1
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Bergman PJ. Cancer Immunotherapy. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2024; 54:441-468. [PMID: 38158304 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2023.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The enhanced understanding of immunology experienced over the last 5 decades afforded through the tools of molecular biology has recently translated into cancer immunotherapy becoming one of the most exciting and rapidly expanding fields. Human cancer immunotherapy is now recognized as one of the pillars of treatment alongside surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. The field of veterinary cancer immunotherapy has also rapidly advanced in the last decade with a handful of commercially available products and a plethora of investigational cancer immunotherapies, which will hopefully expand our veterinary oncology treatment toolkit over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Bergman
- Clinical Studies, VCA; Katonah Bedford Veterinary Center, Bedford Hills, NY, USA; Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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2
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Mason NJ, Chester N, Xiong A, Rotolo A, Wu Y, Yoshimoto S, Glassman P, Gulendran G, Siegel DL. Development of a fully canine anti-canine CTLA4 monoclonal antibody for comparative translational research in dogs with spontaneous tumors. MAbs 2021; 13:2004638. [PMID: 34856888 PMCID: PMC8726733 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2021.2004638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) ipilimumab has revolutionized the treatment of patients with different cancer histologies, including melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, and non-small cell lung carcinoma. However, only a subset of patients shows dramatic clinical responses to treatment. Despite intense biomarker discovery efforts linked to clinical trials using CTLA4 checkpoint blockade, no single prognostic correlate has emerged as a valid predictor of outcome. Client-owned, immune competent, pet dogs develop spontaneous tumors that exhibit similar features to human cancers, including shared chromosome aberrations, molecular subtypes, immune signatures, tumor heterogeneity, metastatic behavior, and response to chemotherapy. As such, they represent a valuable parallel patient population in which to investigate novel predictive biomarkers and rational therapeutic ICI combinations. However, the lack of validated, non-immunogenic, canine ICIs for preclinical use hinders this comparative approach. To address this, fully canine single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) that bind canine CTLA4 were isolated from a comprehensive canine scFv phage display library. A lead candidate for clinical development was selected based on its subnanomolar binding affinity to canine CTLA4 and its ability to prevent CTLA4 binding to CD80/CD86 and promote T cell proliferation and effector function. In vivo mouse studies revealed pharmacokinetics similar to isotype control IgG with no evidence of short-term adverse effects. This work paves the way for in vivo analysis of the first fully canine, anti-canine CTLA4 antibody to promote anti-tumor immunity in dogs with immune-responsive cancers and provide an important comparative tool to investigate correlative biomarkers of response and mechanisms of resistance to CTLA4 checkpoint inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola J Mason
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Center for Cellular Immunotherapy, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Ailian Xiong
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Antonia Rotolo
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ying Wu
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sho Yoshimoto
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Laboratory of Small Animal Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Patrick Glassman
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Gayathri Gulendran
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Don L Siegel
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapy, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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3
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Dias JNR, André AS, Aguiar SI, Gil S, Tavares L, Aires-da-Silva F. Immunotherapeutic Strategies for Canine Lymphoma: Changing the Odds Against Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:621758. [PMID: 34513964 PMCID: PMC8427286 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.621758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The new era of immune-oncology has brought complexities and challenges that emphasize the need to identify new strategies and models to develop successful and cost-effective therapies. The inclusion of a canine model in the drug development of cancer immunotherapies is being widely recognized as a valid solution to overcome several hurdles associated with conventional preclinical models. Driven by the success of immunotherapies in the treatment of human non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and by the remarkable similarities of canine NHL to its human counterpart, canine NHL has been one of the main focus of comparative research. Under the present review, we summarize a general overview of the challenges and prospects of today's cancer immunotherapies and the role that comparative medicine might play in solving the limitations brought by this rapidly expanding field. The state of art of both human and canine NHL and the rationale behind the use of the canine model to bridge the translational gap between murine preclinical studies and human clinical trials are addressed. Finally, a review of currently available immunotherapies for canine NHL is described, highlighting the potential of these therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Frederico Aires-da-Silva
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Lisbon, Portugal
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4
