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Breimer ME, Säljö K, Barone A, Teneberg S. Glycosphingolipids of human embryonic stem cells. Glycoconj J 2017; 34:713-723. [PMID: 27325407 PMCID: PMC5711972 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-016-9706-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The application of human stem cell technology offers theoretically a great potential to treat various human diseases. However, to achieve this goal a large number of scientific issues remain to be solved. Cell surface carbohydrate antigens are involved in a number of biomedical phenomena that are important in clinical applications of stem cells, such as cell differentiation and immune reactivity. Due to their cell surface localization, carbohydrate epitopes are ideally suited for characterization of human pluripotent stem cells. Amongst the most commonly used markers to identify human pluripotent stem cells are the globo-series glycosphingolipids SSEA-3 and SSEA-4. However, our knowledge regarding human pluripotent stem cell glycosphingolipid expression was until recently mainly based on immunological assays of intact cells due to the very limited amounts of cell material available. In recent years the knowledge regarding glycosphingolipids in human embryonic stem cells has been extended by biochemical studies, which is the focus of this review. In addition, the distribution of the human pluripotent stem cell glycosphingolipids in human tissues, and glycosphingolipid changes during human stem cell differentiation, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Breimer
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Karin Säljö
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Angela Barone
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, P.O. Box 440, S-405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Susann Teneberg
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, P.O. Box 440, S-405 30, Göteborg, Sweden.
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2
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HLA and Histo-Blood Group Antigen Expression in Human Pluripotent Stem Cells and their Derivatives. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13072. [PMID: 29026098 PMCID: PMC5638960 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12231-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
One prerequisite for a successful clinical outcome of human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) based therapies is immune compatibility between grafted cells/tissue and recipient. This study explores immune determinants of human embryonic stem cell lines (hESC) and induced human pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) lines and hepatocyte- and cardiomyocyte-like cells derived from these cells. HLA class I was expressed on all pluripotent hPSC lines which upon differentiation into hepatocyte-like cells was considerably reduced in contrast to cardiomyocyte-like cells which retained class I antigens. No HLA class II antigens were found in the pluripotent or differentiated cells. Histo-blood group carbohydrate antigens SSEA-3/SSEA-4/SSEA-5, Globo H, A, Lex/Ley and sialyl-lactotetra were expressed on all hPSC lines. Blood group AB(O)H antigen expression was in accordance with ABO genotype. Interestingly, only a subpopulation of A1O1 cells expressed A. During differentiation of hPSC, some histo-blood group antigens showed congruent alteration patterns while expression of other antigens differed between the cell lines. No systematic difference in the hPSC cell surface tissue antigen expression was detected. In conclusion, hPSC and their derivatives express cell surface antigens that may cause an immune rejection. Furthermore, tissue antigen expression must be established for each individual stem cell line prior to clinical application.
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3
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Understanding Stem Cell Immunogenicity in Therapeutic Applications. Trends Immunol 2015; 37:5-16. [PMID: 26687737 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells and their differentiated progeny offer great hope for treating disease by providing an unlimited source of cells for repairing or replacing damaged tissue. Initial studies suggested that, unlike 'normal' transplants, specific characteristics of stem cells enabled them to avoid immune attack. However, recent findings have revealed that the immunogenicity of stem cells may have been underestimated. Here, we review the current understanding of the mechanisms of immune recognition associated with stem cell immunogenicity, and discuss the relevance of reprogramming and differentiation strategies used to generate cells or tissue from stem cells for implantation in eliciting an immune response. We examine the effectiveness of current strategies for minimising immune attack in light of our experience in the transplantation field and, in this context, outline important challenges moving forward.
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4
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Glycolipid dynamics in generation and differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14988. [PMID: 26477663 PMCID: PMC4609952 DOI: 10.1038/srep14988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) are glycoconjugates that function as mediators of cell adhesion and modulators of signal transduction. Some well-defined markers of undifferentiated human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are glycoconjugates, such as SSEA-3, SSEA-4, TRA-1-60 and TRA-1-81. However, Comprehensive GSL profiles of hiPSCs have not yet been elucidated. The global images of GSLs from the parental cells, hiPSCs, and differentiated cells revealed that there are parental cell-independent specific glycolipids, including Globo H (fucosyl-Gb5Cer) and H type1 antigen (fucosyl-Lc4Cer) that are novel markers for undifferentiated hiPSCs. Interestingly, undifferentiated hiPSCs expressed H type 1 antigen, specific for blood type O, regardless of the cells’ genotypes. Thus, in this study, we defined the dynamics of GSL remodeling during reprogramming from parental cell sets to iPSC sets and thence to iPSC-neural cells.
