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Lunkova E, McCabe S, Chen JK, Saluja RS, Ptito A. Exploring oculomotor functions in a pilot study with healthy controls: Insights from eye-tracking and fMRI. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0303596. [PMID: 38905269 PMCID: PMC11192399 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0303596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Eye-tracking techniques have gained widespread application in various fields including research on the visual system, neurosciences, psychology, and human-computer interaction, with emerging clinical implications. In this preliminary phase of our study, we introduce a pilot test of innovative virtual reality technology designed for tracking head and eye movements among healthy individuals. This tool was developed to assess the presence of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), given the frequent association of oculomotor function deficits with such injuries. Alongside eye-tracking, we also integrated fMRI due to the complementary nature of these techniques, offering insights into both neural activation patterns and behavioural responses, thereby providing a comprehensive understanding of oculomotor function. We used fMRI with tasks evaluating oculomotor functions: Smooth Pursuit (SP), Saccades, Anti-Saccades, and Optokinetic Nystagmus (OKN). Prior to the scanning, the testing with a system of VR goggles with integrated eye and head tracking was used where subjects performed the same tasks as those used in fMRI. 31 healthy adult controls (HCs) were tested with the purpose of identifying brain regions associated with these tasks and collecting preliminary norms for later comparison with concussed subjects. HCs' fMRI results showed following peak activation regions: SP-cuneus, superior parietal lobule, paracentral lobule, inferior parietal lobule (IPL), cerebellartonsil (CT); Saccades-middle frontal gyrus (MFG), postcentral gyrus, medial frontal gyrus; Anti-saccades-precuneus, IPL, MFG; OKN-middle temporal gyrus, ACC, postcentral gyrus, MFG, CT. These results demonstrated brain regions associated with the performance on oculomotor tasks in healthy controls and most of the highlighted areas are corresponding with those affected in concussion. This suggests that the involvement of brain areas susceptible to mTBI in implementing oculomotor evaluation, taken together with commonly reported oculomotor difficulties post-concussion, may lead to finding objective biomarkers using eye-tracking tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Lunkova
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sarah McCabe
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jen-Kai Chen
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Rajeet Singh Saluja
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alain Ptito
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Psychology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Gur-Hartman T, Tarrasch R, Zerem A, Sokol-Novinsky R, Elyoseph Z, Lerman-Sagie T, Mintz M. Consequences of vestibular hypofunction in children with ADHD/DCD. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2024; 52:1-9. [PMID: 38968910 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2024.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) demonstrate a heterogeneous sensorimotor, emotional, and cognitive profile. Comorbid sensorimotor imbalance, anxiety, and spatial disorientation are particularly prevalent among their non-core symptoms. Studies in other populations presented these three comorbid dysfunctions in the context of vestibular hypofunction. OBJECTIVE To test whether there is a subgroup of children with ADHD who have vestibular hypofunction presenting with concomitant imbalance, anxiety, and spatial disorientation. METHODS Children with ADHD-only (n = 28), ADHD + Developmental Coordination Disorder (ADHD + DCD; n = 38), and Typical Development (TD; n = 19) were evaluated for vestibular function by the Dynamic Visual Acuity test (DVA-t), balance by the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of motor proficiency (BOT-2), panic anxiety by the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders questionnaire-Child version (SCARED-C), and spatial navigation by the Triangular Completion test (TC-t). RESULTS Children with ADHD vs. TD presented with a high rate of vestibular hypofunction (65 vs. 0 %), imbalance (42 vs. 0 %), panic anxiety (27 vs. 11 %), and spatial disorientation (30 vs. 5 %). Children with ADHD + DCD contributed more frequent and severe vestibular hypofunction and imbalance than children with ADHD-only (74 vs. 54 %; 58 vs. 21 %, respectively). A concomitant presence of imbalance, anxiety, and spatial disorientation was observed in 33 % of children with ADHD, all sharing vestibular hypofunction. CONCLUSIONS Vestibular hypofunction may be the common pathophysiology of imbalance, anxiety, and spatial disorientation in children. These comorbidities are preferentially present in children with ADHD + DCD rather than ADHD-only, thus likely related to DCD rather than to ADHD disorder. Children with this profile may benefit from a vestibular rehabilitation intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Gur-Hartman
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Pediatric Neurology Unit, Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel.
| | - Ricardo Tarrasch
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel; School of Education, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Ayelet Zerem
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Pediatric Neurology Institute, Dana-Dwek Children's Hospital, Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Riki Sokol-Novinsky
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | | | - Tally Lerman-Sagie
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Matti Mintz
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel
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Ambrad Giovannetti E, Rancz E. Behind mouse eyes: The function and control of eye movements in mice. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 161:105671. [PMID: 38604571 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
The mouse visual system has become the most popular model to study the cellular and circuit mechanisms of sensory processing. However, the importance of eye movements only started to be appreciated recently. Eye movements provide a basis for predictive sensing and deliver insights into various brain functions and dysfunctions. A plethora of knowledge on the central control of eye movements and their role in perception and behaviour arose from work on primates. However, an overview of various eye movements in mice and a comparison to primates is missing. Here, we review the eye movement types described to date in mice and compare them to those observed in primates. We discuss the central neuronal mechanisms for their generation and control. Furthermore, we review the mounting literature on eye movements in mice during head-fixed and freely moving behaviours. Finally, we highlight gaps in our understanding and suggest future directions for research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ede Rancz
- INMED, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France.
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Prati JM, Pontes-Silva A, Gianlorenço ACL. The cerebellum and its connections to other brain structures involved in motor and non-motor functions: A comprehensive review. Behav Brain Res 2024; 465:114933. [PMID: 38458437 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.114933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
The cerebellum has a large network of neurons that communicate with several brain structures and participate in different functions. Recent studies have demonstrated that the cerebellum is not only associated with motor functions but also participates in several non-motor functions. It is suggested that the cerebellum can modulate behavior through many connections with different nervous system structures in motor, sensory, cognitive, autonomic, and emotional processes. Recently, a growing number of clinical and experimental studies support this theory and provide further evidence. In light of recent findings, a comprehensive review is needed to summarize the knowledge on the influence of the cerebellum on the processing of different functions. Therefore, the aim of this review was to describe the neuroanatomical aspects of the activation of the cerebellum and its connections with other structures of the central nervous system in different behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Mário Prati
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Therapy, Department of Physical Therapy, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - André Pontes-Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Therapy, Department of Physical Therapy, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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Zhou D, Ma Q, Huang H, Xu X. Clinical value of video oculomotor evaluation in the differential diagnosis of multiple system atrophy and Parkinson's disease. Brain Behav 2024; 14:e3510. [PMID: 38715394 PMCID: PMC11077249 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.3510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a neurodegenerative disease that progresses rapidly and has a poor prognosis. This study aimed to assess the value of video oculomotor evaluation (VOE) in the differential diagnosis of MSA and Parkinson's disease (PD). METHODS In total, 28 patients with MSA, 31 patients with PD, and 30 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HC) were screened and included in this study. The evaluation consisted of a gaze-holding test, smooth pursuit eye movement (SPEM), random saccade, and optokinetic nystagmus (OKN). RESULTS The MSA and PD groups had more abnormalities and decreased SPEM gain than the HC group (64.29%, 35.48%, 10%, p < .001). The SPEM gain in the MSA group was significantly lower than that in the PD group at specific frequencies. Patients with MSA and PD showed prolonged latencies in all saccade directions compared with those with HC. However, the two diseases had no significant differences in the saccade parameters. The OKN gain gradually decreased from the HC to the PD and the MSA groups (p < .05). Compared with the PD group, the gain in the MSA group was further decreased in the OKN test at 30°/s (Left, p = .010; Right p = .016). Receiver operating characteristic curves showed that the combination of oculomotor parameters with age and course of disease could aid in the differential diagnosis of patients with MSA and PD, with a sensitivity of 89.29% and a specificity of 70.97%. CONCLUSIONS The combination of oculomotor parameters and clinical data may aid in the differential diagnosis of MSA and PD. Furthermore, VOE is vital in the identification of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxiao Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‐sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological DiseasesNational Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of NeurologyGuangzhouChina
| | - Qian Ma
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityZhuhaiChina
| | - Haiwei Huang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‐sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological DiseasesNational Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of NeurologyGuangzhouChina
| | - Xue Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‐sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological DiseasesNational Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of NeurologyGuangzhouChina
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Mironets SA, Shurupova MA, Karelin AF. Videoocular assessment of eye movement activity in an ataxia-telangiectasia: a case study. Doc Ophthalmol 2024; 148:107-114. [PMID: 38351363 DOI: 10.1007/s10633-024-09964-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by progressive neurological deficits, including prominent oculomotor dysfunction. We report 5 cases of eye movement assessment in children 9-15 years old with A-T. METHODS Three different oculomotor tasks (gaze holding, visually guided saccades and visual search) were used, and video-oculography was performed. Additionally, the scale for the assessment and rating of ataxia (SARA) score was used to assess severity of the cerebellar ataxia. RESULTS Unstable gaze holding, nystagmus and saccadic intrusions were found. In addition to psychophysiological assessment results, we provide quantitative analysis of oculomotor activity, revealing a specific abnormal oculomotor pattern, consisting of (i) marked saccade hypermetria, (ii) unstable gaze holding, and (iii) gaze-evoked nystagmus. CONCLUSION Our study opens the prospect to evaluate efficacy and safety of alternative methods for supporting the patient and improving his/her life quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia A Mironets
- Neurocognitive Laboratory, Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Immunology, Moscow, Russia, 117997
| | - Marina A Shurupova
- Neurocognitive Laboratory, Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Immunology, Moscow, Russia, 117997.
- Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State, Moscow, Russia, 119234.
