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Machcińska M, Kotur M, Jankowska A, Maruszewska-Cheruiyot M, Łaski A, Kotkowska Z, Bocian K, Korczak-Kowalska G. Cyclosporine A, in Contrast to Rapamycin, Affects the Ability of Dendritic Cells to Induce Immune Tolerance Mechanisms. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2021; 69:27. [PMID: 34632525 PMCID: PMC8502748 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-021-00632-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Following organ transplantation, it is essential that immune tolerance is induced in the graft recipient to reduce the risk of rejection and avoid complications associated with the long-term use of immunosuppressive drugs. Immature dendritic cells (DCs) are considered to promote transplant tolerance and may minimize the risk of graft rejection. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of immunosuppressive agents: rapamycin (Rapa) and cyclosporine A (CsA) on generation of human tolerogenic DCs (tolDCs) and also to evaluate the ability of these cells to induce mechanisms of immune tolerance. tolDCs were generated in the environment of Rapa or CsA. Next, we evaluated the effects of these agents on surface phenotypes (CD11c, MHC II, CD40, CD80, CD83, CD86, CCR7, TLR2, TLR4), cytokine production (IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12p70, TGF-β), phagocytic capacity and resistant to lipopolysaccharide activation of these DCs. Moreover, we assessed ability of such tolDCs to induce T cell activation and apoptosis, Treg differentiation and production of Th1- and Th2-characteristic cytokine profile. Data obtained in this study demonstrate that rapamycin is effective at generating maturation-resistant tolDCs, however, does not change the ability of these cells to induce mechanisms of immune tolerance. In contrast, CsA affects the ability of these cells to induce mechanisms of immune tolerance, but is not efficient at generating maturation-resistant tolDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Machcińska
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Functional Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland. .,Present address: Laboratory of Parasitology, General Karol Kaczkowski Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Monika Kotur
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Functional Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Jankowska
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Functional Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Maruszewska-Cheruiyot
- Laboratory of Parasitology, General Karol Kaczkowski Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Artur Łaski
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Functional Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Kotkowska
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Functional Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Bocian
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Functional Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grażyna Korczak-Kowalska
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Functional Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Vidovic D, Simms GA, Pasternak S, Walsh M, Peltekian K, Stein J, Helyer LK, Giacomantonio CA. Case Report: Combined Intra-Lesional IL-2 and Topical Imiquimod Safely and Effectively Clears Multi-Focal, High Grade Cutaneous Squamous Cell Cancer in a Combined Liver and Kidney Transplant Patient. Front Immunol 2021; 12:678028. [PMID: 34122442 PMCID: PMC8190543 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.678028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is the second most common non-melanoma skin cancer worldwide, with ever increasing incidence and mortality. While most patients can be treated successfully with surgical excision, cryotherapy, or radiation therapy, there exist a subset of patients with aggressive cSCC who lack adequate therapies. Among these patients are solid organ transplant recipients who due to their immunosuppression, develop cSCC at a dramatically increased rate compared to the normal population. The enhanced ability of the tumor to effectively undergo immune escape in these patients leads to more aggressive tumors with a propensity to recur and metastasize. Herein, we present a case of aggressive, multi-focal cSCC in a double organ transplant recipient to frame our discussion and current understanding of the immunobiology of cSCC. We consider factors that contribute to the significantly increased incidence of cSCC in the context of immunosuppression in this patient population. Finally, we briefly review current literature describing experience with localized therapies for cSCC and present a strong argument and rationale for consideration of an IL-2 based intra-lesional treatment strategy for cSCC, particularly in this immunosuppressed patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejan Vidovic
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax Regional Municipality, NS, Canada
| | - Gordon A. Simms
- Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax Regional Municipality, NS, Canada
| | - Sylvia Pasternak
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax Regional Municipality, NS, Canada
| | - Mark Walsh
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax Regional Municipality, NS, Canada
| | - Kevork Peltekian
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax Regional Municipality, NS, Canada
| | - John Stein
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax Regional Municipality, NS, Canada
| | - Lucy K. Helyer
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax Regional Municipality, NS, Canada
| | - Carman A. Giacomantonio
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax Regional Municipality, NS, Canada
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The Immune System and Pathogenesis of Melanoma and Non-melanoma Skin Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1268:211-226. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-46227-7_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Guan Y, Wang G, Fails D, Nagarajan P, Ge Y. Unraveling cancer lineage drivers in squamous cell carcinomas. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 206:107448. [PMID: 31836455 PMCID: PMC6995404 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.107448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer hijacks embryonic development and adult wound repair mechanisms to fuel malignancy. Cancer frequently originates from de-regulated adult stem cells or progenitors, which are otherwise essential units for postnatal tissue remodeling and repair. Cancer genomics studies have revealed convergence of multiple cancers across organ sites, including squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs), a common group of cancers arising from the head and neck, esophagus, lung, cervix and skin. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge on the molecular drivers of SCCs, including these five major organ sites. We especially focus our discussion on lineage dependent driver genes and pathways, in the context of squamous development and stratification. We then use skin as a model to discuss the notion of field cancerization during SCC carcinogenesis, and cancer as a wound that never heals. Finally, we turn to the idea of context dependency widely observed in cancer driver genes, and outline literature support and possible explanations for their lineage specific functions. Through these discussions, we aim to provide an up-to-date summary of molecular mechanisms driving tumor plasticity in squamous cancers. Such basic knowledge will be helpful to inform the clinics for better stratifying cancer patients, revealing novel drug targets and providing effective treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinglu Guan
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Guan Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Danielle Fails
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Priyadharsini Nagarajan
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Yejing Ge
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA.