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Graves SS, Storb R. Evolution of haematopoietic cell transplantation for canine blood disorders and a platform for solid organ transplantation. Vet Med Sci 2021; 7:2156-2171. [PMID: 34390541 PMCID: PMC8604109 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pre-clinical haematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) studies in canines have proven to be invaluable for establishing HCT as a highly successful clinical option for the treatment of malignant and non-malignant haematological diseases in humans. Additionally, studies in canines have shown that immune tolerance, established following HCT, enabled transplantation of solid organs without the need of lifelong immunosuppression. This progress has been possible due to multiple biological similarities between dog and mankind. In this review, the hurdles that were overcome and the methods that were developed in the dog HCT model which made HCT clinically possible are examined. The results of these studies justify the question whether HCT can be used in the veterinary clinical practice for more wide-spread successful treatment of canine haematologic and non-haematologic disorders and whether it is prudent to do so.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott S Graves
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Rainer Storb
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
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5
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Watkins B, Qayed M, McCracken C, Bratrude B, Betz K, Suessmuth Y, Yu A, Sinclair S, Furlan S, Bosinger S, Tkachev V, Rhodes J, Tumlin AG, Narayan A, Cribbin K, Gillespie S, Gooley TA, Pasquini MC, Hebert K, Kapoor U, Rogatko A, Tighiouart M, Kim S, Bresee C, Choi SW, Davis J, Duncan C, Giller R, Grimley M, Harris AC, Jacobsohn D, Lalefar N, Norkin M, Farhadfar N, Pulsipher MA, Shenoy S, Petrovic A, Schultz KR, Yanik GA, Waller EK, Levine JE, Ferrara JL, Blazar BR, Langston A, Horan JT, Kean LS. Phase II Trial of Costimulation Blockade With Abatacept for Prevention of Acute GVHD. J Clin Oncol 2021; 39:1865-1877. [PMID: 33449816 DOI: 10.1200/jco.20.01086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Severe (grade 3-4) acute graft-versus-host disease (AGVHD) is a major cause of death after unrelated-donor (URD) hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT), resulting in particularly high mortality after HLA-mismatched transplantation. There are no approved agents for AGVHD prevention, underscoring the critical unmet need for novel therapeutics. ABA2 was a phase II trial to rigorously assess safety, efficacy, and immunologic effects of adding T-cell costimulation blockade with abatacept to calcineurin inhibitor (CNI)/methotrexate (MTX)-based GVHD prophylaxis, to test whether abatacept could decrease AGVHD. METHODS ABA2 enrolled adults and children with hematologic malignancies under two strata: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled stratum (8/8-HLA-matched URD), comparing CNI/MTX plus abatacept with CNI/MTX plus placebo, and a single-arm stratum (7/8-HLA-mismatched URD) comparing CNI/MTX plus abatacept versus CNI/MTX CIBMTR controls. The primary end point was day +100 grade 3-4 AGVHD, with day +180 severe-AGVHD-free-survival (SGFS) a key secondary end point. Sample sizes were calculated using a higher type-1 error (0.2) as recommended for phase II trials, and were based on predicting that abatacept would reduce grade 3-4 AGVHD from 20% to 10% (8/8s) and 30% to 10% (7/8s). ABA2 enrolled 142 recipients (8/8s, median follow-up = 716 days) and 43 recipients (7/8s, median follow-up = 708 days). RESULTS In 8/8s, grade 3-4 AGVHD was 6.8% (abatacept) versus 14.8% (placebo) (P = .13, hazard ratio = 0.45). SGFS was 93.2% (CNI/MTX plus abatacept) versus 82% (CNI/MTX plus placebo, P = .05). In the smaller 7/8 cohort, grade 3-4 AGVHD was 2.3% (CNI/MTX plus abatacept, intention-to-treat population), which compared favorably with a nonrandomized matched cohort of CNI/MTX (30.2%, P < .001), and the SGFS was better (97.7% v 58.7%, P < .001). Immunologic analysis revealed control of T-cell activation in abatacept-treated patients. CONCLUSION Adding abatacept to URD HCT was safe, reduced AGVHD, and improved SGFS. These results suggest that abatacept may substantially improve AGVHD-related transplant outcomes, with a particularly beneficial impact on HLA-mismatched HCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Watkins
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, and Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Muna Qayed
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, and Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | | | - Brandi Bratrude
- Boston Children's Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Kayla Betz
- Boston Children's Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Yvonne Suessmuth
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, and Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Alison Yu
- Boston Children's Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | | | - Scott Furlan
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Steven Bosinger
- Emory University, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA
| | - Victor Tkachev
- Boston Children's Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - James Rhodes
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA
| | - Audrey Grizzle Tumlin
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA
| | | | | | | | - Ted A Gooley
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Marcelo C Pasquini
- Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Kyle Hebert
- Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | | | | | | | - Sungjin Kim
- Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | | | - Jeffrey Davis
- BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Christine Duncan
- Boston Children's Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Roger Giller
- Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children Hospital of Colorado, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO
| | - Michael Grimley
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Andrew C Harris
