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Hopkins CD, Wessel C, Chen O, El-Kersh K, Cathey D, Cave MC, Cai L, Huang J. A hypothesis: Potential contributions of metals to the pathogenesis of pulmonary artery hypertension. Life Sci 2024; 336:122289. [PMID: 38007143 PMCID: PMC10872724 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH) is characterized by vasoconstriction and vascular remodeling resulting in both increased pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and pulmonary artery pressure (PAP). The chronic and high-pressure stress experienced by endothelial cells can give rise to inflammation, oxidative stress, and infiltration by immune cells. However, there is no clearly defined mechanism for PAH and available treatment options only provide limited symptomatic relief. Due to the far-reaching effects of metal exposures, the interaction between metals and the pulmonary vasculature is of particular interest. This review will briefly introduce the pathophysiology of PAH and then focus on the potential roles of metals, including essential and non-essential metals in the pathogenic process in the pulmonary arteries and right heart, which may be linked to PAH. Based on available data from human studies of occupational or environmental metal exposure, including lead, antimony, iron, and copper, the hypothesis of metals contributing to the pathogenesis of PAH is proposed as potential risk factors and underlying mechanisms for PAH. We propose that metals may initiate or exacerbate the pathogenesis of PAH, by providing potential mechanism by which metals interact with hypoxia-inducible factor and tumor suppressor p53 to modulate their downstream cellular proliferation pathways. These need further investigation. Additionally, we present future research directions on roles of metals in PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Danielle Hopkins
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Caitlin Wessel
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Oscar Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Karim El-Kersh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Dakotah Cathey
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Matthew C Cave
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; The Center for Integrative Environmental Health Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; The Transplant Program at University of Louisville Health - Jewish Hospital Trager Transplant Center, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Lu Cai
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; The Center for Integrative Environmental Health Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.
| | - Jiapeng Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; The Center for Integrative Environmental Health Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; The Transplant Program at University of Louisville Health - Jewish Hospital Trager Transplant Center, Louisville, KY, USA; Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.
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Aschner M, Skalny AV, Lu R, Santamaria A, Zhou JC, Ke T, Karganov MY, Tsatsakis A, Golokhvast KS, Bowman AB, Tinkov AA. The role of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α) modulation in heavy metal toxicity. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:1299-1318. [PMID: 36933023 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03483-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) is an oxygen-sensing transcriptional regulator orchestrating a complex of adaptive cellular responses to hypoxia. Several studies have demonstrated that toxic metal exposure may also modulate HIF-1α signal transduction pathway, although the existing data are scarce. Therefore, the present review aims to summarize the existing data on the effects of toxic metals on HIF-1 signaling and the potential underlying mechanisms with a special focus on prooxidant effect of the metals. The particular effect of metals was shown to be dependent on cell type, varying from down- to up-regulation of HIF-1 pathway. Inhibition of HIF-1 signaling may contribute to impaired hypoxic tolerance and adaptation, thus promoting hypoxic damage in the cells. In contrast, its metal-induced activation may result in increased tolerance to hypoxia through increased angiogenesis, thus promoting tumor growth and contributing to carcinogenic effect of heavy metals. Up-regulation of HIF-1 signaling is mainly observed upon Cr, As, and Ni exposure, whereas Cd and Hg may both stimulate and inhibit HIF-1 pathway. The mechanisms underlying the influence of toxic metal exposure on HIF-1 signaling involve modulation of prolyl hydroxylases (PHD2) activity, as well as interference with other tightly related pathways including Nrf2, PI3K/Akt, NF-κB, and MAPK signaling. These effects are at least partially mediated by metal-induced ROS generation. Hypothetically, maintenance of adequate HIF-1 signaling upon toxic metal exposure through direct (PHD2 modulation) or indirect (antioxidant) mechanisms may provide an additional strategy for prevention of adverse effects of metal toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Anatoly V Skalny
- IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435, Moscow, Russia
| | - Rongzhu Lu
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Laboratory Science, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Abel Santamaria
- Laboratorio de Aminoácidos Excitadores/Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Molecular y Nanotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, 14269, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ji-Chang Zhou
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518100, China
| | - Tao Ke
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | | | - Aristides Tsatsakis
- IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435, Moscow, Russia.,Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes, 700 13, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Kirill S Golokhvast
- Siberian Federal Scientific Centre of Agrobiotechnologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoobsk, Russia
| | - Aaron B Bowman
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA
| | - Alexey A Tinkov
- IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435, Moscow, Russia. .,Laboratory of Ecobiomonitoring and Quality Control, Yaroslavl State University, 150003, Yaroslavl, Russia.
