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Kim M, Kim Y, Sharrief AZ, Nguyen TP. Re-evaluating the gender gap: a cross-sectional analysis of accepted American Academy of Neurology annual meeting abstracts in 2020 and 2021. Front Res Metr Anal 2024; 9:1360367. [PMID: 38665144 PMCID: PMC11043524 DOI: 10.3389/frma.2024.1360367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and objective Prior studies reveal that invited speaker panels, editorial boards, authors of practice guidelines, and senior authors of published articles are disproportionately male in the neurology field. We aimed to analyze a gender gap in authorship of accepted abstracts to the American Academy of Neurology annual meetings in 2020 and 2021. Design/methods This is a cross-sectional study evaluating the proportions of female first and senior abstract authors in 2020 and 2021. Abstracts were reviewed manually (n = 3,211 in 2020; n = 2,178 in 2021). Data were collected regarding the gender of first and senior authors, subspecialties, and origin of research (USA, international, or corporate-affiliated). Then, we compared the percentages of female first and senior authors in the 2 years to assess for any short-term effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. Results Accepted abstracts with female first and senior authors comprised 46%, 34% in 2020, and the same in 2021, without change. Female senior authors had a significantly higher proportion of female first authors than their male senior author counterparts. The analysis of subspecialties with more than 100 abstracts showed the lowest percentages of female senior authors was oncology (24.7%), sleep (25.5%), headache (28.7%), and cerebrovascular disease (29%) in 2020. Cerebrovascular disease (29%) and behavioral neurology (24.7%) had the lowest percentage of female senior authors in 2021. In the analysis of the origin of research, corporate-affiliated authors had the lowest percentages of female first (34 and 36%) and senior authors (22.6 and 27.6%). Conclusion The gender gap in neurology was reaffirmed in regards to female senior authorship overall and in subgroups of abstracts including cerebrovascular disease, headache, behavioral neurology, sleep, oncology, and corporate-affiliated research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minseon Kim
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Houston Medical School, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Youngran Kim
- Center for Healthcare Data, University of Texas Houston School of Public Health, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Anjail Z. Sharrief
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Houston Medical School, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Thy P. Nguyen
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Houston Medical School, Houston, TX, United States
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Spagnoli C, Duca M, Pelliccia V, Lanzone J, Masnada S, Chiarello D, Barco TL, Dono F, Nucera B. Educational needs and career development of young epileptologists in Italy. Epilepsia Open 2024; 9:613-625. [PMID: 38386334 PMCID: PMC10984319 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Education and Career Task Force of the Young Epilepsy Section-Italy focuses on educational and career development needs of young Italian epileptologists. Two surveys were developed (pre- and post COVID-19 pandemic) in order to identify the needs of members of the Lega Italiana Contro l'Epilessia under 40 years of age. METHODS The first was distributed during the 42nd National Congress (Rome, June 5-7, 2019); the second during the 45th National Congress (Padova, June 8-10, 2022) and subsequently by e-mail until July 9, 2022. Data from the 2019 survey were analyzed descriptively. Data from the 2022 survey were further analyzed with Pearson's chi-square test to establish if gender, field of clinical practice, and professional role were associated with different needs. RESULTS Sixty surveys were completed in 2019 and 69 in 2022. Attendance to courses and congresses as the preferred way to keep medical knowledge updated reduced between 2019 and 2022. The reason was different between trainees (mostly elevated costs) and early-career consultants (mostly organizational issues) (p = 0.005). The main needs for improvement also diverged: trainees indicated differential diagnosis and diagnostic approach to the first seizure while consultants indicated diagnostic approach to genetic epilepsies (p = 0.004); in the genetic field, priority needs were selection of genetic investigations for trainees versus genotype-phenotype correlations for consultants (p = 0.022). The field of practice (pediatric vs. adult) also impacted on the main needs for improvement that is, acquisition of expertise in neuroradiology and drug therapy for pediatric versus genetics for adult neurology trainees or consultants (p = 0.018); in the clinical area, differential diagnosis and approach to the first seizure versus status epilepticus (p = 0.027); in the genetic field, precision medicine versus genotype-phenotype correlations (p = 0.034). No differences were found based on gender. SIGNIFICANCE The surveys identified different needs based on professional role and discipline. PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY The Education and Career Task Force of the Young Epilepsy Section-Italy (YES-I) launched two surveys among young Italian epileptologists. Our research shows that the educational and professional needs of young Italian epileptologists vary based on their job role and field of practice, but not on gender. Their preference for on-site congresses and courses reduced after the pandemic, and the main reason is linked to financial constraints for trainees and to organizational issues for consultants. The main expectation toward YES-I is to receive support for education and career development. Thus, we collected useful suggestions on how to organize our future YES-I activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Spagnoli