- Department of Rehabilitation, Federal Center of Brain Research and Neurotechnologies of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia, 117513.
| | - Alexander F Karelin
- Neurocognitive Laboratory, Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Immunology, Moscow, Russia, 117997
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Shurupova MA, Latanov AV. Oculomotor Impairments in Children After Posterior Fossa Tumors Treatment. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024; 23:444-454. [PMID: 37000368 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-023-01553-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
Posterior fossa tumors (PFT) are the most common pediatric brain tumors, and the study of the somatic and cognitive status of PFT survivors still remains a critical problem. Since cerebellar damage can affect eye movement centers located in the vermis and hemispheres, such patients suffer from disturbances in visual perception, visual-spatial functions, reading, etc. Our investigation aimed at describing oculomotor impairments in PFT survivors linked to core oculomotor functions assessed through eye tracking method: gaze holding, reflexive saccades, and organization of voluntary saccades and their dependency on age at tumor diagnosis. Also, we investigated the relationship between oculomotor functions and ataxia measured with International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale (ICARS). A total of 110 children (patients and age-matched healthy controls, aged 9-17 years old) participated in the study. We found that the earlier the child had a tumor, the more impaired gaze holding (p = 0.0031) and fewer isometric saccades (p = 0.035) were observed at the time of examination. The above-mentioned functions in healthy controls improved with age. Visual scanning was also impaired compared to controls but was not related to age at diagnosis. A positive correlation between ICARS scores and number of hypermetric saccades (r = 0.309, p = 0.039), but no correlation with the number of hypometric saccades (r = - 0.008, p = 0.956). Furthermore, number of hypometric saccades did not differ between patients and controls (p = 0.238). Thus, primarily hypermetric saccades can be considered a prominent oculomotor symptom of cerebellar tumors. Our study provides basis for new methods of PFT diagnosis and rehabilitation procedure evaluation, both playing essential roles in modern pediatric neurooncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina A Shurupova
- Neurocognitive Laboratory, Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Immunology, 117997, Moscow, Russia.
- Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234, Moscow, Russia.
- Department of Rehabilitation, Federal Center of Brain research and Neurotechnologies of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, 117513, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Alexander V Latanov
- Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234, Moscow, Russia
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Morelli F, Toni F, Saligari E, D'Abrusco F, Serpieri V, Ballante E, Ruberto G, Borgatti R, Valente EM, Signorini S. Visual function in children with Joubert syndrome. Dev Med Child Neurol 2024; 66:379-388. [PMID: 37593819 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.15732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
AIM To describe visual function in children with Joubert syndrome and to investigate its possible association with diagnostic and developmental aspects. METHOD This retrospective cross-sectional work included 59 patients (33 male; mean age 9 years 2 months, standard deviation 6 years 3 months, range 4 months to 23 years) diagnosed with Joubert syndrome from January 2002 to December 2020. Data about clinical (neurological, neuro-ophthalmological, developmental/cognitive) and diagnostic (e.g. genetic testing, neuroimaging, systemic involvement) evaluations were collected in a data set during a review of medical records. Clinical and diagnostic variables were described in terms of raw counts and percentages. A χ2 test was conducted to investigate their association with neuropsychological skills. RESULTS Ocular motor apraxia was highly represented in our cohort (75%), with a high prevalence of refractive defects and retinal abnormalities. Developmental delay/intellectual disability was frequent (in 69.5% of the sample), associated with retinal dystrophy (p = 0.047) and reduced visual acuity both for near (p = 0.014) and for far distances (p = 0.017). INTERPRETATION On the basis of the relevance of oculomotor and perceptual alterations and their impact on overall and cognitive impairment, we encourage early and multidisciplinary assessment and follow-up of visual function in children with Joubert syndrome. This would help in planning a personalized rehabilitation to sustain functional vision. Further studies will be important to explore the link between biological aspects and global functioning in children with Joubert syndrome. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS Perceptual deficits and oculomotor impairments frequently coexist in Joubert syndrome. Retinal dysfunction may be present despite the absence of funduscopic abnormalities. Both perceptual and oculomotor impairments negatively affect cognitive development in Joubert syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Morelli
- Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Developmental Neuro-ophthalmology Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Federico Toni
- Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Elena Saligari
- Developmental Neuro-ophthalmology Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Fulvio D'Abrusco
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Elena Ballante
- Department of Political and Social Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- BioData Science Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giulio Ruberto
- Developmental Neuro-ophthalmology Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Renato Borgatti
- Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Enza Maria Valente
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Neurogenetics Research Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Sabrina Signorini
- Developmental Neuro-ophthalmology Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
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Hanna C, Yao R, Sajjad M, Gold M, Blum K, Thanos PK. Exercise Modifies the Brain Metabolic Response to Chronic Cocaine Exposure Inhibiting the Stria Terminalis. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1705. [PMID: 38137153 PMCID: PMC10742065 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13121705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well known that exercise promotes health and wellness, both mentally and physiologically. It has been shown to play a protective role in many diseases, including cardiovascular, neurological, and psychiatric diseases. The present study examined the effects of aerobic exercise on brain glucose metabolic activity in response to chronic cocaine exposure in female Lewis rats. Rats were divided into exercise and sedentary groups. Exercised rats underwent treadmill running for six weeks and were compared to the sedentary rats. Using positron emission tomography (PET) and [18F]-Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG), metabolic changes in distinct brain regions were observed when comparing cocaine-exposed exercised rats to cocaine-exposed sedentary rats. This included activation of the secondary visual cortex and inhibition in the cerebellum, stria terminalis, thalamus, caudate putamen, and primary somatosensory cortex. The functional network of this brain circuit is involved in sensory processing, fear and stress responses, reward/addiction, and movement. These results show that chronic exercise can alter the brain metabolic response to cocaine treatment in regions associated with emotion, behavior, and the brain reward cascade. This supports previous findings of the potential for aerobic exercise to alter the brain's response to drugs of abuse, providing targets for future investigation. These results can provide insights into the fields of exercise neuroscience, psychiatry, and addiction research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Hanna
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacob School of Medicine and Biosciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Rutao Yao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Munawwar Sajjad
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Mark Gold
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kenneth Blum
- Division of Addiction Research and Education, Center for Sports, Exercise and Global Mental Health, Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Panayotis K. Thanos
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacob School of Medicine and Biosciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
- Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
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Liu Y, Gao Y, Shu H, Li Q, Ge Q, Liao X, Pan Y, Wu J, Su T, Zhang L, Liang R, Shao Y. Altered brain network centrality in patients with orbital fracture: A resting‑state functional MRI study. Exp Ther Med 2023; 26:552. [PMID: 37941594 PMCID: PMC10628639 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2023.12251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate potential functional network brain-activity abnormalities in individuals with orbital fracture (OF) using the voxel-wise degree centrality (DC) technique. The present study included 20 patients with OF (12 males and 8 females) and 20 healthy controls (HC; 12 males and 8 females), who were matched for gender, age and educational attainment. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in the resting state has been widely applied in several fields. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were calculated to distinguish between patients with OF and HCs. In addition, correlation analyses were performed between behavioral performance and average DC values in various locations. The DC technique was used to assess unprompted brain activity. Right cerebellum 9 region (Cerebelum_9_R) and left cerebellar peduncle 2 area (Cerebelum_Crus2_L) DC values of patients with OF were increased compared with those in HCs. Cerebelum_9_R and Cerebelum_Crus2_L had area under the ROC curve values of 0.983 and 1.000, respectively. Patients with OF appear to have several brain regions that exhibited aberrant brain network characteristics, which raises the possibility of neuropathic causes and offers novel therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinuo Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Centre of National Clinical Ophthalmology Institute, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Yuxuan Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Centre of National Clinical Ophthalmology Institute, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Huiye Shu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Centre of National Clinical Ophthalmology Institute, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Qiuyu Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Centre of National Clinical Ophthalmology Institute, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Qianmin Ge
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Centre of National Clinical Ophthalmology Institute, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Xulin Liao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong 999077, P.R. China
| | - Yicong Pan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Centre of National Clinical Ophthalmology Institute, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Jieli Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen University School of Medicine, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, P.R. China
| | - Ting Su
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen University School of Medicine, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, P.R. China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Centre of National Clinical Ophthalmology Institute, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Rongbin Liang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Centre of National Clinical Ophthalmology Institute, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Yi Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Centre of National Clinical Ophthalmology Institute, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
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Fei N, Wang Y, Yang B, Zhang C, Chang D, Liu Z, Cheng L, Fu T, Xian J. Structural and spontaneous functional brain changes in visual and oculomotor areas identified by functional localization task in intermittent exotropia children. Brain Res 2023; 1819:148543. [PMID: 37611887 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Intermittent exotropia (IXT) is characterizedby an intermittent outward deviation of the eyes. Yet, the neural substrates associated with IXT are not fully understood. This study investigated brain structure and spontaneous functional activity changes in children with IXT. All participants underwent detailed ophthalmological examinations and multimodal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanning. During functional scanning, binocular visual stimuli were presented to subjects to determine brain areas involved in visual and oculomotor processing. Regions of interest(ROI) were subsequently selected based on functional activation to investigate brain structural and spontaneous functional differences between IXT children and healthy controls (HCs) using small volume correction (SVC). Reduced gray matter density (GMD) was found in the right frontal eye field (FEF) and bilateral inferior parietal lobe (IPL) in IXT children compared with HCs. Besides, reduced fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (fALFF) values were observed in the left lingual gyrus, right inferior occipital gyrus (IOG), bilateral IPL, and bilateral cerebellum in the IXT children compared to the HCs. IXT children with worse eye position control ability exhibited lower GMD and fALFF values in these areas. Finally, resting state functional connectivity (RSFC) was reduced in frontoparietal oculomotor processing areas in IXT children compared to HCs. In addition, increased cortical thickness was found in the right visual areas and bilateral IPL. These results showed that IXT-related structural and functional brain abnormalities occurred in childhood and may be related to underlying neuropathological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanxi Fei
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100730 Beijing, China
| | - Yachen Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100730 Beijing, China; Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, 100730 Beijing, China
| | - Bingbing Yang
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100730 Beijing, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- MR Scientific Marketing, Siemens Healthineers Ltd, 7, Wangjing Zhonghuan South Road, Chaoyang District, 100102 Beijing, China
| | - Di Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100730 Beijing, China; Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, 100730 Beijing, China
| | - Zhihan Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100730 Beijing, China; Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, 100730 Beijing, China
| | - Luyao Cheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100730 Beijing, China; Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, 100730 Beijing, China
| | - Tao Fu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100730 Beijing, China; Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, 100730 Beijing, China.
| | - Junfang Xian
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100730 Beijing, China.