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Himoto T, Fujita K, Nomura T, Tani J, Miyoshi H, Morishita A, Yoneyama H, Kubota S, Haba R, Suzuki Y, Masaki T. Roles of Copper in Hepatocarcinogenesis via the Activation of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α. Biol Trace Elem Res 2016; 174:58-64. [PMID: 27121973 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-016-0702-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) is involved in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the roles of trace elements in the activation of HIF-1α during hepatocarcinogenesis have been unclear. We investigated whether copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) participated in the activation of HIF-1α in the process of hepatocarcinogenesis or not. Nine patients with chronic hepatitis (CH), five with liver cirrhosis (LC), 12 with HCC, and nine normal healthy controls were enrolled in this study. Their serum HIF-1α, Cu, and Zn levels were determined in the enrolled patients. Hepatic HIF-1α expression was evaluated, using an immunohistochemical procedure. The HCC patients had significantly higher serum HIF-1α levels than the CH patients (6.47 ± 1.57 vs. 5.09 ± 1.22 ng/ml, p = 0.0344). The serum Cu level in the HCC patients was also significantly higher than those in the CH and LC patients (137 ± 24 vs. 107 ± 15 μg/dl, 114 ± 24 μg/dl). Interestingly, a positive correlation was observed between serum HIF-1α and Cu levels in the enrolled patients (r = 0.425, p = 0.0137). In contrast, no significant differences in serum Zn levels were present between the HCC patients and the CH or LC patients. The serum HIF-1α was not positively correlated with the serum Zn level in the enrolled patients, either. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that two of the five HCC patients had HIF-1α expression in the tumor tissues, whereas none of CH and LC had hepatic HIF-1α expression in the liver tissues. These data suggest that the activation of HIF-1α derived from a Cu accumulation in the liver may cause hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Himoto
- Department of Medical Technology, Kagawa Prefectural University of Health Sciences, 281-1, Hara, Mure-cho, Takamatsu, Kagawa, 761-0123, Japan.
| | - Koji Fujita
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Takako Nomura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Joji Tani
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Reiji Haba
- Department of Diagnosis Pathology, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Suzuki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Masaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa, Japan
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Kang X, Chen R, Zhang J, Li G, Dai PG, Chen C, Wang HJ. Expression Profile Analysis of Zinc Transporters (ZIP4, ZIP9, ZIP11, ZnT9) in Gliomas and their Correlation with IDH1 Mutation Status. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2016; 16:3355-60. [PMID: 25921144 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.8.3355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zinc transporters have been considered as essential regulators in many cancers; however, their mechanisms remain unknown, especially in gliomas. Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1(IDH1) mutation is crucial to glioma. This study aimed to investigate whether zinc transporters are correlated with glioma grade and IDH1 mutation status. MATERIALS AND METHODS IDH1 mutation status and mRNA expression of four zinc transporters (ZIP4, ZIP9, ZIP11, and ZnT9) were determined by subjecting a panel of 74 glioma tissue samples to quantitative real-time PCR and pyrosequencing. The correlations between the expression levels of these zinc transporter genes and the grade of glioma, as well as IDH1 mutation status, were investigated. RESULTS Among the four zinc transporter genes, high ZIP4 expression and low ZIP11 expression were significantly associated with higher grade (grades III and IV) tumors compared with lower grade (grades I and II) counterparts (p<0.0001). However, only ZIP11 exhibited weak correlation with IDH1 mutation status (p=0.045). Samples with mutations in IDH1 displayed higher ZIP11 expression than those without IDH1 mutations. CONCLUSIONS This finding indicated that zinc transporters may interact with IDH1 mutation by direct modulation or action in some shared pathways or genes to promote the development of glioma. Zinc transporters may play an important role in glioma. ZIP4 and ZIP11 are promising molecular diagnostic markers and novel therapeutic targets. Nevertheless, the detailed biological function of zinc transporters and the mechanism of the potential interaction between ZIP11 and IDH1 mutation in gliomagenesis should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Kang