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5
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Bolton EM, Bradley JA. Avoiding immunological rejection in regenerative medicine. Regen Med 2015; 10:287-304. [DOI: 10.2217/rme.15.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the major goals of regenerative medicine is repair or replacement of diseased and damaged tissues by transfer of differentiated stem cells or stem cell-derived tissues. The possibility that these tissues will be destroyed by immunological rejection remains a challenge that can only be overcome through a better understanding of the nature and expression of potentially immunogenic molecules associated with cell replacement therapy and the mechanisms and pathways resulting in their immunologic rejection. This review draws on clinical experience of organ and tissue transplantation, and on transplantation immunology research to consider practical approaches for avoiding and overcoming the possibility of rejection of stem cell-derived tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor M Bolton
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Box 202, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - John Andrew Bradley
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Box 202, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
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6
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Barone A, Säljö K, Benktander J, Blomqvist M, Månsson JE, Johansson BR, Mölne J, Aspegren A, Björquist P, Breimer ME, Teneberg S. Sialyl-lactotetra, a novel cell surface marker of undifferentiated human pluripotent stem cells. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:18846-59. [PMID: 24841197 PMCID: PMC4081926 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.568832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell surface glycoconjugates are used as markers for undifferentiated pluripotent stem cells. Here, antibody binding and mass spectrometry characterization of acid glycosphingolipids isolated from a large number (1 × 109 cells) of human embryonic stem cell (hESC) lines allowed identification of several novel acid glycosphingolipids, like the gangliosides sialyl-lactotetraosylceramide and sialyl-globotetraosylceramide, and the sulfated glycosphingolipids sulfatide, sulf-lactosylceramide, and sulf-globopentaosylceramide. A high cell surface expression of sialyl-lactotetra on hESC and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) was demonstrated by flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, and electron microscopy, whereas sulfated glycosphingolipids were only found in intracellular compartments. Immunohistochemistry showed distinct cell surface anti-sialyl-lactotetra staining on all seven hESC lines and three hiPSC lines analyzed, whereas no staining of hESC-derived hepatocyte-like or cardiomyocyte-like cells was obtained. Upon differentiation of hiPSC into hepatocyte-like cells, the sialyl-lactotetra epitope was rapidly down-regulated and not detectable after 14 days. These findings identify sialyl-lactotetra as a promising marker of undifferentiated human pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Barone
- From the Institute of Clinical Sciences, Department of Surgery, S-41 345 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Karin Säljö
- From the Institute of Clinical Sciences, Department of Surgery, S-41 345 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - John Benktander
- the Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, S-40530 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Maria Blomqvist
- the Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, S-413 45 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Jan-Eric Månsson
- the Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, S-413 45 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Bengt R Johansson
- the Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, S-40530 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Johan Mölne
- the Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Pathology, S-413 45 Göteborg, Sweden, and
| | - Anders Aspegren
- the Cellectis Stem Cells, Cellartis AB, S-413 46 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Petter Björquist
- the Cellectis Stem Cells, Cellartis AB, S-413 46 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Michael E Breimer
- From the Institute of Clinical Sciences, Department of Surgery, S-41 345 Göteborg, Sweden,
| | - Susann Teneberg
- the Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, S-40530 Göteborg, Sweden,
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7