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12
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Gupta P, Murray JM, Beylergil SB, Jacobs J, Kilbane CW, Shaikh AG, Ghasia FF. Objective assessment of eye alignment and disparity-driven vergence in Parkinson's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1217765. [PMID: 38020777 PMCID: PMC10643751 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1217765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Self-reported diplopia is described in up to one-third of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. Objective The purpose of our study was to expand our understanding of the mechanistic underpinnings of diplopia in PD. We hypothesize that the time-based control of eye alignment and increased eye deviation under binocular viewing will be related to the fusion-initiating and fusion-maintaining component deficits of disparity-driven vergence in PD. Methods We used high-resolution video-oculography to measure eye alignment under binocular and monocular viewing and disparity-driven vergence in 33 PD and 10 age-matched healthy participants. We computed eye deviation and time-based control of eye alignment, occurrence of conjugate saccadic eye movements, latency and gain of vergence (fusion initiation), and variance of eye position at the end of dynamic vergence (fusion maintenance). Results We categorized PD subjects into three groups, considering their time-based control of eye alignment as compared to healthy controls in binocular viewing. Group 1 = 45% had good control and spent >80% of the time when the eyes were well-aligned, Group 2 = 26% had intermediate control and spent <80% but greater >5% of the time when the eyes were well-aligned, and Group 3 = 29% had very poor control with increased eye deviation majority of the times (<5% of the time when the eyes were well-aligned). All three groups exhibited greater eye deviation under monocular viewing than controls. PD subjects exhibited fusion-initiating and fusion-maintaining vergence deficits (prolonged latencies, reduced vergence gain, increased variance of fusion-maintaining component) with a greater probability of saccadic movements than controls. Group 2 and Group 3 subjects were more likely to exhibit failure to initiate vergence (>20%) than Group 1 (13%) and controls (0%) trials. No significant difference was found in the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS-a tool to measure the severity of PD) values between the three PD groups (Group 1 = 33.69 ± 14.22, Group 2 = 38.43 ± 22.61, and Group 3 = 23.44 ± 1, p > 0.05). Conclusion The majority of PD subjects within our cohort had binocular dysfunction with increased eye deviation under monocular viewing and disparity-driven vergence deficits. PD subjects with intermediate or poor control of eye deviation under binocular viewing had greater fusion-initiating and fusion-maintaining vergence deficits. The study highlights the importance of assessing binocular dysfunction in PD subjects independent of the severity of motor symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palak Gupta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Visual Neurosciences and Ocular Motility Laboratory, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Daroff-Dell’Osso Ocular Motility Laboratory, Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Jordan M. Murray
- Visual Neurosciences and Ocular Motility Laboratory, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Sinem Balta Beylergil
- Daroff-Dell’Osso Ocular Motility Laboratory, Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Jonathan Jacobs
- Daroff-Dell’Osso Ocular Motility Laboratory, Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Camilla W. Kilbane
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Aasef G. Shaikh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Daroff-Dell’Osso Ocular Motility Laboratory, Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Neurology Service, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Fatema F. Ghasia
- Visual Neurosciences and Ocular Motility Laboratory, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Daroff-Dell’Osso Ocular Motility Laboratory, Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
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Zhang W, Fei N, Wang Y, Yang B, Liu Z, Cheng L, Li J, Xian J, Fu T. Functional changes in fusional vergence-related brain areas and correlation with clinical features in intermittent exotropia using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Hum Brain Mapp 2023; 44:5002-5012. [PMID: 37539805 PMCID: PMC10502682 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
To explore the functional changes of the frontal eye field (FEF) and relevant brain regions and its role in the pathogenesis of intermittent exotropia (IXT) children via functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Twenty-four IXT children (mean age, 11.83 ± 1.93 years) and 28 normal control (NC) subjects (mean age, 11.11 ± 1.50 years) were recruited. During fMRI scans, the IXT children and NCs were provided with static visual stimuli (to evoke sensory fusion) and dynamic visual stimuli (to evoke motor fusion and vergence eye movements) with binocular disparity. Brain activation in the relevant brain regions and clinical characteristics were evaluated. Group differences of brain activation and brain-behavior correlations were investigated. For dynamic and static visual disparity relative to no visual disparity, reduced brain activation in the right FEF and right inferior occipital gyrus (IOG), and increased brain activation in the left middle temporal gyrus complex (MT+) were found in the IXT children compared with NCs. Significant positive correlations between the fusional vergence amplitude and the brain activation values were found in the right FEF, right IPL, and left cerebellum in the NC group. Positive correlations between brain activation values and Newcastle Control Scores (NCS) were found in the left MT+ in the IXT group. For dynamic visual disparity relative to static visual disparity, reduced brain activation in the right middle occipital gyrus, left cerebellum, and bilateral IPL was found in the IXT children compared with NCs. Significant positive correlations between brain activation values and the fusional vergence amplitude were found in the right FEF and right cerebellum in the NC group. Negative correlations between brain activation values and NCS were found in the right middle occipital gyrus, right cerebellum, left IPL, and right FEF in the IXT group. These results suggest that the reduced brain activation in the right FEF, left IPL, and cerebellum may play an important role in the pathogenesis of IXT by influencing fusional vergence function. While the increased brain activation in the left MT+ may compensate for this dysfunction in IXT children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijia Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Centre, Beijing Tongren HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key LaboratoryCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Nanxi Fei
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Tongren HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yachen Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Centre, Beijing Tongren HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key LaboratoryCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Bingbing Yang
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Tongren HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Zhihan Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Centre, Beijing Tongren HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key LaboratoryCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Luyao Cheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Centre, Beijing Tongren HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key LaboratoryCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Junfa Li
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical SciencesCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Junfang Xian
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Tongren HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Tao Fu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Centre, Beijing Tongren HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key LaboratoryCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
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14
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Xu X, Li M, Lin Q, Qi W, Guo J, Huang H. Paroxysmal Vertigo Associated With Periodic Alternating Nystagmus With Downbeat Component-A Rare Case of Hypomagnesemia. J Neuroophthalmol 2023:00041327-990000000-00435. [PMID: 37549014 DOI: 10.1097/wno.0000000000001972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Xu
- Department of Neurology (XX, ML, WQ, JG, HH), First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; and Department of Neurology (QL), First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
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15
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Ölçek G, Çelik İ, Başoǧlu Y, Kaymakçı S, Gürlek E. Comparison of children with and without dyslexia using functional head impulse test and pediatric balance scale. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1153650. [PMID: 37333011 PMCID: PMC10272711 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1153650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study is to compare functionality of vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) responses to evaluate the functional properties of the vestibular system and daily balance performance in children with dyslexia and children with normal development. Method Fifteen participants diagnosed with dyslexia were included in the study group (SG), and 15 healthy participants were included in the control group (CG). All groups underwent Functional Head Impulse Test (f-HIT) and Pediatric Balance Scale (PBS). f-HIT was performed with at least 15 head impulses at 4000-5000-6000°/s2 randomly to the right and left in the plane of the horizontal semicircular canal (SCC). Statistical analysis was performed using descriptive statistics and the Mann-Whitney U test. Results SG percentage values were obtained lower than CG percentage values. Comparisons between the two groups showed that there was a significant difference in all parameters (4000-5000-6000°/s2 and total) in the right-side stimulation, there was significant difference for 4,000 s2 and total correct answers in the left side. In addition, although there was no significant difference between the groups in terms of the PBS score, the SG scores were lower (p = 0.062). Conclusions As a novel test, f-HIT, revealed the difference in functionality of vestibular performance in the dyslexia group. In the dyslexia group, f-HIT may be helpful in evaluating and monitoring the vestibular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gül Ölçek
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Audiology, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - İlayda Çelik
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Department of Speech and Language Therapy, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Yuşa Başoǧlu
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Department of Audiology, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Sude Kaymakçı
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Department of Audiology, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Emre Gürlek
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Department of Audiology, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Türkiye
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16
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Wen Z, Kang Y, Zhang Y, Yang H, Xie B. Disrupted voxel-mirrored homotopic connectivity in congenital nystagmus using resting-state fMRI. Neuroreport 2023; 34:315-322. [PMID: 36966812 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Idiopathic congenital nystagmus (CN) is a rare eye disease that can cause early blindness (EB). CN deficits are observed most frequently with oculomotor dysfunction; however, it is still unclear what neuromechanics underly CN with EB. Based on that visual experience requires the functional integration of both hemispheres, we hypothesized that CN adolescents with EB might exhibit impaired interhemispheric synchrony. Our study aimed to investigate the interhemispheric functional connectivity alterations using voxel-mirrored homotopic connectivity (VMHC) and their relationships with clinical features in CN patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study included 21 patients with CN and EB, and 21 sighted controls (SC), who were matched for sex, age and educational level. The 3.0 T MRI scan and ocular examination were performed. The VMHC differences were examined between the two groups, and the relationships between mean VMHC values in altered brain regions and clinical variables in the CN group were evaluated by Pearson correlation analysis. RESULTS Compared with the SC group, the CN had increased VMHC values in the bilateral cerebellum posterior and anterior lobes/cerebellar tonsil/declive/pyramis/culmen/pons, middle frontal gyri (BA 10) and frontal eye field/superior frontal gyri (BA 6 and BA 8). No particular areas of the brain had lower VMHC values. Furthermore, no correlation with the duration of disease or blindness could be demonstrated in CN. CONCLUSION Our results suggest the existence of interhemispheric connectivity changes and provide further evidence for the neurological basis of CN with EB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Wen
- Department of Radiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University
| | - Yan Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University
| | - Huaguang Yang
- Department of Radiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University
| | - Baojun Xie
- Department of Radiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University
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17
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Eye movement study in essential tremor patients and its clinical correlates. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2023; 130:537-548. [PMID: 36894713 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-023-02614-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Essential tremor (ET) encompasses a wide spectrum of motor and non-motor features. Eye movement abnormalities were first reported two decades ago as an atypical finding in ET. Today, a growing number of publications about eye movement abnormalities in neurodegenerative diseases have helped understand their pathophysiology and the basis of their phenotypic variability. Thus, addressing such aspect in ET may disentangle, based on the oculomotor network abnormalities, the dysfunctional brain pathways in ET. In this study, we aimed to describe neurophysiological eye movement abnormalities in ET and their clinical correlates in terms of cognition and other associated clinical signs. We conducted a cross-sectional study in a tertiary neurology referral center including consecutive ET patients and cognitively normal healthy controls (HC) matched for age and sex. The study protocol included the assessment of voluntary horizontal saccades, smooth pursuit, anti-saccades and saccadic intrusions. We assessed the associated motor signs, cognitive functions and the presence of rapid eye movement disorder (RBD). Sixty-two ET patients and 66 HC were enrolled in the study. Eye movement examination showed significant abnormalities in comparison with HC (46.7% vs 20%, p = 0.002). Prolonged saccadic latency (38.7%, p = 0.033) and altered smooth pursuit (38.7%, p = 0.033) were the most common abnormalities in ET patients. Anti-saccadic errors (16% vs 0% in HC, p = 0.034) correlated with the presence of rigidity (p = 0.046), bradykinesia (p = 0.001), cognitive dysfunction (p = 0.006), executive dysfunction (p = 0.0002), apraxia (p = 0.0001), altered verbal fluency (p = 0.013) and altered backward digit span (p = 0.045) along with the presence of RBD (p = 0.035). Square-wave jerks (11.5% vs 0% in HC, p = 0.0024) correlated with rest tremor. A distinctive phenotype of ET could emerge out of this study characterized by anti-saccadic errors and a sub-cortical cognitive profile, consecutive to the disruption of the cerebello-thalamo-cortical loop. Patients with anti-saccadic errors could be cognitively vulnerable and in need of a close monitoring of their cognitive efficiency during the disease's progression. They may as well convert to Parkinson disease if they present with parkinsonism, RBD and square-wave jerks and require, consequently, a close observation of their motor progression.