- University of Utah, Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT
| | | | - Nahal Lalefar
- University of California San Francisco, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, Oakland, CA
| | - Maxim Norkin
- Baptist Medical Center Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Nosha Farhadfar
- University of Florida, UF Health Shands Hospital, Gainesville, FL
| | - Michael A Pulsipher
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles, USC Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | | | - Kirk R Schultz
- BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Bruce R Blazar
- University of Minnesota, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Minneapolis, MN
| | | | - John T Horan
- Boston Children's Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Leslie S Kean
- Boston Children's Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
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6
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Lan X, Kedziorek DA, Chu C, Jablonska A, Li S, Kai M, Liang Y, Janowski M, Walczak P. Modeling human pediatric and adult gliomas in immunocompetent mice through costimulatory blockade. Oncoimmunology 2020; 9:1776577. [PMID: 32923139 PMCID: PMC7458632 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2020.1776577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, human glioma tumors are mostly modeled in immunodeficient recipients; however, lack of interactions with adaptive immune system is a serious flaw, particularly in the era when immunotherapies dominate treatment strategies. Our group was the first to successfully establish the orthotopic transplantation of human glioblastoma (GBM) in immunocompetent mice by inducing immunological tolerance using a short-term, systemic costimulation blockade strategy (CTLA-4-Ig and MR1). In this study, we further validated the feasibility of this method by modeling pediatric diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) and two types of adult GBM (GBM1, GBM551), in mice with intact immune systems and immunodeficient mice. We found that all three glioma models were successfully established, with distinct difference in tumor growth patterns and morphologies, after orthotopic xenotransplantation in tolerance-induced immunocompetent mice. Long-lasting tolerance that is maintained for up to nearly 200 d in GBM551 confirmed the robustness of this model. Moreover, we found that tumors in immunocompetent mice displayed features more similar to the clinical pathophysiology found in glioma patients, characterized by inflammatory infiltration and strong neovascularization, as compared with tumors in immunodeficient mice. In summary, we have validated the robustness of the costimulatory blockade strategy for tumor modeling and successfully established three human glioma models including the pediatric DIPG whose preclinical study is particularly thwarted by the lack of proper animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Lan
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dorota A Kedziorek
- Russel H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Chengyan Chu
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anna Jablonska
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shen Li
- Department of Neurology, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital, Dalian, China
| | - Mihoko Kai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yajie Liang
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Miroslaw Janowski
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Piotr Walczak
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA
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7
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Li S, Oh BC, Chu C, Arnold A, Jablonska A, Furtmüller GJ, Qin HM, Boltze J, Magnus T, Ludewig P, Janowski M, Brandacher G, Walczak P. Induction of immunological tolerance to myelinogenic glial-restricted progenitor allografts. Brain 2020; 142:3456-3472. [PMID: 31529023 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awz275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunological barrier currently precludes the clinical utilization of allogeneic stem cells. Although glial-restricted progenitors have become attractive candidates to treat a wide variety of neurological diseases, their survival in immunocompetent recipients is limited. In this study, we adopted a short-term, systemically applicable co-stimulation blockade-based strategy using CTLA4-Ig and anti-CD154 antibodies to modulate T-cell activation in the context of allogeneic glial-restricted progenitor transplantation. We found that co-stimulation blockade successfully prevented rejection of allogeneic glial-restricted progenitors from immunocompetent mouse brains. The long-term engrafted glial-restricted progenitors myelinated dysmyelinated adult mouse brains within one month. Furthermore, we identified a set of plasma miRNAs whose levels specifically correlated to the dynamic changes of immunoreactivity and as such could serve as biomarkers for graft rejection or tolerance. We put forward a successful strategy to induce alloantigen-specific hyporesponsiveness towards stem cells in the CNS, which will foster effective therapeutic application of allogeneic stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Li
- Neurology Department, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital affiliated to Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Division of MR Research, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Byoung Chol Oh
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Chengyan Chu
- Division of MR Research, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Antje Arnold
- Division of MR Research, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anna Jablonska
- Division of MR Research, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Georg J Furtmüller
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hua-Min Qin
- Division of MR Research, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Johannes Boltze
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Tim Magnus
- Neurology Department, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Peter Ludewig
