novel techniques in clinical practice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruta Zulpaite
- General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Povilas Miknevicius
- General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Bettina Leber
- General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Philipp Stiegler
- General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Schemmer
- Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
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13
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Hosgood SA, Brown RJ, Nicholson ML. Advances in Kidney Preservation Techniques and Their Application in Clinical Practice. Transplantation 2021; 105:e202-e214. [PMID: 33982904 PMCID: PMC8549459 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000003679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The use of cold preservation solutions to rapidly flush and cool the kidney followed by static cold storage in ice has been the standard kidney preservation technique for the last 50 y. Nonetheless, changing donor demographics that include organs from extended criteria donors and donation after circulatory death donors have led to the adoption of more diverse techniques of preservation. Comparison of hypothermic machine perfusion and static cold storage techniques for deceased donor kidneys has long been debated and is still contested by some. The recent modification of hypothermic machine perfusion techniques with the addition of oxygen or perfusion at subnormothermic or near-normothermic temperatures are promising strategies that are emerging in clinical practice. In addition, the use of normothermic regional perfusion to resuscitate abdominal organs of donation after circulatory death donors in situ before cold flushing is also increasingly being utilized. This review provides a synopsis of the different types of preservation techniques including their mechanistic effects and the outcome of their application in clinical practice for different types of donor kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Hosgood
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel J. Brown
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Michael L. Nicholson
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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15
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Franzin R, Stasi A, Fiorentino M, Simone S, Oberbauer R, Castellano G, Gesualdo L. Renal Delivery of Pharmacologic Agents During Machine Perfusion to Prevent Ischaemia-Reperfusion Injury: From Murine Model to Clinical Trials. Front Immunol 2021; 12:673562. [PMID: 34295329 PMCID: PMC8290413 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.673562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Donor organ shortage still remains a serious obstacle for the access of wait-list patients to kidney transplantation, the best treatment for End-Stage Kidney Disease (ESKD). To expand the number of transplants, the use of lower quality organs from older ECD or DCD donors has become an established routine but at the price of increased incidence of Primary Non-Function, Delay Graft Function and lower-long term graft survival. In the last years, several improvements have been made in the field of renal transplantation from surgical procedure to preservation strategies. To improve renal outcomes, research has focused on development of innovative and dynamic preservation techniques, in order to assess graft function and promote regeneration by pharmacological intervention before transplantation. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge of these new preservation strategies by machine perfusions and pharmacological interventions at different timing possibilities: in the organ donor, ex-vivo during perfusion machine reconditioning or after implementation in the recipient. We will report therapies as anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory agents, senolytics agents, complement inhibitors, HDL, siRNA and H2S supplementation. Renal delivery of pharmacologic agents during preservation state provides a window of opportunity to treat the organ in an isolated manner and a crucial route of administration. Even if few studies have been reported of transplantation after ex-vivo drugs administration, targeting the biological pathway associated to kidney failure (i.e. oxidative stress, complement system, fibrosis) might be a promising therapeutic strategy to improve the quality of various donor organs and expand organ availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossana Franzin
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Alessandra Stasi
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Marco Fiorentino
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Simona Simone
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Rainer Oberbauer
- Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, University Clinic for Internal Medicine III, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Giuseppe Castellano
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Advanced Research Center on Kidney Aging (A.R.K.A.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Loreto Gesualdo
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
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16