- School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China E-mail : ,
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Malairaman U, Dandapani K, Katyal A. Effect of Ca2EDTA on zinc mediated inflammation and neuronal apoptosis in hippocampus of an in vivo mouse model of hypobaric hypoxia. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110253. [PMID: 25340757 PMCID: PMC4207758 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Calcium overload has been implicated as a critical event in glutamate excitotoxicity associated neurodegeneration. Recently, zinc accumulation and its neurotoxic role similar to calcium has been proposed. Earlier, we reported that free chelatable zinc released during hypobaric hypoxia mediates neuronal damage and memory impairment. The molecular mechanism behind hypobaric hypoxia mediated neuronal damage is obscure. The role of free zinc in such neuropathological condition has not been elucidated. In the present study, we investigated the underlying role of free chelatable zinc in hypobaric hypoxia-induced neuronal inflammation and apoptosis resulting in hippocampal damage. Methods Adult male Balb/c mice were exposed to hypobaric hypoxia and treated with saline or Ca2EDTA (1.25 mM/kg i.p) daily for four days. The effects of Ca2EDTA on apoptosis (caspases activity and DNA fragmentation), pro-inflammatory markers (iNOS, TNF-α and COX-2), NADPH oxidase activity, poly(ADP ribose) polymerase (PARP) activity and expressions of Bax, Bcl-2, HIF-1α, metallothionein-3, ZnT-1 and ZIP-6 were examined in the hippocampal region of brain. Results Hypobaric hypoxia resulted in increased expression of metallothionein-3 and zinc transporters (ZnT-1 and ZIP-6). Hypobaric hypoxia elicited an oxidative stress and inflammatory response characterized by elevated NADPH oxidase activity and up-regulation of iNOS, COX-2 and TNF-α. Furthermore, hypobaric hypoxia induced HIF-1α protein expression, PARP activation and apoptosis in the hippocampus. Administration of Ca2EDTA significantly attenuated the hypobaric hypoxia induced oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis in the hippocampus. Conclusion We propose that hypobaric hypoxia/reperfusion instigates free chelatable zinc imbalance in brain associated with neuroinflammation and neuronal apoptosis. Therefore, zinc chelating strategies which block zinc mediated neuronal damage linked with cerebral hypoxia and other neurodegenerative conditions can be designed in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udayabanu Malairaman
- Dr.B.R.Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Kumaran Dandapani
- Dr.B.R.Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Anju Katyal
- Dr.B.R.Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
- * E-mail:
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Bao B, Azmi AS, Ali S, Ahmad A, Li Y, Banerjee S, Kong D, Sarkar FH. The biological kinship of hypoxia with CSC and EMT and their relationship with deregulated expression of miRNAs and tumor aggressiveness. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2012; 1826:272-96. [PMID: 22579961 PMCID: PMC3788359 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2012.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 04/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia is one of the fundamental biological phenomena that are intricately associated with the development and aggressiveness of a variety of solid tumors. Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF) function as a master transcription factor, which regulates hypoxia responsive genes and has been recognized to play critical roles in tumor invasion, metastasis, and chemo-radiation resistance, and contributes to increased cell proliferation, survival, angiogenesis and metastasis. Therefore, tumor hypoxia with deregulated expression of HIF and its biological consequence lead to poor prognosis of patients diagnosed with solid tumors, resulting in higher mortality, suggesting that understanding of the molecular relationship of hypoxia with other cellular features of tumor aggressiveness would be invaluable for developing newer targeted therapy for solid tumors. It has been well recognized that cancer stem cells (CSCs) and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenotypic cells are associated with therapeutic resistance and contribute to