- Neurology Department, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mirosław Janowski
- Division of MR Research, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gerald Brandacher
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Piotr Walczak
- Division of MR Research, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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8
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Graves SS, Storb R. Developments and translational relevance for the canine haematopoietic cell transplantation preclinical model. Vet Comp Oncol 2020; 18:471-483. [PMID: 32385957 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The development of safe and reliable haematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) protocols to treat human patients with malignant and non-malignant blood disorders was highly influenced by preclinical studies obtained in random-bred canines. The surmounted barriers included recognizing the crucial importance of histocompatibility matching, establishing long-term donor haematopoietic cell engraftment, preventing graft-vs-host disease and advancing effective conditioning and post-grafting immunosuppression protocols, all of which were evaluated in canines. Recent studies have applied the tolerance inducing potential of HCT to solid organ and vascularized composite tissue transplantation. Several advances in HCT and tolerance induction that were first developed in the canine preclinical model and subsequently applied to human patients are now being recruited into veterinary practice for the treatment of malignant and non-malignant disorders in companion dogs. Here, we review recent HCT advancements attained in the canine model during the past 15 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott S Graves
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Rainer Storb
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
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9
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Abstract
The enhanced understanding of immunology experienced over the last 4 decades afforded through the tools of molecular biology has recently translated into cancer immunotherapy becoming one of the most exciting and rapidly expanding fields. Human cancer immunotherapy is now recognized as one of the pillars of treatment alongside surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. The field of veterinary cancer immunotherapy has also rapidly advanced in the last decade with a handful of commercially available products and a plethora of investigational cancer immunotherapies that will hopefully expand the veterinary oncology treatment toolkit over time.
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10
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11
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Kean LS, Turka LA, Blazar BR. Advances in targeting co-inhibitory and co-stimulatory pathways in transplantation settings: the Yin to the Yang of cancer immunotherapy. Immunol Rev 2017; 276:192-212. [PMID: 28258702 PMCID: PMC5338458 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade, the power of harnessing T-cell co-signaling pathways has become increasingly understood to have significant clinical importance. In cancer immunotherapy, the field has concentrated on two related modalities: First, targeting cancer antigens through highly activated chimeric antigen T cells (CAR-Ts) and second, re-animating endogenous quiescent T cells through checkpoint blockade. In each of these strategies, the therapeutic goal is to re-ignite T-cell immunity, in order to eradicate tumors. In transplantation, there is also great interest in targeting T-cell co-signaling, but with the opposite goal: in this field, we seek the Yin to cancer immunotherapy's Yang, and focus on manipulating T-cell co-signaling to induce tolerance rather than activation. In this review, we discuss the major T-cell signaling pathways that are being investigated for tolerance induction, detailing preclinical studies and the path to the clinic for many of these molecules. These include blockade of co-stimulation pathways and agonism of coinhibitory pathways, in order to achieve the delicate state of balance that is transplant tolerance: a state which guarantees lifelong transplant acceptance without ongoing immunosuppression, and with preservation of protective immune responses. In the context of the clinical translation of immune tolerance strategies, we discuss the significant challenge that is embodied by the fact that targeted pathway modulators may have opposing effects on tolerance based on their impact on effector vs regulatory T-cell biology. Achieving this delicate balance holds the key to the major challenge of transplantation: lifelong control of alloreactivity while maintaining an otherwise intact immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie S Kean
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Laurence A Turka
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Immune Tolerance Network, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bruce R Blazar
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics and the Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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12
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Abstract
Harnessing the ability of the immune system to eradicate cancer has been a long-held goal of oncology. Work from the last two decades has finally brought immunotherapy into the forefront for cancer treatment, with demonstrable clinical success for aggressive tumors where other therapies had failed. In this review, we will discuss a range of therapies that are in different stages of clinical or preclinical development for companion animals with cancer, and which share the common objective of eliciting adaptive, anti-tumor immune responses. Even though challenges remain, manipulating the immune system holds significant promise to create durable responses and improve outcomes in companion animals with cancer. Furthermore, what we learn from this process will inform and accelerate development of comparable therapies for human cancer patients.