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18
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The frequency and characteristics of saccadic dysmetria in isolated cerebellar infarction. Neurol Sci 2023; 44:2097-2102. [PMID: 36757606 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-023-06668-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the frequency and pattern of horizontal saccadic dysmetria in unilateral cerebellar infarction and identify the responsible region for horizontal saccadic dysmetria. METHODS From the acute stroke registry of Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center between July 2016 and October 2020, 43 patients with acute unilateral cerebellar infarction were enrolled. Eye movements were recorded during the acute period and the lesion was mapped using MRIcron software for subtraction analysis. Saccadic dysmetria was marked as hypometric when the gain is < 0.85 and hypermetric when > 1.0. RESULTS Among the 43 participants, 30 patients (69.8%) demonstrated saccadic dysmetria. The age was significantly higher in patients with dysmetria (66.87 ± 12.82 vs. 53.54 ± 14.09, p = 0.004). Type of dysmetria showed a significant difference according to the vascular territory of the lesion. The posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) infarction group presented ipsiversive saccadic dysmetria, while the superior cerebellar artery (SCA) group showed contraversive dysmetria (p < 0.001). In the SCA group, the culmen, fastigium, and dentate were the most frequently damaged regions, while the tonsil and inferior semilunar lobule were in the PICA group. CONCLUSION Saccadic dysmetria was observed in a large proportion of cerebellar stroke patients, and the types of saccades were distinctive according to the vascular territory of the lesion.
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Park YJ, Lee YJ, Jang JW, Yoo YJ. Cerebellar tuberculoma presenting as isolated skew deviation. Acta Neurol Belg 2023; 123:233-235. [PMID: 34089168 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-021-01718-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Young Joo Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, #156 Baengnyeong-ro, Chuncheon, 24289, South Korea
| | - Yeon Jeong Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, #156 Baengnyeong-ro, Chuncheon, 24289, South Korea
| | - Jae-Won Jang
- Department of Neurology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Yung-Ju Yoo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, #156 Baengnyeong-ro, Chuncheon, 24289, South Korea.
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Exercise Modulates Brain Glucose Utilization Response to Acute Cocaine. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12121976. [PMID: 36556197 PMCID: PMC9788493 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12121976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise, a proven method of boosting health and wellness, is thought to act as a protective factor against many neurological and psychological diseases. Recent studies on exercise and drug exposure have pinpointed some of the neurological mechanisms that may characterize this protective factor. Using positron emission tomography (PET) imaging techniques and the glucose analog [18F]-Fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG), our team sought to identify how chronic aerobic exercise modulates brain glucose metabolism (BGluM) after drug-naïve rats were exposed to an acute dose of cocaine. Using sedentary rats as a control group, we observed significant differences in regional BGluM. Chronic treadmill exercise treatment coupled with acute cocaine exposure induced responses in BGluM activity in the following brain regions: postsubiculum (Post), parasubiculum (PaS), granular and dysgranular insular cortex (GI and DI, respectively), substantia nigra reticular (SNR) and compact part dorsal tier (SNCD), temporal association cortex (TeA), entopenduncular nucleus (EP), and crus 1 of the ansiform lobule (crus 1). Inhibition, characterized by decreased responses due to our exercise, was found in the ventral endopiriform nucleus (VEn). These areas are associated with memory and various motor functions. They also include and share connections with densely dopaminergic areas of the mesolimbic system. In conclusion, these findings suggest that treadmill exercise in rats mediates brain glucose response to an acute dose of cocaine differently as compared to sedentary rats. The modulated brain glucose utilization occurs in brain regions responsible for memory and association, spatial navigation, and motor control as well as corticomesolimbic regions related to reward, emotion, and movement.
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21
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Noseda R. Cerebro-Cerebellar Networks in Migraine Symptoms and Headache. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2022; 3:940923. [PMID: 35910262 PMCID: PMC9326053 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2022.940923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum is associated with the biology of migraine in a variety of ways. Clinically, symptoms such as fatigue, motor weakness, vertigo, dizziness, difficulty concentrating and finding words, nausea, and visual disturbances are common in different types of migraine. The neural basis of these symptoms is complex, not completely known, and likely involve activation of both specific and shared circuits throughout the brain. Posterior circulation stroke, or neurosurgical removal of posterior fossa tumors, as well as anatomical tract tracing in animals, provided the first insights to theorize about cerebellar functions. Nowadays, with the addition of functional imaging, much progress has been done on cerebellar structure and function in health and disease, and, as a consequence, the theories refined. Accordingly, the cerebellum may be useful but not necessary for the execution of motor, sensory or cognitive tasks, but, rather, would participate as an efficiency facilitator of neurologic functions by improving speed and skill in performance of tasks produced by the cerebral area to which it is reciprocally connected. At the subcortical level, critical regions in these processes are the basal ganglia and thalamic nuclei. Altogether, a modulatory role of the cerebellum over multiple brain regions appears compelling, mainly by considering the complexity of its reciprocal connections to common neural networks involved in motor, vestibular, cognitive, affective, sensory, and autonomic processing—all functions affected at different phases and degrees across the migraine spectrum. Despite the many associations between cerebellum and migraine, it is not known whether this structure contributes to migraine initiation, symptoms generation or headache. Specific cerebellar dysfunction via genetically driven excitatory/inhibitory imbalances, oligemia and/or increased risk to white matter lesions has been proposed as a critical contributor to migraine pathogenesis. Therefore, given that neural projections and functions of many brainstem, midbrain and forebrain areas are shared between the cerebellum and migraine trigeminovascular pathways, this review will provide a synopsis on cerebellar structure and function, its role in trigeminal pain, and an updated overview of relevant clinical and preclinical literature on the potential role of cerebellar networks in migraine pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Noseda
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Rodrigo Noseda
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22
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Coubard OA. Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder disrupts selective mechanisms of action. Clin Neurophysiol 2022; 140:145-158. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2022.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Monitoring Eye Movements Depending on the Type of Visual Stimulus in Patients with Impaired Consciousness Due to Brain Damage. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19106280. [PMID: 35627817 PMCID: PMC9140856 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19106280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The eyeballs are often the only way to communicate messages as a result of brain damage. However, it is not uncommon for them to become dysfunctional, thus requiring the introduction of appropriate therapy. The trajectory of eye movements (saccadic movements and gaze fixation) during observation of a static and dynamic point presented with an eye tracker was analyzed in the present study. Twelve patients with brain injury of different etiology, with different degrees of consciousness disorders and not communicating through verbal and motor skills, qualified for the study. All participants demonstrated greater eye movement activity when presented with a dynamic task in which they observed a moving point. The findings suggest that effective eye movement therapy must incorporate dynamic stimuli.