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Tan HK, Toh CXD, Ma D, Yang B, Liu TM, Lu J, Wong CW, Tan TK, Li H, Syn C, Tan EL, Lim B, Lim YP, Cook SA, Loh YH. Human finger-prick induced pluripotent stem cells facilitate the development of stem cell banking. Stem Cells Transl Med 2014; 3:586-98. [PMID: 24646489 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2013-0195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from somatic cells of patients can be a good model for studying human diseases and for future therapeutic regenerative medicine. Current initiatives to establish human iPSC (hiPSC) banking face challenges in recruiting large numbers of donors with diverse diseased, genetic, and phenotypic representations. In this study, we describe the efficient derivation of transgene-free hiPSCs from human finger-prick blood. Finger-prick sample collection can be performed on a "do-it-yourself" basis by donors and sent to the hiPSC facility for reprogramming. We show that single-drop volumes of finger-prick samples are sufficient for performing cellular reprogramming, DNA sequencing, and blood serotyping in parallel. Our novel strategy has the potential to facilitate the development of large-scale hiPSC banking worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Kee Tan
- Epigenetics and Cell Fates Laboratory, A*STAR Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore; Research and Development Unit, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore; Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, and Bioinformatics Institute, A*STAR, Singapore; Center for Individualized Medicine, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; Health Sciences Authority, Singapore; Centre for Biomedical and Life Sciences, Singapore Polytechnic, Singapore; Department of Paediatrics, University Children's Medical Institute, National University Hospital, Singapore; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Department of Biological Sciences, and NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore; Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
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8
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de Almeida PE, Ransohoff JD, Nahid A, Wu JC. Immunogenicity of pluripotent stem cells and their derivatives. Circ Res 2013; 112:549-61. [PMID: 23371903 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.111.249243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The ability of pluripotent stem cells to self-renew and differentiate into all somatic cell types brings great prospects to regenerative medicine and human health. However, before clinical applications, much translational research is necessary to ensure that their therapeutic progenies are functional and nontumorigenic, that they are stable and do not dedifferentiate, and that they do not elicit immune responses that could threaten their survival in vivo. For this, an in-depth understanding of their biology, genetic, and epigenetic make-up and of their antigenic repertoire is critical for predicting their immunogenicity and for developing strategies needed to assure successful long-term engraftment. Recently, the expectation that reprogrammed somatic cells would provide an autologous cell therapy for personalized medicine has been questioned. Induced pluripotent stem cells display several genetic and epigenetic abnormalities that could promote tumorigenicity and immunogenicity in vivo. Understanding the persistence and effects of these abnormalities in induced pluripotent stem cell derivatives is critical to allow clinicians to predict graft fate after transplantation, and to take requisite measures to prevent immune rejection. With clinical trials of pluripotent stem cell therapy on the horizon, the importance of understanding immunologic barriers and devising safe, effective strategies to bypass them is further underscored. This approach to overcome immunologic barriers to stem cell therapy can take advantage of the validated knowledge acquired from decades of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia E de Almeida
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5454, USA
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Sharpe ME, Morton D, Rossi A. Nonclinical safety strategies for stem cell therapies. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012; 262:223-31. [PMID: 22617430 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent breakthroughs in stem cell biology, especially the development of the induced pluripotent stem cell techniques, have generated tremendous enthusiasm and efforts to explore the therapeutic potential of stem cells in regenerative medicine. Stem cell therapies are being considered for the treatment of degenerative diseases, inflammatory conditions, cancer and repair of damaged tissue. The safety of a stem cell therapy depends on many factors including the type of cell therapy, the differentiation status and proliferation capacity of the cells, the route of administration, the intended clinical location, long term survival of the product and/or engraftment, the need for repeated administration, the disease to be treated and the age of the population. Understanding the product profile of the intended therapy is crucial to the development of the nonclinical safety study design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela E Sharpe
- Investigative Toxicology, Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Ltd, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, CT13 9NJ, UK.