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Gochi M, Kato F, Toriumi A, Kawagoe T, Yotsuya S, Ishii D, Otani M, Nishikawa Y, Furukawa H, Matsuno N. A Novel Preservation Solution Containing Quercetin and Sucrose for Porcine Kidney Transplantation. Transplant Direct 2020; 6:e624. [PMID: 33204822 PMCID: PMC7665254 DOI: 10.1097/txd.0000000000001077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In organ transplantation, the University of Wisconsin (UW) solution has been the gold standard for organ preservation. Quercetin (Que) has numerous antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, and sucrose (Suc) may be effective for cold storage (CS). This study aimed to investigate the in vitro protective effect of Que and Suc on cold injury to the kidney and to determine whether Que + Suc could improve ischemia-reperfusion injury during CS and hypothermic oxygenated perfusion (HOPE) in autologous transplantation models. METHODS BHK-21 cells were stored at 4°C for 3 days in UW solution for CS/machine perfusion (CS/MP-UW) with Que (33.1 μM, 3.3 μM, 0.33 μM) and Suc (0.1 M). In a porcine model of renal autologous transplantation, left kidney grafts were preserved under 3 conditions: group 1, CS preservation for 24 hours; group 2, CS preservation for 22 hours and HOPE with CS/MP-UW solution for 2 hours; and group 3, identical preservation as group 2, with Que and Suc added to the solution. Animals were euthanized on day 7 after autologous transplantation. RESULTS After 3 days of CS preservation, the CS/MP-UW solution with Que (33.1 μM, 3.3 μM) and Suc showed significant cell protection against cold injury. In the porcine model of renal autologous transplantation, the last blood Cre level and the blood lipid hydroperoxide on posttransplantation day 2 were significantly different between group 1 and group 3. Moreover, the total endothelial, glomerular, tubular, interstitial (EGTI) histology score in the kidney tissue was also significantly different. Regarding the change in renal resistance in HOPE, the decrease observed in group 3 was significantly larger than that in group 2. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the addition of Que and Suc to a UW solution can improve kidney preservation and could potentially enhance the outcome of kidney transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikako Gochi
- Department of Transplantation Technology and Therapeutic Development, Asahikawa Medical University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Fuminori Kato
- Pharmaceutical Development Division, Life Science Business Development Headquarters, Ishihara Sangyo Kaisha, Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Asuka Toriumi
- Department of Transplantation Technology and Therapeutic Development, Asahikawa Medical University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kawagoe
- Pharmaceutical Development Division, Life Science Business Development Headquarters, Ishihara Sangyo Kaisha, Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Shuichi Yotsuya
- Pharmaceutical Development Division, Life Science Business Development Headquarters, Ishihara Sangyo Kaisha, Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ishii
- Department of Transplantation Technology and Therapeutic Development, Asahikawa Medical University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Masahide Otani
- Department of Transplantation Technology and Therapeutic Development, Asahikawa Medical University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yuji Nishikawa
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Furukawa
- Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic and Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Naoto Matsuno
- Department of Transplantation Technology and Therapeutic Development, Asahikawa Medical University, Hokkaido, Japan
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17
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Jochmans I, Brat A, Davies L, Hofker HS, van de Leemkolk FEM, Leuvenink HGD, Knight SR, Pirenne J, Ploeg RJ. Oxygenated versus standard cold perfusion preservation in kidney transplantation (COMPARE): a randomised, double-blind, paired, phase 3 trial. Lancet 2020; 396:1653-1662. [PMID: 33220737 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)32411-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deceased donor kidneys are preserved in cold hypoxic conditions. Providing oxygen during preservation might improve post-transplant outcomes, particularly for kidneys subjected to greater degrees of preservation injury. This study aimed to investigate whether supplemental oxygen during hypothermic machine perfusion (HMP) could improve the outcome of kidneys donated after circulatory death. METHODS This randomised, double-blind, paired, phase 3 trial was done in 19 European transplant centres. Kidney pairs from donors aged 50 years or older, donated after circulatory death, were eligible if both kidneys were transplanted into two different recipients. One kidney from each donor was randomly assigned using permuted blocks to oxygenated hypothermic machine perfusion (HMPO2), the other to HMP without oxygenation. Perfusion was maintained from organ retrieval to implantation. The primary outcome was 12-month estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation in pairs of donated kidneys in which both transplanted kidneys were functioning at the end of follow-up. Safety outcomes were reported for all transplanted kidneys. Intention-to-treat analyses were done. This trial is registered with the ISRCTN Registry, ISRCTN32967929, and is now closed. FINDINGS Between March 15, 2015, and April 11, 2017, 197 kidney pairs were randomised with 106 pairs transplanted into eligible recipients. 