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Mennink LM, Koops EA, Langers DRM, Aalbers MW, van Dijk JMC, van Dijk P. Cerebellar Gray Matter Volume in Tinnitus. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:862873. [PMID: 35573294 PMCID: PMC9099039 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.862873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tinnitus is the perception of sound without an external source. The flocculus (FL) and paraflocculus (PFL), which are small lobules of the cerebellum, have recently been implicated in its pathophysiology. In a previous study, the volume of the (P)FL-complex correlated with tinnitus severity in patients that had undergone cerebellopontine angle (CPA) tumor removal. In this study, the relation between tinnitus and gray matter volume (GMV) of the (P)FL-complex, GMV of the other cerebellar lobules and GMV of the cerebellar nuclei is investigated in otherwise healthy participants. Data was processed using the SUIT toolbox, which is dedicated to analysis of imaging data of the human cerebellum. GMV of all cerebellar lobules and nuclei were similar between tinnitus and non-tinnitus participants. Moreover, no relation was present between tinnitus severity, as measured by the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory, and (P)FL-complex GMV, tonsil GMV, or total cerebellar cortical GMV. These results suggest that in otherwise healthy participants, in contrast to participants after CPA tumor removal, no relation between the GMV of neither the (P)FL-complex nor other cerebellar lobules and tinnitus presence and severity exists. These findings indicate that a relation only exists when the (P)FL-complex is damaged, for instance by a CPA tumor. Alternatively, it is possible that differences in (P)FL-complex GMVs are too small to detect with a voxel-based morphometry study. Therefore, the role of the (P)FL-complex in tinnitus remains to be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian M. Mennink
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Research School of Behavioral and Cognitive Neurosciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Lilian M. Mennink,
| | - Elouise A. Koops
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Research School of Behavioral and Cognitive Neurosciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Dave R. M. Langers
- Department of Bio-informatics, Hanze University of Applied Sciences Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Marlien W. Aalbers
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Research School of Behavioral and Cognitive Neurosciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - J. Marc C. van Dijk
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Research School of Behavioral and Cognitive Neurosciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Pim van Dijk
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Research School of Behavioral and Cognitive Neurosciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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Jin H, Chen RB, Zhong YL, Lai PH, Huang X. Effect of Impaired Stereoscopic Vision on Large-Scale Resting-State Functional Network Connectivity in Comitant Exotropia Patients. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:833937. [PMID: 35350559 PMCID: PMC8957945 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.833937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Comitant exotropia (CE) is a common eye movement disorder, characterized by impaired eye movements and stereoscopic vision. CE patients reportedly exhibit changes in the central nervous system. However, it remains unclear whether large-scale brain network changes occur in CE patients. Purpose This study investigated the effects of exotropia and stereoscopic vision dysfunction on large-scale brain networks in CE patients via independent component analysis (ICA). Methods Twenty-eight CE patients (mean age, 15.80 ± 2.46 years) and 27 healthy controls (HCs; mean age, 16.00 ± 2.68 years; closely matched for age, sex, and education) underwent resting-state magnetic resonance imaging. ICA was applied to extract resting-state networks (RSNs) in both groups. Two-sample’s t-tests were conducted to investigate intranetwork functional connectivity (FC) within RSNs and interactions among RSNs between the two groups. Results Compared with the HC group, the CE group showed increased intranetwork FC in the bilateral postcentral gyrus of the sensorimotor network (SMN). The CE group also showed decreased intranetwork FC in the right cerebellum_8 of the cerebellum network (CER), the right superior temporal gyrus of the auditory network (AN), and the right middle occipital gyrus of the visual network (VN). Moreover, functional network connectivity (FNC) analysis showed that CER-AN, SMN-VN, SN-DMN, and DMN-VN connections were significantly altered between the two groups. Conclusion Comitant exotropia patients had abnormal brain networks related to the CER, SMN, AN, and VN. Our results offer important insights into the neural mechanisms of eye movements and stereoscopic vision dysfunction in CE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Jin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, China
| | - Ri-Bo Chen
- Department of Radiology, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, China
| | - Yu-Lin Zhong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, China
| | - Ping-Hong Lai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, China
- *Correspondence: Xin Huang,
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Reading in Children Who Survived Cerebellar Tumors: Evidence from Eye Movements. Vision (Basel) 2022; 6:vision6010010. [PMID: 35225969 PMCID: PMC8883992 DOI: 10.3390/vision6010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebellar tumors often affect the eye movement centers located in vermis, negatively affecting cognitive development and learning abilities in children. Previous research has established that patients who survived cerebellar tumors tend to demonstrate various saccadic impairments (e.g., hypermetria) and poor gaze stability as compared to healthy controls. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the influence of oculomotor deficits in such patients on reading parameters. A total of 112 children (8–17 y.o.), 65 of whom survived cerebellar tumors, participated in the study. The study design included several oculomotor and reading tasks. Eye movements were recorded every 1/60 s monocularly with an Arrington eye tracker. We observed profound reading impairments in the patients as compared to healthy children, including longer reading time, greater numbers of fixations and regressive saccades, and longer fixation durations. We also found significant correlations between changes in basic oculomotor functions and reading parameters. The patients also demonstrated gaze fixation instability, large number of fixations, and long scanpath reflecting the return of the gaze to the already counted objects. Thus, oculomotor changes caused by cerebellar tumor and its treatment led to disturbances in such neurocognitive activity as reading. Our findings emphasize the necessity of considering these deficits in cerebellar tumor survivors when designing rehabilitation protocols.
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Kang S, Jun S, Baek SJ, Park H, Yamamoto Y, Tanaka-Yamamoto K. Recent Advances in the Understanding of Specific Efferent Pathways Emerging From the Cerebellum. Front Neuroanat 2021; 15:759948. [PMID: 34975418 PMCID: PMC8716603 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2021.759948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum has a long history in terms of research on its network structures and motor functions, yet our understanding of them has further advanced in recent years owing to technical developments, such as viral tracers, optogenetic and chemogenetic manipulation, and single cell gene expression analyses. Specifically, it is now widely accepted that the cerebellum is also involved in non-motor functions, such as cognitive and psychological functions, mainly from studies that have clarified neuronal pathways from the cerebellum to other brain regions that are relevant to these functions. The techniques to manipulate specific neuronal pathways were effectively utilized to demonstrate the involvement of the cerebellum and its pathways in specific brain functions, without altering motor activity. In particular, the cerebellar efferent pathways that have recently gained attention are not only monosynaptic connections to other brain regions, including the periaqueductal gray and ventral tegmental area, but also polysynaptic connections to other brain regions, including the non-primary motor cortex and hippocampus. Besides these efferent pathways associated with non-motor functions, recent studies using sophisticated experimental techniques further characterized the historically studied efferent pathways that are primarily associated with motor functions. Nevertheless, to our knowledge, there are no articles that comprehensively describe various cerebellar efferent pathways, although there are many interesting review articles focusing on specific functions or pathways. Here, we summarize the recent findings on neuronal networks projecting from the cerebellum to several brain regions. We also introduce various techniques that have enabled us to advance our understanding of the cerebellar efferent pathways, and further discuss possible directions for future research regarding these efferent pathways and their functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seulgi Kang
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, South Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soyoung Jun
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, South Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soo Ji Baek
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, South Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul, South Korea
| | - Heeyoun Park
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yukio Yamamoto
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, South Korea
| | - Keiko Tanaka-Yamamoto
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, South Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul, South Korea
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28
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Janiak-Kiszka J, Nowaczewska M, Wierzbiński R, Kaźmierczak W, Kaźmierczak H. The visual-ocular and vestibulo-ocular reflexes
in vestibular migraine. Otolaryngol Pol 2021; 76:21-28. [DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0015.5711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Vestibular migraine is a disease from the border of neurology and otoneurology. The diagnosis depends on patient history. There are no valuable laboratory or imaging tests, therefore the examination of visual-ocular and vestibulo-ocular reflexes is very useful in this group of patients. The material was collected from patients diagnosed due to dizziness at the Department of Otolaryngology and Oncology with the Subdepartment of Audiology and Phoniatrics, CM UMK in Bydgoszcz in 2019–2021. We considered patients with vestibular migraine and analyzed videonystagmographic tests in this study. The most common VNG abnormalities in patients suffering from vestibular migraine were an increased labyrinthine response, increased time constant of the rotational response and abnormal optokinetic response. There was not a single case of canal paresis in the group of patients with vestibular migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Janiak-Kiszka
- Department of Otolaryngology and Laryngological Oncology, Collegium Medicum of the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Magdalena Nowaczewska
- Department of Otolaryngology and Laryngological Oncology, Collegium Medicum of the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Rafał Wierzbiński
- Department of Otolaryngology and Laryngological Oncology with Subdepartment of Audiology and Phoniatrics, University Hospital No 1 in Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Wojciech Kaźmierczak
- Department of Otolaryngology and Laryngological Oncology with Subdepartment of Audiology and Phoniatrics, University Hospital No 1 in Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Henryk Kaźmierczak