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10
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Taylor CJ, Bolton EM, Bradley JA. Immunological considerations for embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cell banking. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2011; 366:2312-22. [PMID: 21727137 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2011.0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in stem cell technology have generated enthusiasm for their potential to study and treat a diverse range of human disease. Pluripotent human stem cells for therapeutic use may, in principle, be obtained from two sources: embryonic stem cells (hESCs), which are capable of extensive self-renewal and expansion and have the potential to differentiate into any somatic tissue, and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which are derived from differentiated tissue such as adult skin fibroblasts and appear to have the same properties and potential, but their generation is not dependent upon a source of embryos. The likelihood that clinical transplantation of hESC- or iPSC-derived tissues from an unrelated (allogeneic) donor that express foreign human leucocyte antigens (HLA) may undergo immunological rejection requires the formulation of strategies to attenuate the host immune response to transplanted tissue. In clinical practice, individualized iPSC tissue derived from the intended recipient offers the possibility of personalized stem cell therapy in which graft rejection would not occur, but the logistics of achieving this on a large scale are problematic owing to relatively inefficient reprogramming techniques and high costs. The creation of stem cell banks comprising HLA-typed hESCs and iPSCs is a strategy that is proposed to overcome the immunological barrier by providing HLA-matched (histocompatible) tissue for the target population. Estimates have shown that a stem cell bank containing around 10 highly selected cell lines with conserved homozygous HLA haplotypes would provide matched tissue for the majority of the UK population. These simulations have practical, financial, political and ethical implications for the establishment and design of stem cell banks incorporating cell lines with HLA types that are compatible with different ethnic populations throughout the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig J Taylor
- Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics, Tissue Typing Laboratory, Cambridge University Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK. craig.taylor@addenbrookes
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11
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Abstract
Repair of damaged myocardium with pluripotent stem cell derived cardiomyocytes is becoming increasingly more feasible. Developments in stem cell research emphasize the need to address the foreseeable problem of immune rejection following transplantation. Pluripotent stem cell (PSC) derived cardiomyocytes have unique immune characteristics, some of which are not advantageous for transplantation. Here we review the possible mechanisms of PSC-derived cardiomyocytes rejection, summarize the current knowledge pertaining to immunogenicity of such cells and describe the existing controversies. Myocardial graft rejection can be reduced by modifying PSCs prior to their differentiation into cardiomyocytes. Overall, this approach facilitates the development of universal donor stem cells suitable for the regeneration of many different tissue types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaruhi Karabekian
- Pharmacology and Physiology Department, The George Washington University, 2300 Eye Street, Washington, DC 20037, USA
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12
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Yabut O, Bernstein HS. The promise of human embryonic stem cells in aging-associated diseases. Aging (Albany NY) 2011; 3:494-508. [PMID: 21566262 PMCID: PMC3156600 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aging-associated diseases are often caused by progressive loss or dysfunction of cells that ultimately affect the overall function of tissues and organs. Successful treatment of these diseases could benefit from cell-based therapy that would regenerate lost cells or otherwise restore tissue function. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) promise to be an important therapeutic candidate in treating aging-associated diseases due to their unique capacity for self-renewal and pluripotency. To date, there are numerous hESC lines that have been developed and characterized. We will discuss how hESC lines are derived, their molecular and cellular properties, and how their ability to differentiate into all three embryonic germ layers is determined. We will also outline the methods currently employed to direct their differentiation into populations of tissue-specific, functional cells. Finally, we will highlight the general challenges that must be overcome and the strategies being developed to generate highly-purified hESC-derived cell populations that can safely be used for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odessa Yabut
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Diswall M, Gustafsson A, Holgersson J, Sandrin MS, Breimer ME. Antigen-binding specificity of anti-αGal reagents determined by solid-phase glycolipid-binding assays. A complete lack of αGal glycolipid reactivity in α1,3GalT-KO pig small intestine. Xenotransplantation 2011; 18:28-39. [PMID: 21342285 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2011.00623.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND αGal-specific lectins, monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies (Abs) are widely used in xenotransplantation research. Immunological assays such as immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, Western blot and thin layer chromatography are often the only applicable characterization procedures when limited amount of tissue is available and biochemical characterization is impossible. Hence, detailed knowledge of the Ab/lectin carbohydrate-binding specificity is essential. METHODS The binding specificity of human blood group AB serum, three different affinity-purified human polyclonal anti-Gal Ab batches, and two anti-Gal mAb clones (TH5 and 15.101) as well as Griffonia simplicifolia isolectin B4 and Marasmius oreades agglutinin were examined for reactivity with glycolipid fractions isolated from human and pig (wild-type and α1,3GalT-KO) tissues using thin layer chromatogram and microtiter well binding assays. RESULTS All anti-Gal-specific reagents reacted with the pentaglycosylceramide Galα1,3nLc4, and several 6-12 sugar compounds in wild-type pig kidneys. However, their staining intensity with different αGal antigens varied considerably. Some, but not all, anti-Gal reagents cross-reacted with a pure iGb3 glycolipid reference compound. No reactivity with glycolipids isolated from α1,3GalT-KO pig small intestine or human tissues was found, confirming the specificity of the anti-Gal reagents in those tissues for α1,3Gal-epitopes produced by the α1,3GalT (GGTA1). CONCLUSIONS Different anti-Gal reagents vary in their carbohydrate epitope specificity. Mono-/polyclonal Abs and lectins have different carbohydrate epitope fine specificity toward pig glycolipids as well as purified Galα1,3nLc4, and iGb3. Despite the difference in αGal specificity, all reagents were completely non-reactive with glycolipids isolated from α1,3GalT-KO pig small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Diswall
- Department of Surgery, Sahlgrenska Academy at Gothenburg University, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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14
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How to cross immunogenetic hurdles to human embryonic stem cell transplantation. Semin Immunopathol 2011; 33:525-34. [PMID: 21461719 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-011-0262-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Implantation of human embryonic stem cells (hES), derived progenitors or mature cells derived from hES has great therapeutic potential for many diseases. If hES would come from genetically unrelated individuals, it would be probably rejected by the immune system of the recipient. Blood groups, MHC and minor antigens are the immunogenetic hurdles that have to be crossed for successful transplantation. Autologous transplantation with adult stem cells would be the best approach but several elements argue against this option. Classical immunosuppression, depleting antibody, induction of tolerance and stem cell banking are alternative methods that could be proposed to limit the risk of rejection.