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Howell J, Gow P, Angus P, Visvanathan K. Role of toll-like receptors in liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2014; 20:270-80. [PMID: 24243591 DOI: 10.1002/lt.23793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pathogen recognition receptors that orchestrate the innate immune response and the subsequent adaptive immune response. TLRs can be triggered by exogenous ligands expressed by invading pathogens or by the release of endogenous ligands, such as that occurring through cellular injury during the transplantation process. They are now recognized to play an important role in many facets of transplantation biology, including rejection and tolerance, ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI), and infections after transplantation. The role of TLRs in liver transplantation is unique with respect to other organ transplants because the portal circulation is a continuous source of TLR2 and TLR4 ligands, and this influences TLR signaling pathways, which have a central role in transplantation immunity. This review provides a critical update on recent data outlining the important role of TLRs in liver transplantation, and there is a particular focus on emerging advances in our understanding of rejection and tolerance, IRI, and infections after transplantation and on the ways in which these events may influence the recurrence of diseases such as hepatitis C infection after liver transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Howell
- Liver Transplant Unit, Austin Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Wall D, McMenamin M, O'Mahony D, Irvine AD. Kaposi sarcoma in an patient with atopic dermatitis treated with ciclosporin. BMJ Case Rep 2013. [PMID: 24265347 DOI: 10.1136/bcr‐2013‐202171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
There are four clinical subtypes of Kaposi sarcoma (KS): classic, endemic, epidemic and iatrogenic. The geographical prevalence of the endemic variant matches areas of human herpes virus type 8 (HHV8) seroprevalence. The iatrogenic variant, seen in immunosuppressed patients, can be associated with significant morbidity and mortality. This is the first report of KS described in the context of atopic dermatitis (AD) treated with ciclosporin (CSA). We report a case of KS in an HHV8 seropositive Congolese patient following immunosuppression with CSA for AD. Treatment has been challenging, protracted and associated with significant morbidity. Immunosuppressive therapies are increasingly used for inflammatory dermatological conditions, including AD. This case highlights the importance of HHV8 screening of patients from endemic regions or those with other risk factors. It also highlights the importance of early recognition of a condition associated with significant morbidity and even mortality to facilitate appropriate treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri Wall
- Department of Dermatology, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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Abstract
Over the past several decades, there has been increasing interest in understanding the roles of the immune system in the development and progression of cancer. The importance of the immune system in human skin cancer has been long recognized based primarily upon the increased incidence of skin cancers in organ transplant recipients and mechanisms of ultraviolet (UV) radiation-mediated immunomodulation. In this review, we integrate multiple lines of evidence highlighting the roles of the immune system in skin cancer. First, we discuss the concepts of cancer immunosurveillance and immunoediting as they might relate to human skin cancers. We then describe the clinical and molecular mechanisms of skin cancer development and progression in the contexts of therapeutic immunosuppression in organ transplant recipients, viral oncogenesis, and UV radiation-induced immunomodulation with a primary focus on basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. The clinical evidence supporting expanding roles for immunotherapy is also described. Finally, we discuss recent research examining the functions of particular immune cell subsets in skin cancer and how they might contribute to both antitumour and protumour effects. A better understanding of the biological mechanisms of cancer immunosurveillance holds the promise of enabling better therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rangwala
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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