23 kidney pairs were excluded from the primary analysis because of kidney failure or patient death. Mean eGFR at 12 months was 50·5 mL/min per 1·73 m2 (SD 19·3) in the HMPO2 group versus 46·7 mL/min per 1·73m2 (17·1) in HMP (mean difference 3·7 mL/min per 1·73m2, 95% CI -1·0 to 8·4; p=0·12). Fewer severe complications (Clavien-Dindo grade IIIb or more) were reported in the HMPO2 group (46 of 417, 11%, 95% CI 8% to 14%) than in the HMP group (76 of 474, 16%, 13% to 20%; p=0·032). Graft failure was lower with HMPO2 (three [3%] of 106) compared with HMP (11 [10%] of 106; hazard ratio 0·27, 95% CI 0·07 to 0·95; p=0·028). INTERPRETATION HMPO2 of kidneys donated after circulatory death is safe and reduces post-transplant complications (grade IIIb or more). The 12-month difference in eGFR between the HMPO2 and HMP groups was not significant when both kidneys from the same donor were still functioning 1-year post-transplant, but potential beneficial effects of HMPO2 were suggested by analysis of secondary outcomes. FUNDING European Commission 7th Framework Programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Jochmans
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Abdominal Transplant Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Aukje Brat
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Lucy Davies
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - H Sijbrand Hofker
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Henri G D Leuvenink
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Simon R Knight
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jacques Pirenne
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Abdominal Transplant Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rutger J Ploeg
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK; Transplant Center, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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18
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Hypothermic Oxygenated Liver Perfusion (HOPE) Prevents Tumor Recurrence in Liver Transplantation From Donation After Circulatory Death. Ann Surg 2020; 272:759-765. [PMID: 32889870 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0000000000004258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate tumor recurrence after liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), with and without hypothermic oxygenated liver perfusion (HOPE) before transplantation. PATIENTS AND METHODS We analyzed all liver recipients with HCC, transplanted between January 2012 and September 2019 with donation after circulatory death (DCD) livers after previous end-ischemic HOPE-treatment (n = 70, Center A). Tumor parameters and key confounders were compared to consecutive recipients with HCC, transplanted during the same observation period with an unperfused DBD liver (n = 70). In a next step, we analyzed unperfused DCD (n = 70) and DBD liver recipients (n = 70), transplanted for HCC at an external center (Center B). RESULTS Tumor parameters were not significantly different between HOPE-treated DCD and unperfused DBD liver recipients at Center A. One-third of patients were outside established tumor thresholds, for example, Milan criteria, in both groups. Despite no difference in tumor load, we found a 4-fold higher tumor recurrence rate in unperfused DBD livers (25.7%, 18/70), compared to only 5.7% (n = 4/70) recipients with tumor recurrence in the HOPE-treated DCD cohort (P = 0.002) in Center A. The tumor recurrence rate was also twice higher in unperfused DCD and DBD recipients at the external Center B, despite significant less cases outside Milan. HOPE-treatment of DCD livers resulted therefore in a 5-year tumor-free survival of 92% in HCC recipients, compared to 73%, 82.7%, and 81.2% in patients receiving unperfused DBD or DCD livers, from both centers. CONCLUSION We suggest that a simple machine liver perfusion approach appears advantageous to protect from HCC recurrence after liver transplantation, despite extended tumor criteria.
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19
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Becker F, Pascher A, Brockmann JG. [Machine perfusion for conditioning liver and kidneys before transplantation]. Chirurg 2020; 91:913-917. [PMID: 32613274 DOI: 10.1007/s00104-020-01227-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Machine perfusion will become established as the standard of care for solid organ transplantation in the near future. Ongoing studies are investigating the appropriate perfusion algorithms for each specific organ. Although it is neither proven which perfusion principle nor type of device is superior, it has already been sufficiently shown that the increasing number of marginal organs that are currently transplanted in Germany would benefit from machine perfusion for conditioning before transplantation. The addition of hypothermic and normothermic perfusion sequences opens up the possibility of conditioning of previously damaged organs as well as viability testing. Overall, machine perfusion increases the safety for the recipient and can counteract the increasingly more difficult scenario of working hour restrictions because solid organ transplantations in the future will be plannable and carried out during the day.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Becker
- Klinik für Allgemein‑, Viszeral- und Transplantationschirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Gebäude W1, 48149, Münster, Deutschland
| | - A Pascher
- Klinik für Allgemein‑, Viszeral- und Transplantationschirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Gebäude W1, 48149, Münster, Deutschland
| | - J G Brockmann
- Klinik für Allgemein‑, Viszeral- und Transplantationschirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Gebäude W1, 48149, Münster, Deutschland.