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Xu M, Wang F, Gildersleeve JC, Achilefu S. MAb L9E10 to blood group H2 antigen binds to colon cancer stem cells and inhibits tumor cell migration and invasion. Hybridoma (Larchmt) 2010; 29:355-9. [PMID: 20715995 DOI: 10.1089/hyb.2010.0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The functions of the precursor H antigen for ABO blood group antigens are still not fully understood, particularly in cancer cells. In this study, we used hybridoma technology and NSY human colon cancer cells as an immunogen to generate a monoclonal antibody designated as MAb L9E10. The binding antigen of MAb L9E10 was identified as blood group (BG) H2 antigen using carbohydrate array and erythrocyte agglutination assays. In immunofluorescence study, we found that BG-H2 was expressed on the surfaces of both colon cancer stem cells and their differentiated progeny. In a functional study, we observed that MAb L9E10 inhibited tumor cell migration and invasion at a concentration of 10 microg/mL in vitro. This result suggests that MAb L9E10 could be used to study cancer biology, particularly cancer stem cell biology. In addition, it is potentially useful for studying gastric diseases caused by Helicobacter pylori bacteria, with attachment to human gastric epithelial cells mediated by blood group antigens Lewis b and H2. Finally, MAb L9E10 is an ideal biological reagent for identifying Bombay blood type in which erythrocytes have no BG-H2 antigen expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Xu
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Lee JE, Kang MS, Park MH, Shim SH, Yoon TK, Chung HM, Lee DR. Evaluation of 28 Human Embryonic Stem Cell Lines for Use as Unrelated Donors in Stem Cell Therapy: Implications of HLA and ABO Genotypes. Cell Transplant 2010; 19:1383-95. [DOI: 10.3727/096368910x513991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
For human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) to be used clinically, it is imperative that immune responses evoked by hESCs and their derivates after transplantation should be prevented. Human leukocyte antigens (HLA) and ABO blood group antigens are important histocompatibility factors in graft rejection. HLA matching between recipient and unrelated donors, in particular, is important in improving outcomes in hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). We have established and successfully maintained 29 hESC lines and analyzed the HLA and ABO genotypes of these lines. HLA-A, -B, -C and -DR (DRB1) genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) sequence-based typing and ABO genotyping was carried out by PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism methods. To determine what proportion of the Korean population would be covered by these cell lines in organ transplantation, 27 cell lines with HLA-A, -B, and -DR data were evaluated for HCT (cord blood) donors and 28 cell lines with HLA-DR and ABO data were evaluated for solid organ (kidney) transplantation donors, and then compared the data with those from 6,740 donated cord bloods. When 2 HLA mismatches are allowed for HCT, as currently accepted for cord blood transplantation, it was estimated that about 16% and 25% of the possible recipients can find one or more donor cell lines with ≤2 mismatches at A, B, DRB1 allele level and at A, B antigen/DRB1 allele level, respectively. When HLA-DR antigen level matching and ABO compatibility was considered for solid organ (kidney) transplantation, it was estimated that about 29% and 96% of the possible recipients can find one or more ABO-compatible donor cell lines with 0 and 1 DR mismatches, respectively. We provided the first report on the HLA and ABO genotypes of hESC lines, and estimated the degree of HLA and ABO matching in organ transplantation for the Korean population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Myung Seo Kang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, CHA University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myoung Hee Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Han Shim
- Fertility Center, CHA Gangnam Medical Center, College of Medicine, CHA University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Ki Yoon
- Fertility Center, CHA Gangnam Medical Center, College of Medicine, CHA University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyung Min Chung
- CHA Stem Cell Institute, CHA University, Seoul, Korea
- CHA Bio & Diostech Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Ryul Lee
- CHA Stem Cell Institute, CHA University, Seoul, Korea
- Fertility Center, CHA Gangnam Medical Center, College of Medicine, CHA University, Seoul, Korea