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13
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Abstract
Tumor immunology and immunotherapy is one of the most exciting and rapidly expanding fields. The immune system is divided into 2 primary components: the innate immune response and the highly specific, but more slowly developing, adaptive or acquired immune response. Immune responses are separated by whether they are induced by exposure to a foreign antigen (active response) or transferred through serum or lymphocytes from an immunized individual (passive response). The ideal cancer immunotherapy agent should discriminate between cancer and normal cells (specificity), be potent enough to kill small or large numbers of tumor cells (sensitivity), and prevent recurrence of a tumor (durability).
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Bergman
- Clinical Studies, VCA, 546 Bedford Road, Bedford Hills, New York, NY 10507, USA; Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Chemistry, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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14
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Gori JL, Beard BC, Williams NP, Ironside C, Swanson D, Scott McIvor R, Kiem HP. In vivo protection of activated Tyr22-dihydrofolate reductase gene-modified canine T lymphocytes from methotrexate. J Gene Med 2014; 15:233-41. [PMID: 23666780 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.2713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonmyeloablative allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation can cure malignant and nonmalignant diseases affecting the hematopoietic system, such as severe combined immunodeficiencies, aplastic anemia and hemoglobinopathies. Although nonmyeloablative is favored over myeloablative transplantation for many patients, graft rejection remains problematic. One strategy for decreasing rejection is to protect donor activated T cells in the graft from methotrexate (MTX) by genetically modifying the cells to express MTX-resistant dihydrofolate reductase (Tyr22-DHFR), leaving the immunosuppressive effects of MTX to act solely on activated host T lymphocytes, shifting the balance to favor allogeneic engraftment. METHODS To evaluate MTX resistance of Tyr22-DHFR(+) T lymphocytes in vivo, we transplanted dogs with autologous CD34(+) cells modified with yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) and DHFR-green fluorescent protein (GFP) lentivirus vectors. Dogs were then treated with a standard MTX regimen days 1, 3, 6 and 11) following immune activation with a foreign antigen as a surrogate assay to mimic early transplantation. RESULTS DHFR-GFP(+) gene marking was maintained in CD3(+) CD25(+) and CD4(+) T lymphocytes after MTX treatment, whereas the level of T lymphocytes that expressed only a fluorescent reporter (YFP(+) ) decreased. These data show that Tyr22-DHFR expression protects T lymphocytes from MTX toxicity in dogs, highlighting a clinically relevant application for preserving donor T lymphocytes during post-transplantation immunosuppression. CONCLUSIONS The findings of the present study have implications for the clinical translation of MTX-resistant T cells to facilitate engraftment of allogeneic cells following nonmyeloablative conditioning and to minimize the risk of rejection. In summary, Tyr22-DHFR expression in T lymphocytes provides chemoprotection from MTX-mediated elimination in the context of immune activation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Gori
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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15
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Simpson RM, Bastian BC, Michael HT, Webster JD, Prasad ML, Conway CM, Prieto VM, Gary JM, Goldschmidt MH, Esplin DG, Smedley RC, Piris A, Meuten DJ, Kiupel M, Lee CCR, Ward JM, Dwyer JE, Davis BJ, Anver MR, Molinolo AA, Hoover SB, Rodriguez-Canales J, Hewitt SM. Sporadic naturally occurring melanoma in dogs as a preclinical model for human melanoma. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2014; 27:37-47. [PMID: 24128326 PMCID: PMC4066658 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma represents a significant malignancy in humans and dogs. Different from genetically engineered models, sporadic canine melanocytic neoplasms share several characteristics with human disease that could make dogs a more relevant preclinical model. Canine melanomas rarely arise in sun-exposed sites. Most occur in the oral cavity, with a subset having intra-epithelial malignant melanocytes mimicking the in situ component of human mucosal melanoma. The spectrum of canine melanocytic neoplasia includes benign lesions with some analogy to nevi, as well as invasive primary melanoma, and widespread metastasis. Growing evidence of distinct subtypes in humans, differing in somatic and predisposing germ-line genetic alterations, cell of origin, epidemiology, relationship to ultraviolet radiation and progression from benign to malignant tumors, may also exist in dogs. Canine and human mucosal melanomas appear to harbor BRAF, NRAS, and c-kit mutations uncommonly, compared with human cutaneous melanomas, although both species share AKT and MAPK signaling activation. We conclude that there is significant overlap in the clinical and histopathological features of canine and human mucosal melanomas. This represents opportunity to explore canine oral cavity melanoma as a preclinical model.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mark Simpson