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Pediatric DepartmentSanta Maria Nuova Hospital, Azienda USL‐IRCCS di Reggio EmiliaReggio EmiliaItaly
| | - Maddalena Duca
- Child Neuropsychiatry UnitOspedale Civile di MacerataMacerataItaly
| | - Veronica Pelliccia
- "Claudio Munari" Epilepsy Surgery CentreAzienda Socio‐Sanitaria Territoriale Grande Ospedale Metropolitano NiguardaMilanItaly
| | - Jacopo Lanzone
- Neurorehabilitation Department of the Milano InstituteIstituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCSMilanItaly
| | | | - Daniela Chiarello
- "Claudio Munari" Epilepsy Surgery CentreAzienda Socio‐Sanitaria Territoriale Grande Ospedale Metropolitano NiguardaMilanItaly
| | - Tommaso Lo Barco
- Child Neuropsychiatry Department, Epilepsy CenterC. Poma HospitalMantovaItaly
| | - Fedele Dono
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Science"G. D'Annunzio" University of Chieti‐PescaraChietiItaly
| | - Bruna Nucera
- Department of NeurologyHospital of Merano (SABES‐ASDAA)MeranoItaly
- Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
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Vandenberg MT, Kraus M, Misra L, Hertzberg L, Buckner-Petty S, Padmanabhan A, Tollinche LE, Milam AJ. Racial Disparities in Compensation Among US Anesthesiologists: Results of a National Survey of Anesthesiologists. Anesth Analg 2023; 137:268-276. [PMID: 37097908 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000006484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A racial compensation disparity among physicians across numerous specialties is well documented and persists after adjustment for age, sex, experience, work hours, productivity, academic rank, and practice structure. This study examined national survey data to determine whether there are racial differences in compensation among anesthesiologists in the United States. METHODS In 2018, 28,812 active members of the American Society of Anesthesiologists were surveyed to examine compensation among members. Compensation was defined as the amount reported as direct compensation on a W-2, 1099, or K-1, plus all voluntary salary reductions (eg, 401[k], health insurance). Covariates potentially associated with compensation were identified (eg, sex and academic rank) and included in regression models. Racial differences in outcome and model variables were assessed via Wilcoxon rank sum tests and Pearson's χ 2 tests. Covariate adjusted ordinal logistic regression estimated an odds ratio (OR) for the relationship between race and ethnicity and compensation while adjusting for provider and practice characteristics. RESULTS The final analytical sample consisted of 1952 anesthesiologists (78% non-Hispanic White). The analytic sample represented a higher percentage of White, female, and younger physicians compared to the demographic makeup of anesthesiologists in the United States. When comparing non-Hispanic White anesthesiologists with anesthesiologists from other racial and ethnic minority groups, (ie, American Indian/Alaska Native, Asian, Black, Hispanic, and Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander), the dependent variable (compensation range) and 6 of the covariates (sex, age, spousal work status, region, practice type, and completed fellowship) had significant differences. In the adjusted model, anesthesiologists from racial and ethnic minority populations had 26% lower odds of being in a higher compensation range compared to White anesthesiologists (OR, 0.74; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.61-0.91). CONCLUSIONS Compensation for anesthesiologists showed a significant pay disparity associated with race and ethnicity even after adjusting for provider and practice characteristics. Our study raises concerns that processes, policies, or biases (either implicit or explicit) persist and may impact compensation for anesthesiologists from racial and ethnic minority populations. This disparity in compensation requires actionable solutions and calls for future studies that investigate contributing factors and to validate our findings given the low response rate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Molly Kraus
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Lopa Misra
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Linda Hertzberg
- Department of Anesthesiology, St Agnes Medical Center, Fresno, California
| | - Skye Buckner-Petty
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Asha Padmanabhan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Bethesda West Hospital, Boynton Beach, Florida
| | - Luis E Tollinche
- Department of Anesthesiology, MetroHealth Medical Center of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Adam J Milam
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona
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Mateen FJ. Progress towards the 2030 sustainable development goals: direct and indirect impacts on neurological disorders. J Neurol 2022; 269:4623-4634. [PMID: 35583660 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-022-11180-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were set forth in 2015 as a blueprint for all nations to create a more sustainable future together. These 17 social, environmental, and economic goals have established targets to meet globally by the year 2030, with a focus on pro-poor initiatives, gender equality, and ending hunger. The relationship of the SDGs with neurological disorders and how the achievement of the SDGs intersects with the future of neurological practice have not been comprehensively examined. However, the incidence of neurological disorders, the outcomes of people living with neurological disorders, and the training of future neurologists can be interlinked, directly or indirectly, with programming for the SDGs and their eventual achievement. Each SDG is reviewed in the context of neurology. This lens can inform programming and policy, enhance research and training, and improve inter-sectoral action for neurological disorders worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farrah J Mateen