- Department of Otolaryngology and Laryngological Oncology, Collegium Medicum of the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Strupp ML, Straumann D, Helmchen C. Central Ocular Motor Disorders: Clinical and Topographic Anatomical Diagnosis, Syndromes and Underlying Diseases. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd 2021; 238:1197-1211. [PMID: 34784643 DOI: 10.1055/a-1654-0632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The key to the diagnosis of ocular motor disorders is a systematic clinical examination of the different types of eye movements, including eye position, spontaneous nystagmus, range of eye movements, smooth pursuit, saccades, gaze-holding function, vergence, optokinetic nystagmus, as well as testing of the function of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) and visual fixation suppression of the VOR. This is like a window which allows you to look into the brain stem and cerebellum even if imaging is normal. Relevant anatomical structures are the midbrain, pons, medulla, cerebellum and rarely the cortex. There is a simple clinical rule: vertical and torsional eye movements are generated in the midbrain, horizontal eye movements in the pons. For example, isolated dysfunction of vertical eye movements is due to a midbrain lesion affecting the rostral interstitial nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus (riMLF), with impaired vertical saccades only or vertical gaze-evoked nystagmus due to dysfunction of the Interstitial nucleus of Cajal (INC). Lesions of the lateral medulla oblongata (Wallenberg syndrome) lead to typical findings: ocular tilt reaction, central fixation nystagmus and dysmetric saccades. The cerebellum is relevant for almost all types of eye movements; typical pathological findings are saccadic smooth pursuit, gaze-evoked nystagmus or dysmetric saccades. The time course of the development of symptoms and signs is important for the diagnosis of underlying diseases: acute: most likely stroke; subacute: inflammatory diseases, metabolic diseases like thiamine deficiencies; chronic progressive: inherited diseases like Niemann-Pick type C with typically initially vertical and then horizontal saccade palsy or degenerative diseases like progressive supranuclear palsy. Treatment depends on the underlying disease. In this article, we deal with central ocular motor disorders. In a second article, we focus on clinically relevant types of nystagmus such as downbeat, upbeat, fixation pendular, gaze-evoked, infantile or periodic alternating nystagmus. Therefore, these types of nystagmus will not be described here in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Leo Strupp
- Neurologische Klinik der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Deutschland.,Deutsches Schwindel- und Gleichgewichtszentrum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Deutschland
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Souto D, Kerzel D. Visual selective attention and the control of tracking eye movements: a critical review. J Neurophysiol 2021; 125:1552-1576. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00145.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
People’s eyes are directed at objects of interest with the aim of acquiring visual information. However, processing this information is constrained in capacity, requiring task-driven and salience-driven attentional mechanisms to select few among the many available objects. A wealth of behavioral and neurophysiological evidence has demonstrated that visual selection and the motor selection of saccade targets rely on shared mechanisms. This coupling supports the premotor theory of visual attention put forth more than 30 years ago, postulating visual selection as a necessary stage in motor selection. In this review, we examine to which extent the coupling of visual and motor selection observed with saccades is replicated during ocular tracking. Ocular tracking combines catch-up saccades and smooth pursuit to foveate a moving object. We find evidence that ocular tracking requires visual selection of the speed and direction of the moving target, but the position of the motion signal may not coincide with the position of the pursuit target. Further, visual and motor selection can be spatially decoupled when pursuit is initiated (open-loop pursuit). We propose that a main function of coupled visual and motor selection is to serve the coordination of catch-up saccades and pursuit eye movements. A simple race-to-threshold model is proposed to explain the variable coupling of visual selection during pursuit, catch-up and regular saccades, while generating testable predictions. We discuss pending issues, such as disentangling visual selection from preattentive visual processing and response selection, and the pinpointing of visual selection mechanisms, which have begun to be addressed in the neurophysiological literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Souto
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Dirk Kerzel
- Faculté de Psychologie et des Sciences de l’Education, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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31
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Peter B, Albert A, Panagiotides H, Gray S. Sequential and spatial letter reversals in adults with dyslexia during a word comparison task: demystifying the "was saw" and "db" myths. CLINICAL LINGUISTICS & PHONETICS 2021; 35:340-367. [PMID: 31959003 DOI: 10.1080/02699206.2019.1705916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Whether sequential and spatial letter reversals characterize dyslexia in children has been unclear, largely due to developmental variability of these errors in children with and without dyslexia. Here we demonstrate both types of reversals for the first time in adults with dyslexia (n = 22) but not in control adults (n = 20). Participants evaluated 576 word pairs that consisted of two identical words or two words that differed subtly, by categorizing them as same or different. Two subsets of word pairs differed in sequential (e.g. "two tow") and spatial (e.g. "cob cod") letter reversals. The adults with dyslexia were less accurate than the controls regarding both types of word pairs. Their accuracy during left/right letter reversals was lower, compared to both up/down letter reversals (e.g. "cub cup") and nonsymmetric letter similarities (e.g. "half halt"). Accuracy during left/right reversals was correlated with accuracy during sequential rearrangement in the word pair task as well as with a composite measure of sequential processing based on nonword repetition, nonword reading, and multisyllabic word repetition. It was also correlated with a composite measure of literacy skills. A subset of the dyslexia group who produced left/right errors during a rapid single letter naming task obtained lower accuracy than the dyslexia subgroup without such errors during both types of letter reversals, and their overall literacy skills were lower. We conclude that sequential and left/right letter reversals characterize a severe dyslexia subtype. These two types of reversal are associated, are part of a general deficit in sequential processing likely due to cerebellar deficits, and persist into adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate Peter
- Speech and Hearing Science, College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Andria Albert
- Speech and Hearing Science, College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Heracles Panagiotides
- Jackson School of International Studies, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Shelley Gray
- Speech and Hearing Science, College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
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Wade CA, Toupin DN, Darpel K, Jones K, Lightner D. Downbeat Nystagmus in a 7-Year-Old Girl With Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Meningitis and Cerebellitis. Child Neurol Open 2021; 8:2329048X211000463. [PMID: 33796603 PMCID: PMC7970232 DOI: 10.1177/2329048x211000463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Downbeat nystagmus is a type of jerk nystagmus that may be seen in patients with
lesions affecting the vestibulocerebellum. This is a case of a 7-year-old girl
presenting with a history of fever, headache, and episodic vertigo with downbeat
nystagmus. The diagnosis of Epstein-Barr virus meningitis with acute
cerebellitis was made by contrast magnetic resonance imaging, cerebrospinal
fluid analysis, and serum Epstein-Barr virus titers. Contrast magnetic resonance
imaging demonstrated enhancement of the meninges and inferior cerebellar folia,
correlating with the neuroophthalmological symptom of downbeat nystagmus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Neil Toupin
- Department of Child Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Kyle Darpel
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Kimberly Jones
- Department of Child Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Donita Lightner
- Department of Child Neurology and Pediatric Oncology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Scalp Acupuncture Enhances the Functional Connectivity of Visual and Cognitive-Motor Function Network of Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:8836794. [PMID: 33376500 PMCID: PMC7744176 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8836794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Design A parallel-group randomized controlled trial. Participants. 30 hemiplegic patients with middle cerebral artery acute infarction of the dominant hemisphere. Interventions. 30 patients were divided into 2 groups randomly. 15 patients in the treatment group (TG) were treated with ISSA, needling at the parietal midline (MS5) and left anterior/posterior parietal-temporal oblique lines (MS6 and MS7), combined with western routine treatment. While another 15 patients in the control group (CG) received routine treatment only. Main Outcome Measures. (1) Functional connectivity (FC): patients received brain scan using 3.0 T MRI after the treatment for 1 week. Based on the Matlab2012a platform, SPM12 software and DPABI software were used to process the scanning data and finally the functional connectivity of the brain was obtained. (2) National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score. Results The difference in the NIHSS score between the two groups of patients before and after treatment was statistically significant (tNIHSS = 2.225; PNIHSS = 0.038), indicating that TG had a better effect. Centered to the seed region of the left supplementary motor area (SMA) (-5.32, 4.85, 61.38), FC increased at the left middle cerebellar peduncle, left cerebellum posterior lobe (uvula and declive), vermis, fusiform gyrus, lingual gyrus, inferior occipital gyrus, calcarine, cuneus, precuneus, BA7, BA18 and BA19, etc. Centered to the seed region of the left parahippocampal gyrus (PG) (-21.17, -15.95, -20.70), FC increased at the left precuneus, inside-paracingulate, inferior parietal gyrus, paracentral lobule, BA5, BA6, BA7, and BA40, right median cingulate, precuneus, BA19, BA23, and BA31, etc. Conclusions It is indicated that ISSA can regulate the brain functional connection in patients with middle cerebral artery acute infarction in the dominant hemisphere and specifically strengthen the connections between visual, cognitive, motor control, and planning-related brain regions, which may be related to the recovery of movement in the mechanism. This trial is registered with ChiCTR-IOR-15007672.
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Maurage P, Bollen Z, Masson N, D'Hondt F. A review of studies exploring fetal alcohol spectrum disorders through eye tracking measures. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2020; 103:109980. [PMID: 32470497 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.109980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The widespread cognitive and cerebral consequences of prenatal alcohol exposure have been established during the last decades, through the exploration of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) using neuropsychological and neuroscience tools. This research field has recently benefited from the emergence of innovative measures, among which eye tracking, allowing a precise measure of the eye movements indexing a large range of cognitive functions. We propose a comprehensive review, based on PRISMA guidelines, of the eye tracking studies performed in populations with FASD. Studies were selected from the PsycINFO, PubMed and Scopus databases, and were evaluated through a standardized methodological quality assessment. Studies were classified according to the eye tracking indexes recorded (saccade characteristics, initial fixation, number of fixations, dwell time, gaze pattern) and the process measured (perception, memory, executive functions). Eye tracking data showed that FASD are mostly associated with impaired ocular perceptive/motor abilities (i.e., altered eye movements, centrally for saccade initiation), lower accuracy as well as increased error rates in saccadic eye movements involving working memory abilities, and reduced inhibitory control on saccades. After identifying the main limitations presented by the reviewed studies, we propose guidelines for future research, underlining the need to increase the standardization of diagnosis and evaluation tools, and to improve the methodological quality of eye tracking measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Maurage
- Louvain for Experimental Psychopathology Research Group, Psychological Sciences Research Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
| | - Zoé Bollen
- Louvain for Experimental Psychopathology Research Group, Psychological Sciences Research Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
| | - Nicolas Masson
- Numerical Cognition Group, Psychological Sciences Research Institute and Neuroscience Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
| | - Fabien D'Hondt
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; CHU Lille, Clinique de Psychiatrie, Unité CURE, Lille, France; Centre National de Ressources et de Résilience Lille-Paris (CN2R), Lille, France.