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Zhang Y, Campbell C, Li Q, Gildersleeve JC. Multidimensional glycan arrays for enhanced antibody profiling. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2010; 6:1583-91. [PMID: 20711537 PMCID: PMC3462433 DOI: 10.1039/c002259d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrate-binding antibodies play a critical role in basic and clinical research. Monoclonal antibodies that bind glycans are used to measure carbohydrate expression, and serum antibodies to glycans can be important elements of the immune response to pathogens and vaccines. Carbohydrate antigen arrays, or glycan arrays, have emerged as powerful tools for the high-throughput analysis of carbohydrate-protein interactions. Our group has focused on the development and application of neoglycoprotein arrays, a unique array format wherein carbohydrates are covalently attached to a carrier protein prior to immobilization on the surface. The neoglycoprotein format permits variations of glycan structure, glycan density, and neoglycoprotein density on a single array. The focus of this study was on the effects of neoglycoprotein density on antibody binding. First, we evaluated binding of five monoclonal antibodies (81FR2.2, HE-195, HE-193, B480, and Z2A) to the blood group A antigen and found that neoglycoprotein density had a substantial effect on recognition. Next, we profiled serum antibodies in 15 healthy individuals and showed that inclusion of multiple neoglycoprotein densities helps distinguish different subpopulations of antibodies. Finally, we evaluated immune responses induced by a prostate cancer vaccine and showed that variations in neoglycoprotein density enable one to detect antibody responses that could not be detected otherwise. Neoglycoprotein density is a useful element of diversity for evaluating antibody recognition and, when combined with variations in glycan structure and glycan density, provides multidimensional glycan arrays with enhanced performance for monoclonal antibody development, biomarker discovery, and vaccine optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalong Zhang
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, 376 Boyles Street, Building 376, Frederick, Maryland, 21702
| | - Christopher Campbell
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, 376 Boyles Street, Building 376, Frederick, Maryland, 21702
| | - Qian Li
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, 376 Boyles Street, Building 376, Frederick, Maryland, 21702
| | - Jeffrey C. Gildersleeve
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, 376 Boyles Street, Building 376, Frederick, Maryland, 21702
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Can cells and biomaterials in therapeutic medicine be shielded from innate immune recognition? Trends Immunol 2010; 31:32-8. [PMID: 19836998 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2009.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2009] [Revised: 09/11/2009] [Accepted: 09/11/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Biomaterials (e.g. polymers, metals, or ceramics), cell and cell cluster (e.g. pancreatic islets) transplantation are beginning to offer novel treatment modalities for some otherwise intractable diseases. The innate immune system is involved in incompatibility reactions that occur when biomaterials or cells are introduced into the blood circulation. In particular, the complement, coagulation and contact systems are involved in the recognition of biomaterials and cells, eliciting activation of platelets and leukocytes. Such treatments are associated with anaphylactoid and thrombotic reactions, inflammation, and rejection of biomaterials and cells, leading to treatment failures and adverse reactions. We discuss here the new technologies that are being developed to shield the biomaterial and cell surfaces from recognition by the innate immune system.
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19
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Ehnert S, Glanemann M, Schmitt A, Vogt S, Shanny N, Nussler NC, Stöckle U, Nussler A. The possible use of stem cells in regenerative medicine: dream or reality? Langenbecks Arch Surg 2009; 394:985-97. [PMID: 19644703 DOI: 10.1007/s00423-009-0546-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2009] [Accepted: 07/14/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells are one of the most fascinating areas in regenerative medicine today. They play a crucial role in the development and regeneration of human life and are defined as cells that continuously reproduce themselves while maintaining the ability to differentiate into various cell types. Stem cells are found at all developmental stages, from embryonic stem cells that differentiate into all cell types found in the human body to adult stem cells that are responsible for tissue regeneration. The general opinion postulates that clinical therapies based on the properties of stem cells may have the potential to change the treatment of degenerative diseases or important traumatic injuries in the "near" future. We here briefly review the literature in particularly for the liver, heart, kidney, cartilage, and bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Ehnert
- Department of Traumatology, TU Munich, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
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