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20
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Meister FA, Czigany Z, Rietzler K, Miller H, Reichelt S, Liu WJ, Boecker J, Moeller MJ, Tolba RH, Hamesch K, Strnad P, Boor P, Stoppe C, Neumann UP, Lurje G. Decrease of renal resistance during hypothermic oxygenated machine perfusion is associated with early allograft function in extended criteria donation kidney transplantation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17726. [PMID: 33082420 PMCID: PMC7575556 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74839-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypothermic oxygenated machine perfusion (HOPE) was recently tested in preclinical trials in kidney transplantation (KT). Here we investigate the effects of HOPE on extended-criteria-donation (ECD) kidney allografts (KA). Fifteen ECD-KA were submitted to 152 ± 92 min of end-ischemic HOPE and were compared to a matched group undergoing conventional-cold-storage (CCS) KT (n = 30). Primary (delayed graft function-DGF) and secondary (e.g. postoperative complications, perfusion parameters) endpoints were analyzed within 6-months follow-up. There was no difference in the development of DGF between the HOPE and CCS groups (53% vs. 33%, respectively; p = 0.197). Serum urea was lower following HOPE compared to CCS (p = 0.003), whereas the CCS group displayed lower serum creatinine and higher eGFR rates on postoperative days (POD) 7 and 14. The relative decrease of renal vascular resistance (RR) following HOPE showed a significant inverse association with serum creatinine on POD1 (r = − 0.682; p = 0.006) as well as with serum urea and eGFR. Besides, the relative RR decrease was more prominent in KA with primary function when compared to KA with DGF (p = 0.013). Here we provide clinical evidence on HOPE in ECD-KT after brain death donation. Relative RR may be a useful predictive marker for KA function. Further validation in randomized controlled trials is warranted. Trial registration: clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03378817, Date of first registration: 20/12/2017).
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska A Meister
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Zoltan Czigany
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Katharina Rietzler
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Hannah Miller
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sophie Reichelt
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Wen-Jia Liu
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Joerg Boecker
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Marcus J Moeller
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine II, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rene H Tolba
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science and Experimental Surgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Karim Hamesch
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Pavel Strnad
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Peter Boor
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian Stoppe
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ulf P Neumann
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Georg Lurje
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany. .,Department of Surgery, Chirugische Klinik, Campus Charité Mitte
- Campus Virchow Klinikum-Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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21
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Boteon Y, Flores Carvalho MA, Panconesi R, Muiesan P, Schlegel A. Preventing Tumour Recurrence after Liver Transplantation: The Role of Machine Perfusion. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5791. [PMID: 32806712 PMCID: PMC7460879 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumour recurrence is currently a hot topic in liver transplantation. The basic mechanisms are increasingly discussed, and, for example, recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma is often described in pre-injured donor livers, which frequently suffer from significant ischemia/reperfusion injury. This review article highlights the underlying mechanisms and describes the specific tissue milieu required to promote tumour recurrence after liver transplantation. We summarise the current literature in this field and show risk factors that contribute to a pro-tumour-recurrent environment. Finally, the potential role of new machine perfusion technology is discussed, including the most recent data, which demonstrate a protective effect of hypothermic oxygenated perfusion before liver transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Boteon
- Liver Unit, Albert Einstein Hospital, 05652–900 São Paulo, Brazil;
- Albert Einstein Jewish Institute for Education and Research, 05652–900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Alfredo Flores Carvalho
- Hepatobiliary Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Florence, AOU Careggi, 50134 Florence, Italy; (M.A.F.C.); (R.P.); (P.M.)
| | - Rebecca Panconesi
- Hepatobiliary Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Florence, AOU Careggi, 50134 Florence, Italy; (M.A.F.C.); (R.P.); (P.M.)
| | - Paolo Muiesan
- Hepatobiliary Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Florence, AOU Careggi, 50134 Florence, Italy; (M.A.F.C.); (R.P.); (P.M.)
- The Liver Unit, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Andrea Schlegel
- Hepatobiliary Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Florence, AOU Careggi, 50134 Florence, Italy; (M.A.F.C.); (R.P.); (P.M.)