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Schröder R, Kasparbauer AM, Meyhöfer I, Steffens M, Trautner P, Ettinger U. Functional connectivity during smooth pursuit eye movements. J Neurophysiol 2020; 124:1839-1856. [PMID: 32997563 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00317.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Smooth pursuit eye movements (SPEM) hold the image of a slowly moving stimulus on the fovea. The neural system underlying SPEM primarily includes visual, parietal, and frontal areas. In the present study, we investigated how these areas are functionally coupled and how these couplings are influenced by target motion frequency. To this end, healthy participants (n = 57) were instructed to follow a sinusoidal target stimulus moving horizontally at two different frequencies (0.2 Hz, 0.4 Hz). Eye movements and blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) activity were recorded simultaneously. Functional connectivity of the key areas of the SPEM network was investigated with a psychophysiological interaction (PPI) approach. How activity in five eye movement-related seed regions (lateral geniculate nucleus, V1, V5, posterior parietal cortex, frontal eye fields) relates to activity in other parts of the brain during SPEM was analyzed. The behavioral results showed clear deterioration of SPEM performance at higher target frequency. BOLD activity during SPEM versus fixation occurred in a geniculo-occipito-parieto-frontal network, replicating previous findings. PPI analysis yielded widespread, partially overlapping networks. In particular, frontal eye fields and posterior parietal cortex showed task-dependent connectivity to large parts of the entire cortex, whereas other seed regions demonstrated more regionally focused connectivity. Higher target frequency was associated with stronger activations in visual areas but had no effect on functional connectivity. In summary, the results confirm and extend previous knowledge regarding the neural mechanisms underlying SPEM and provide a valuable basis for further investigations such as in patients with SPEM impairments and known alterations in brain connectivity.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study provides a comprehensive investigation of blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) functional connectivity during smooth pursuit eye movements. Results from a large sample of healthy participants suggest that key oculomotor regions interact closely with each other but also with regions not primarily associated with eye movements. Understanding functional connectivity during smooth pursuit is important, given its potential role as an endophenotype of psychoses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Inga Meyhöfer
- Department of Psychology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Maria Steffens
- Department of Psychology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Trautner
- Institute for Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Core Facility MRI, Bonn Technology Campus, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Mennink LM, van Dijk J, van Dijk P. The cerebellar (para)flocculus: A review on its auditory function and a possible role in tinnitus. Hear Res 2020; 398:108081. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2020.108081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Vestibular Functioning in Children with Neurodevelopmental Disorders Using the Functional Head Impulse Test. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10110887. [PMID: 33233781 PMCID: PMC7699844 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10110887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies in children with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) including autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), reading impairment, or attention deficit/hyperactive disorder (ADHD) pointed toward a potential dysfunction of the vestibular system, specifically in its complex relationship with the cerebellum. The aim of the present study was to test the functional vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) responses in children with NDDs to measure functional performance of the vestibular system. The VOR is specifically involved in this stabilization of the image on the retina during rapid movements of the head. To perform this study, four groups of children with ASD, ADHD, reading impairment, and with neurotypical development (TD) were enrolled (n = 80). We performed the functional head impulse test (fHIT), which measured the percentage of correct responses by asking the child to identify an optotype briefly presented during passive head impulse in each direction of each semicircular canal plane. We observed significantly lower correct answers in children with NDDs compared with those with TD (p < 0.0001). Surprisingly, there was no significant difference between the three groups of children with NDDs. Our study fostered preliminary evidence suggesting altered efficiency of vestibular system in children with NDDs. VOR abnormalities estimated using the fHIT could be used as a proxy of NDD impairments in children, and represent a potential biomarker.
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Update on Cerebellar Ataxia with Neuropathy and Bilateral Vestibular Areflexia Syndrome (CANVAS). THE CEREBELLUM 2020; 20:687-700. [PMID: 33011895 PMCID: PMC8629873 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-020-01192-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The syndrome of cerebellar ataxia with neuropathy and bilateral vestibular areflexia (CANVAS) has emerged progressively during the last 30 years. It was first outlined by the neurootology/neurophysiology community in the vestibular areflexic patients, through the description of patients slowly developing late-onset cerebellar ataxia and bilateral vestibulopathy. The characteristic deficit of visuo-vestibulo-ocular reflex (VVOR) due to the impaired slow stabilizing eye movements was put forward and a specific disease subtending this syndrome was suggested. The association to a peripheral sensory axonal neuropathy was described later on, with neuropathological studies demonstrating that both sensory neuropathy and vestibular areflexia were diffuse ganglionopathy. Clinical and electrophysiological criteria of CANVAS were then proposed in 2016. Besides the classical triad, frequent chronic cough, signs of dysautonomia and neurogenic pains were frequently observed. From the beginning of published cohorts, sporadic as well as familial cases were reported, the last suggestive of an autosomal recessive mode of transmission. The genetic disorder was discovered in 2019, under the form of abnormal biallelic expansion in the replication factor C subunit 1 (RFC1) in a population of late-onset ataxia. This pathological expansion was found in 100% of the familial form and 92% of sporadic ones when the triad was complete. But using the genetic criteria, the phenotype of CANVAS seems to expand, for exemple including patients with isolated neuronopathy. We propose here to review the clinical, electrophysiological, anatomical, genetic aspect of CANVAS in light of the recent discovery of the genetic aetiology, and discuss differential diagnosis, neuropathology and physiopathology.
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Beh SC. Emerging evidence for noninvasive vagus nerve stimulation for the treatment of vestibular migraine. Expert Rev Neurother 2020; 20:991-993. [PMID: 32748659 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2020.1806060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shin C Beh
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, TX, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Eye movements are one of the most complex motor functions of the central nervous system (CNS). Eye movement disorders including nystagmus occur in diseases of the CNS and the vestibular system. A systematic clinical examination often allows a topodiagnostic classification of the lesion. OBJECTIVE The basics of eye movements, the role of the cerebellum, the clinical examination of the oculomotor system, and the most important forms of nystagmus and their diagnostic implications are described. MATERIALS AND METHODS A literature analysis assessing eye movements, cerebellar control of eye movements, clinical examination of eye movement, and nystagmus was performed. RESULTS In disorders of eye movement, diseases of the oculomotor cranial nerves and the central nervous structures are to be distinguished from diseases of the orbit, eye muscles, and motor end plates. The former result in cranial nerve-related paralysis of extraocular muscles, disturbances of saccadic and smooth pursuit eye movements, vertical or horizontal gaze palsy, internuclear ophthalmoplegia, or impaired gaze holding. Nystagmus in combination with other disturbances of ocular movement is highly related to a lesion within the CNS. Intense nystagmus with a rotatory component that decreases during fixation usually has a peripheral vestibular cause. CONCLUSION Clinical examination of eye movements and nystagmus enables the diagnosis of typical eye movement disorders with a strong relation to distinct lesions of the CNS or the peripheral vestibular pathway.
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Jiang X, Faber J, Giordano I, Machts J, Kindler C, Dudesek A, Speck O, Kamm C, Düzel E, Jessen F, Spottke A, Vielhaber S, Boecker H, Klockgether T, Scheef L. Characterization of Cerebellar Atrophy and Resting State Functional Connectivity Patterns in Sporadic Adult-Onset Ataxia of Unknown Etiology (SAOA). THE CEREBELLUM 2020; 18:873-881. [PMID: 31422550 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-019-01072-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Sporadic adult-onset ataxia of unknown etiology (SAOA) is a non-genetic neurodegenerative disorder of the cerebellum of unknown cause which manifests with progressive ataxia without severe autonomic failure. Although SAOA is associated with cerebellar degeneration, little is known about the specific cerebellar atrophy pattern in SAOA. Thirty-seven SAOA patients and 49 healthy controls (HCs) were included at two centers. We investigated the structural and functional characteristics of SAOA brains using voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and resting-state functional imaging (rs-fMRI). In order to examine the functional consequence of structural cerebellar alterations, the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) and degree centrality (DC) were analyzed, and then assessed their relation with disease severity, disease duration, and age of onset within these regions. Group differences were investigated using two-sample t tests, controlling for age, gender, site, and the total intracranial volume. The VBM analysis revealed a significant, mostly bilateral reduction of local gray matter (GM) volume in lobules I-V, V, VI, IX, X, and vermis VIII a/b in SAOA patients, compared with HCs. The GM volume loss in these regions was significantly associated with disease severity, disease duration, and age of onset. The disease-related atrophy regions did not show any functional alternations compared with HCs but were functionally characterized by high ALFF and poor DC compared with intact cerebellar regions. Our data revealed volume reduction in SAOA in cerebellar regions that are known to be involved in motor and somatosensory processing, corresponding with the clinical phenotype of SAOA. Our data suggest that the atrophy occurs in those cerebellar regions which are characterized by high ALFF and poor DC. Further studies have to show if these findings are specific for SAOA, and if they can be used to predict disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyan Jiang
- Clinical Research, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.