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Clinical Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, 165 Cambridge Street, #627, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
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Yu MM, Merillat SA, Weathers AL, Evans DA, Wolf RA, Ney JP. Gender Discrepancies in Neurologist Compensation. Neurology 2022; 98:e893-e902. [PMID: 35064027 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000013281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectivePrevious studies have shown gender disparities in physician pay in various specialties. This retrospective, cross-sectional study evaluated data from the AAN Compensation and Productivity Survey for differences in neurologist compensation by gender.MethodsOf the 3268 completed surveys submitted, 2719 were from neurologists and 1466 had sufficient data for analysis (551 women, 951 men respondents). We calculated an hourly wage from full time equivalent (FTE) status and weeks worked per year. We evaluated differences in men and women neurologist compensation with multivariable generalized linear models adjusting for race, ethnicity, geographic region, practice setting, years in practice, call status, leadership role, and subspecialty.ResultsBaseline characteristics for men and women neurologists were similar with the exception of subspecialty distribution. More men were practicing in higher-wage subspecialties compared to women (p < 0.05). Mean FTE equivalent annual salary for all neurologists was $280,315 and mean standardized hourly compensation was $131. Estimated annual salary for women was 10.7% less (p ≤ 0.001, 95% CI -4% - 16%), after controlling for race, region, years of practice, practice setting, call status, leadership role and subspecialty-wage category. FTE equivalent annual salary for women neurologists in high compensation specialties ($281,838) was lower than both the mean annual salary for men neurologists in high compensation ($365,751) and low compensation subspecialties ($282,813). When broken down by years of practice, the highest earning women neurologists' mean hourly wage (11 - 20 years of practice, $128/hour) was less than all men neurologists except those with 0 - 5 years of practice ($125/hour).ConclusionThis study, using convenience sample data, adds to the existing body of evidence demonstrating that, despite adjustment for multiple confounding variables, ongoing disparities exist in physician compensation. Despite efforts by professional societies such as the AAN, ongoing systemic issues and barriers exist. Further research into underlying causes and mitigation strategies is recommended; use of probability sampling methods in future research will be important to decrease potential bias and increase generalizability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shannon A Merillat
- School of Public Health (student), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | | | | | | | - John P Ney
- Edith Nourse Rogers VA Medical Center, Bedford, MA
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Nguyen AX, Yoffe L, Li A, Trinh XV, Kurian J, Moss HE, Wu AY. Gender Gap in Neurology Research Authorship (1946-2020). Front Neurol 2021; 12:715428. [PMID: 34497579 PMCID: PMC8419229 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.715428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gender disparity in the field of neurology impedes scientific advancements and innovations. In 2018, 45.0% of neurology and neurological subspecialty residents were women. Despite a notable rise in the proportion of women neurologists over the past decades, inequalities regarding publication proportions between men and women persist in the field. This cohort study examines authorship trends in articles published in 155 international neurology journals, identified as those listed in the annual Journal Citation Reports' “Clinical Neurology” section. Authors' names, authorship positions and countries of affiliation were extracted from PubMed for indexed articles published from 1946 to 2020. Gender-API (a validated and highly accurate application program interface) assigned binary genders to authors. Author gender proportions were compared across subspecialties, authorship position and years. In 303,385 unique articles, 1,663,036 total authors were identified of which 34.1% were women. Neuroradiology demonstrated the lowest proportion of women authors (21.3%), while neurogenetics displayed the highest (44.5%). In articles with multiple authors, both men and women last authors were more likely to publish with a male first author, though this was significantly more pronounced for men last authors (1.86 vs. 1.08; p < 0.001). From 2002 to 2020, women remained in the minority of last (24.6%), first (36.2%), and middle author positions (35.8%). The authorship gender distribution in neurological journals neither reflects the gender proportion of neurologists in the field overall nor in any subspecialty examined. We also find a tendency for senior and junior authors of the same gender to publish together which perpetuates authorship inequity. Further work is needed to identify underlying causes so that interventions might be developed to improve authorship diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne X Nguyen
- Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Lilian Yoffe
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Anna Li
- Faculty of Science, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Xuan-Vi Trinh
- Department of Computer Science, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jerry Kurian
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Heather E Moss
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States.,Department of Neurology & Neurological Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Albert Y Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States
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