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
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16
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Tian M, Lv Y, Zhai C, Zhu H, Yu L, Wang B. Alternative immunomodulatory strategies for xenotransplantation: CD80/CD86-CTLA4 pathway-modified immature dendritic cells promote xenograft survival. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69640. [PMID: 23922766 PMCID: PMC3726660 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Xenotransplantation is a promising approach to circumventing the current organ shortage. However, T-cell-dependent anti-xenoresponses are a major challenge to successful xenografts. Given the advantages of the use of CTLA4-Ig in the survival of allografts, the purpose of the study was to investigate the therapeutic potential of CTLA4-IgG4 modified immature dendritic cells (imDCs) in the prevention of islets xenograft rejection. Methods CTLA4-IgG4 was constructed by the fusion of the extracellular regions of porcine CTLA4 to human the hIgG4 Fc region. The imDCs were induced and cultured from porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). The CTLA4-IgG4 modified imDCs were delivered via the portal vein to the liver of diabetic mice (insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus) before islet xenografting, and mCTLA4-Ig was administered intravenously after xenotransplantation. Results The xenograft survival of mice receiving unmodified imDCs was approximately 30 days. However, following administration of CTLA4-IgG4 modified imDCs before grafting and mCTLA4-Ig after grafting, xenografts survived for more than 100 days. Flow cytometric analysis showed that the CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Treg population was increased in spleens. The efficacy of donor CTLA4-IgG4 modified imDCs correlated partially with the amplification of Tregs. Conclusions These results confirm that selective inhibition of the direct and indirect pathways of T-cell activation by donor CTLA4-IgG4 modified imDCs and receptor CTLA4-Ig is a highly effective strategy to promote survival of xenografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Tian
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Lv
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Zhai
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Haitao Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Kean LS, Singh K, Blazar BR, Larsen CP. Nonhuman primate transplant models finally evolve: detailed immunogenetic analysis creates new models and strengthens the old. Am J Transplant 2012; 12:812-9. [PMID: 22177005 PMCID: PMC3482466 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2011.03873.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nonhuman primate (NHP) models play a critical role in the translation of novel therapies for transplantation to the clinic. However, although MHC disparity significantly affects the outcome of transplantation, until recently, experiments using NHP models were performed without the ability to rigorously control the degree of MHC disparity in transplant cohorts. In this review, we discuss several key technical breakthroughs in the field, which have finally enabled detailed immunogenetic data to be incorporated into NHP transplantation studies. These advances have created a new gold-standard for NHP transplantation research, which incorporates detailed information regarding the degree of relatedness and the degree of MHC haplotype disparity between transplant pairs and the precise MHC alleles that both donors and recipients express. The adoption of this new standard promises to increase the rigor of NHP transplantation studies and to ensure that these experiments are optimally translatable to patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Kean
- Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Zhu S, Liu S, Wan L, Yang G, Yang H, Cheng J, Lu X. Molecular cloning, expression and characterization of the functional domain of CTLA4 from the rhesus monkey, Macaca mulatta. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 35:736-744. [PMID: 21349284 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2011.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA4) is a potent inhibitor of T cell activation. The genes encoding the membrane and soluble forms of Macaca mulatta CTLA4 (mmCTLA4) were isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The predicted mmCTLA4 protein is nearly identical to human CTLA4 (hCTLA4), with the exception of a serine instead of an asparagine residue at position 49 and a leucine instead of a methionine residue at position 141 of its extracellular domain. The fusion protein mmCTLA4Ig, containing the extracellular domain of mmCTLA4 and the constant region of the human IgG1 antibody, was expressed in Pichia pastoris. The mmCTLA4Ig produced by P. pastoris exhibited specific binding to human B7-positive Raji cells that could be inhibited by competitive binding of hCTLA4Ig. MmCTLA4Ig and hCTLA4Ig could comparably suppress the proliferation of lymphocytes derived from rhesus monkeys, humans, or mice that had been stimulated either by concanavalin A (Con A) or allogeneic cells. These results suggest that mmCTLA4 is a negative regulator of T cell activation and that mmCTLA4Ig may be useful for immunotherapy of immunologic diseases in the rhesus monkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyun Zhu