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22
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Lo SB, Blaszak RT, Parajuli N. Targeting Mitochondria during Cold Storage to Maintain Proteasome Function and Improve Renal Outcome after Transplantation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3506. [PMID: 32429129 PMCID: PMC7279041 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidney transplantation is the preferred treatment for end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). Compared to maintenance dialysis, kidney transplantation results in improved patient survival and quality of life. Kidneys from living donors perform best; however, many patients with ESKD depend on kidneys from deceased donors. After procurement, donor kidneys are placed in a cold-storage solution until a suitable recipient is located. Sadly, prolonged cold storage times are associated with inferior transplant outcomes; therefore, in most situations when considering donor kidneys, long cold-storage times are avoided. The identification of novel mechanisms of cold-storage-related renal damage will lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies for preserving donor kidneys; to date, these mechanisms remain poorly understood. In this review, we discuss the importance of mitochondrial and proteasome function, protein homeostasis, and renal recovery during stress from cold storage plus transplantation. Additionally, we discuss novel targets for therapeutic intervention to improve renal outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorena B. Lo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA;
| | - Richard T. Blaszak
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA;
| | - Nirmala Parajuli
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA;
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23
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Meister FA, Czigany Z, Bednarsch J, Böcker J, Amygdalos I, Morales Santana DA, Rietzler K, Moeller M, Tolba R, Boor P, Rohlfs W, Neumann UP, Lurje G. Hypothermic Oxygenated Machine Perfusion of Extended Criteria Kidney Allografts from Brain Dead Donors: Protocol for a Prospective Pilot Study. JMIR Res Protoc 2019; 8:e14622. [PMID: 31613224 PMCID: PMC6913689 DOI: 10.2196/14622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Kidney transplantation is the only curative treatment option for end-stage renal disease. The unavailability of adequate organs for transplantation has resulted in a substantial organ shortage. As such, kidney donor allografts that would have previously been deemed unsuitable for transplantation have become an essential organ pool of extended criteria donor allografts that are now routinely being transplanted on a global scale. However, these extended criteria donor allografts are associated with significant graft-related complications. As a result, hypothermic oxygenated machine perfusion (HOPE) has emerged as a powerful, novel technique in organ preservation, and it has recently been tested in preclinical trials in kidney transplantation. In addition, HOPE has already provided promising results in a few clinical series of liver transplantations where the liver was donated after cardiac death. Objective The present trial is an investigator-initiated prospective pilot study on the effects of HOPE on extended criteria donor allografts donated after brain death and used in kidney transplantation. Methods A total of 15 kidney allografts with defined inclusion/exclusion criteria will be submitted to two hours of HOPE via the renal artery before implantation, and are going to be compared to a case-matched group of 30 patients (1:2 matching) who had kidneys transplanted after conventional cold storage. Primary (posttransplant dialysis within 7 days) and secondary (postoperative complications, early graft function, duration of hospital and intensive care unit stay, and six-month graft survival) endpoints will be analyzed within a six-month follow-up period. The extent of ischemia-reperfusion injury will be assessed using kidney tissue, perfusate, and serum samples taken during the perioperative phase of kidney transplantation Results The results of this trial are expected in the first quarter of 2020 and will be presented at national and international scientific meetings and published in international peer-reviewed medical journals. The trial was funded in the third quarter of 2017 and patient enrollment is currently ongoing. Conclusions This prospective study is designed to explore the effects of HOPE on extended criteria donor kidney allografts donated after brain death. The present report represents the preresults phase. Trial Registration Clinicaltrials.gov NCT03378817; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03378817
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Alexandra Meister
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Zoltan Czigany
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jan Bednarsch
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jörg Böcker
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Iakovos Amygdalos
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Daniel Antonio Morales Santana
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Katharina Rietzler
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Marcus Moeller
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine II, University Hospital, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - René Tolba
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science and Experimental Surgery, University Hospital, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Peter Boor
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Wilko Rohlfs
- Institute of Heat and Mass Transfer, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ulf Peter Neumann
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Georg Lurje
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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24
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Weissenbacher A, Vrakas G, Nasralla D, Ceresa CDL. The future of organ perfusion and re-conditioning. Transpl Int 2019; 32:586-597. [PMID: 30980772 PMCID: PMC6850430 DOI: 10.1111/tri.13441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Organ preservation and re‐conditioning using machine perfusion technologies continue to generate promising results in terms of viability assessment, organ utilization and improved initial graft function. Here, we summarize the latest findings and study the results of ex‐vivo/ex‐situ hypothermic (HMP) and normothermic machine perfusion (NMP) in the area of abdominal organ transplantation (kidney, liver, pancreas and intestine). We also consider the potential role of normothermic regional perfusion (NRP) to re‐condition donors after circulatory death organs before retrieval. The findings from clinical studies reported to date suggest that machine perfusion will offer real benefits when compared with conventional cold preservation. Several randomized trials are expected to report their findings within the next 2 years which may shed light on the relative merits of different perfusion methods and could indicate which perfusion parameters may be most useful to predict organ quality and viability. Further work is needed to identify composite endpoints that are relevant for transplanted organs that have undergone machine preservation. Multi‐centre trials to compare and analyse the combinations of NRP followed by HMP and/or NMP, either directly after organ retrieval using transportable devices or when back‐to‐base, are needed. The potential applications of machine preservation technology beyond the field of solid organ transplantation are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie Weissenbacher
- Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, Oxford Transplant Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Georgios Vrakas
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, Oxford Transplant Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David Nasralla
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, Oxford Transplant Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Carlo D L Ceresa
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, Oxford Transplant Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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