| | - J Faber
- Clinical Research, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - I Giordano
- Clinical Research, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - J Machts
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ch Kindler
- Clinical Research, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - A Dudesek
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - O Speck
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ch Kamm
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - E Düzel
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - F Jessen
- Clinical Research, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - A Spottke
- Clinical Research, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - St Vielhaber
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - H Boecker
- Clinical Research, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.,Department of Radiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - T Klockgether
- Clinical Research, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - L Scheef
- Clinical Research, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.,Department of Radiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Hanuška J, Dušek P, Rusz J, Ulmanová O, Burgetová A, Růžička E. Eye movement abnormalities are associated with brainstem atrophy in Wilson disease. Neurol Sci 2020; 41:1097-1103. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-019-04225-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Flierman NA, Ignashchenkova A, Negrello M, Thier P, De Zeeuw CI, Badura A. Glissades Are Altered by Lesions to the Oculomotor Vermis but Not by Saccadic Adaptation. Front Behav Neurosci 2019; 13:194. [PMID: 31507389 PMCID: PMC6716469 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Saccadic eye movements enable fast and precise scanning of the visual field, which is partially controlled by the posterior cerebellar vermis. Textbook saccades have a straight trajectory and a unimodal velocity profile, and hence have well-defined epochs of start and end. However, in practice only a fraction of saccades matches this description. One way in which a saccade can deviate from its trajectory is the presence of an overshoot or undershoot at the end of a saccadic eye movement just before fixation. This additional movement, known as a glissade, is regarded as a motor command error and was characterized decades ago but was almost never studied. Using rhesus macaques, we investigated the properties of glissades and changes to glissade kinematics following cerebellar lesions. Additionally, in monkeys with an intact cerebellum, we investigated whether the glissade amplitude can be modulated using multiple adaptation paradigms. Our results show that saccade kinematics are altered by the presence of a glissade, and that glissades do not appear to have any adaptive function as they do not bring the eye closer to the target. Quantification of these results establishes a detailed description of glissades. Further, we show that lesions to the posterior cerebellum have a deleterious effect on both saccade and glissade properties, which recovers over time. Finally, the saccadic adaptation experiments reveal that glissades cannot be modulated by this training paradigm. Together our work offers a functional study of glissades and provides new insight into the cerebellar involvement in this type of motor error.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico A Flierman
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Alla Ignashchenkova
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mario Negrello
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Peter Thier
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen, Germany.,Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Chris I De Zeeuw
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Chun BY, Freire MV, Cestari DM. Surgical Responses and Outcomes of Bilateral Medial Rectus Recession in Esotropia With Spinocerebellar Ataxia. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2019; 56:266-270. [PMID: 31322719 DOI: 10.3928/01913913-20190514-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the surgical responses and outcomes of bilateral medial rectus (BMR) recession in esotropic patients with spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) and to compare the results with normal controls. METHODS The medical records of patients with SCA who underwent strabismus surgery for esotropia between 2006 and 2015 were reviewed retrospectively. Five esotropic patients with SCA (SCA group) and 10 esotropic patients without neurologic disorders (control group) who underwent BMR recession were included. Success rates, surgical responses, and the amount of preoperative and postoperative distance-near disparity were evaluated and compared between the groups. RESULTS The mean preoperative esodeviation was not different between the SCA and control groups (20 vs 17.3 prism diopters [PD], P = .214). However, patients with SCA showed significant undercorrection compared with controls 1 week postoperatively (4.8 vs 1.0 PD, P = .048) and at the final follow-up (6.8 vs 1.8 PD, P = .032). The surgical success rates for the SCA and control groups were 40% and 80%, respectively (P = .095). Patients with SCA demonstrated a significantly reduced surgical response compared with controls (3.15 vs 3.87 PD/mm, P = .004), and a greater amount of postoperative distance-near disparity than controls (8.0 vs 1.1 PD, P = .001). CONCLUSIONS A significant undercorrection was observed following BMR recession in esotropic patients with SCA. Accordingly, the authors recommend a slight overcorrection of 5 to 10 PD or adding a slanting procedure when planning strabismus surgery for this distinct group of patients. [J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2019;56(4):266-270.].
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Moxon-Emre I, Farb NAS, Oyefiade AA, Bouffet E, Laughlin S, Skocic J, de Medeiros CB, Mabbott DJ. Facial emotion recognition in children treated for posterior fossa tumours and typically developing children: A divergence of predictors. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2019; 23:101886. [PMID: 31254938 PMCID: PMC6603305 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2019.101886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Facial emotion recognition (FER) deficits are evident and pervasive across neurodevelopmental, psychiatric, and acquired brain disorders in children, including children treated for brain tumours. Such deficits are thought to perpetuate challenges with social relationships and decrease quality of life. The present study combined eye-tracking, neuroimaging and cognitive assessments to evaluate if visual attention, brain structure, and general cognitive function contribute to FER in children treated for posterior fossa (PF) tumours (patients: n = 36) and typically developing children (controls: n = 18). To assess FER, all participants completed the Diagnostic Analysis of Nonverbal Accuracy (DANVA2), a computerized task that measures FER using photographs, while their eye-movements were recorded. Patients made more FER errors than controls (p < .01). Although we detected subtle deficits in visual attention and general cognitive function in patients, we found no associations with FER. Compared to controls, patients had evidence of white matter (WM) damage, (i.e., lower fractional anisotropy [FA] and higher radial diffusivity [RD]), in multiple regions throughout the brain (all p < .05), but not in specific WM tracts associated with FER. Despite the distributed WM differences between groups, WM predicted FER in controls only. In patients, factors associated with their disease and treatment predicted FER. Our study provides insight into predictors of FER that may be unique to children treated for PF tumours, and highlights a divergence in associations between brain structure and behavioural outcomes in clinical and typically developing populations; a concept that may be broadly applicable to other neurodevelopmental and clinical populations that experience FER deficits. Children treated for brain tumours have difficultly recognizing facial emotions. White matter predicts facial emotion recognition (FER) in typical development. Medical factors predict FER deficits in children treated for brain tumours. Brain-behaviour relations can diverge in the typical and atypical developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iska Moxon-Emre
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada; Pediatric Oncology Group of Ontario, Toronto, ON M5G 1V2, Canada
| | | | - Adeoye A Oyefiade
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada
| | - Eric Bouffet
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada
| | - Suzanne Laughlin
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada
| | - Jovanka Skocic
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | | | - Donald J Mabbott
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada.
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46
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Eye movement abnormalities in essential tremor versus tremor dominant Parkinson’s disease. Clin Neurophysiol 2019; 130:683-691. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2019.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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47
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Chalansonnet M, Carreres-Pons M, Venet T, Thomas A, Merlen L, Seidel C, Cosnier F, Nunge H, Pouyatos B, Llorens J, Campo P. Combined exposure to carbon disulfide and low-frequency noise reversibly affects vestibular function. Neurotoxicology 2018; 67:270-278. [PMID: 29928918 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2018.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Chronic occupational exposure to carbon disulfide (CS2) has debilitating motor and sensory effects in humans, which can increase the risk of falls. Although no mention of vestibulotoxic effects is contained in the literature, epidemiological and experimental data suggest that CS2 could cause low-frequency hearing loss when associated with noise exposure. Low-frequency noise might also perturb the peripheral balance receptor through an as-yet unclear mechanism. Here, we studied how exposure to a low-frequency noise combined with 250-ppm CS2 affected balance in rats. Vestibular function was tested based on post-rotary nystagmus recorded by a video-oculography system. These measurements were completed by behavioral tests and analysis of the cerebellum to measure expression levels for gene expression associated with neurotoxicity. Assays were performed prior to and following a 4-week exposure, and again after a 4-week recovery period. Functional measurements were completed by histological analyses of the peripheral organs.Nystagmus was unaltered by exposure to noise alone, while CS2 alone caused a moderate 19% decrease of the saccade number. In contrast, coexposure to 250-ppm CS2 and low-frequency noise decreased both saccade number and duration by 33% and 34%, respectively. After four weeks, recovery was only partial but measures were not significantly different from pre-exposure values. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis of cerebellar tissue revealed a slight but significant modification in expression levels for two genes linked to neurotoxicity in CS2-exposed animals. However, neither histopathological changes to the peripheral receptor nor behavioral differences were observed. Based on all these results, we propose that the effects of CS2 were due to reversible neurochemical disturbance of the efferent pathways managing post-rotatory nystagmus. Because the nervous structures involving the vestibular function appear particularly sensitive to CS2, post-rotary nystagmus could be used as an early, non-invasive measurement to diagnose CS2 intoxication as part of an occupational conservation program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Chalansonnet
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Rue du Morvan, CS 60027, F-54519 Vandœuvre Cedex, France.
| | - Maria Carreres-Pons
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Rue du Morvan, CS 60027, F-54519 Vandœuvre Cedex, France; Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques and Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Thomas Venet
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Rue du Morvan, CS 60027, F-54519 Vandœuvre Cedex, France
| | - Aurélie Thomas
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Rue du Morvan, CS 60027, F-54519 Vandœuvre Cedex, France
| | - Lise Merlen
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Rue du Morvan, CS 60027, F-54519 Vandœuvre Cedex, France
| | - Carole Seidel
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Rue du Morvan, CS 60027, F-54519 Vandœuvre Cedex, France
| | - Frédéric Cosnier
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Rue du Morvan, CS 60027, F-54519 Vandœuvre Cedex, France
| | - Hervé Nunge
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Rue du Morvan, CS 60027, F-54519 Vandœuvre Cedex, France
| | - Benoît Pouyatos
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Rue du Morvan, CS 60027, F-54519 Vandœuvre Cedex, France
| | - Jordi Llorens
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques and Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Pierre Campo
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Rue du Morvan, CS 60027, F-54519 Vandœuvre Cedex, France; DevAH EA 3450 - Développement, Adaptation et Handicap, Régulations cardio-respiratoires et de la motricité-Université de Lorraine, F-54500 Vandœuvre, France
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Consensus Paper: Neurophysiological Assessments of Ataxias in Daily Practice. THE CEREBELLUM 2018; 17:628-653. [DOI: 10.1007/s12311-018-0937-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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49
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Tarnutzer AA, Straumann D, Salman MS. Neuro-ophthalmologic assessment and investigations in children and adults with cerebellar diseases. THE CEREBELLUM: FROM EMBRYOLOGY TO DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATIONS 2018; 154:305-327. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63956-1.00019-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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50
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Matsuura Y, Oguri M, Saito Y, Aoe Y, Ogawa A, Akiyama S, Yasuda N, Sato K, Maegaki Y, Hirooka Y. Decreased Wave V Amplitude in Auditory Brainstem Responses of Children with Cerebellar Lesions. Yonago Acta Med 2018. [DOI: 10.33160/yam.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Matsuura
- *Department of Pathobiological Science and Technology, School of Health Science, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Oguri
- *Department of Pathobiological Science and Technology, School of Health Science, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Saito
- †Division of Child Neurology, Department of Brain and Neurological Sciences, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago 683-8504, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Aoe
- *Department of Pathobiological Science and Technology, School of Health Science, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Ayame Ogawa
- *Department of Pathobiological Science and Technology, School of Health Science, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Shota Akiyama
- *Department of Pathobiological Science and Technology, School of Health Science, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Nanako Yasuda
- *Department of Pathobiological Science and Technology, School of Health Science, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Kengo Sato
- *Department of Pathobiological Science and Technology, School of Health Science, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Maegaki
- †Division of Child Neurology, Department of Brain and Neurological Sciences, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago 683-8504, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Hirooka
- *Department of Pathobiological Science and Technology, School of Health Science, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
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