- Key Lab of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Ministry of Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Antagonistic and agonistic anti-canine CD28 monoclonal antibodies: tools for allogeneic transplantation. Transplantation 2011; 91:833-40. [PMID: 21343872 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e31820f07ff] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been presumed that antibody-mediated selective costimulatory molecule blockade of CD28 is superior to cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4)-Ig. This is based on the premise that specifically blocking CD28 allows inhibitory signals through CTLA-4 to proceed, which furthermore suppresses T-cell function. METHODS The extracelluar domain of canine (ca)CD28 was cloned from dog peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Mice were immunized with a caCD28/murine IgG2a fusion protein. Hybridomas were produced by fusing splenocytes with mouse NSO cells and screened for caCD28 binding by ELISA. Agonistic and antagonistic activities of the monoclonal antibodies (mAb) were tested in mixed leukocyte reactions. Canine regulatory T cells were expanded using plate-bound anti-CD3 and an anti-CD28 agonist mAb. RESULTS One agonistic and seven antagonistic mAbs to canine (ca)CD28 were cloned. Binding studies indicated that an agonistic (5B8) and an antagonistic (1C6) mAb bound equally well to a caCD28/caIgG1 fusion protein and to CD28 expressed on CD4+ and CD8+ peripheral blood T cells. Antagonistic antibody blocked mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLR) in a dose-dependent manner similar to CTLA4-Ig, whereas the agonistic antibody to caCD28 enhanced MLR. The 5B8 was superior to 1C6 when either was combined with anti-caCD3 to stimulate lymphocyte proliferation. Furthermore, the agonistic mAb, 5B8, together with anti-CD3 mAb induced 100-fold proliferation of canine regulatory T cells. Relative to untreated control cells, anti-caCD28 (1C6) and CTLA4-Ig equivalently inhibited cytotoxic T lymphocyte-mediated killing of alloreactive target cells. CONCLUSION These studies demonstrated that mouse anti-caCD28 mAbs can be generated with agonistic or antagonistic function.
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Production and characterization of LEA29Y, a variant of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4-immunoglobulin, in Pichia pastoris. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 91:543-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3277-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Revised: 03/19/2011] [Accepted: 03/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Sadelain M, Chang A, Lisowski L. Supplying clotting factors from hematopoietic stem cell-derived erythroid and megakaryocytic lineage cells. Mol Ther 2009; 17:1994-9. [PMID: 19844194 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2009.238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemically distributed proteins such as clotting factors have been traditionally expressed from muscle or liver to achieve therapeutic, long-term expression. As long-lived cell capable of generating an abundant progeny, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) also merit consideration for this purpose. To be clinically relevant, this approach would require that hematopoietic cells be capable of expressing high levels of functional, secreted proteins, that the risk of insertional oncogenesis be minimized, and that sufficient stem cell engraftment be achieved following minimally invasive conditioning. Recent reports demonstrate the feasibility of expressing either factor IX (FIX) or factor VIII (FVIII) in erythroblasts and platelets using lineage-restricted vectors, resulting in effective treatments in mouse models of hemophilia. The erythroid system is especially powerful in providing high protein output, yielding FIX levels approaching 1 micro g/ml per vector copy in the plasma of long-term hematopoietic chimeras, a secretion level that vastly outperforms any other current mammalian constitutive or long-terminal repeat (LTR)-driven vector system. These early but promising studies raise the prospect of further developing these strategies for clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Sadelain
- Center for Cell Engineering, Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA.
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