aggressive tumor growth, invasion, metastasis and believed to be the cause of tumor recurrence. Interestingly, hypoxia and HIF signaling pathway are known to play an important role in the regulation and sustenance of CSCs and EMT phenotype. However, the molecular relationship between HIF signaling pathway with the biology of CSCs and EMT remains unclear although NF-κB, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, Notch, Wnt/β-catenin, and Hedgehog signaling pathways have been recognized as important regulators of CSCs and EMT. In this article, we will discuss the state of our knowledge on the role of HIF-hypoxia signaling pathway and its kinship with CSCs and EMT within the tumor microenvironment. We will also discuss the potential role of hypoxia-induced microRNAs (miRNAs) in tumor development and aggressiveness, and finally discuss the potential effects of nutraceuticals on the biology of CSCs and EMT in the context of tumor hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Bao
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Asfar S. Azmi
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Shadan Ali
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Aamir Ahmad
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Yiwei Li
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Sanjeev Banerjee
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Dejuan Kong
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Fazlul H. Sarkar
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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Deniro M, Al-Mohanna FA. Zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8) expression is reduced by ischemic insults: a potential therapeutic target to prevent ischemic retinopathy. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50360. [PMID: 23209723 PMCID: PMC3507680 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The zinc (Zn++) transporter ZnT8 plays a crucial role in zinc homeostasis. It’s been reported that an acute decrease in ZnT8 levels impairs β cell function and Zn++ homeostasis, which contribute to the pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus (DM). Although ZnT8 expression has been detected in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), its expression profile in the retina has yet to be determined. Furthermore, the link between diabetes and ischemic retinopathy is well documented; nevertheless, the molecular mechanism(s) of such link has yet to be defined. Our aims were to; investigate the expression profile of ZnT8 in the retina; address the influence of ischemia on such expression; and evaluate the influence of YC-1; (3-(50-hydroxymethyl-20-furyl)-1-benzyl indazole), a hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) inhibitor, on the status of ZnT8 expression. We used real-time RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, and Western blot in the mouse model of oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) and Müller cells to evaluate the effects of ischemia/hypoxia and YC-1 on ZnT8 expression. Our data indicate that ZnT8 was strongly expressed in the outer nuclear layer (ONL), outer plexiform layer (OPL), ganglion cell layer (GCL), and nerve fiber layer (NFL), whereas the photoreceptor layer (PRL), inner nuclear layer (INL) and inner plexiform layer (IPL) showed moderate ZnT8 immunoreactivity. Furthermore, we demonstrate that retinal ischemic insult induces a significant downregulation of ZnT8 at the message and protein levels, YC-1 rescues the injured retina by restoring the ZnT8 to its basal homeostatic levels in the neovascular retinas. Our data indicate that ischemic retinopathy maybe mediated by aberrant Zn++ homeostasis caused by ZnT8 downregulation, whereas YC-1 plays a neuroprotective role against ischemic insult. Therefore, targeting ZnT8 provides a therapeutic strategy to combat neovascular eye diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Deniro
- Research Department, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital (Affiliate of the Wilmer Eye Institute of the Johns Hopkins Medicine), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Gonzales GF, Tapia V, Gasco M, Rubio J, Gonzales-Castañeda C. High serum zinc and serum testosterone levels were associated with excessive erythrocytosis in men at high altitudes. Endocrine 2011; 40:472-80. [PMID: 21553128 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-011-9482-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Chronic mountain sickness (CMS), a lack of adaptation to altitude characterized by excessive erythrocytosis (EE), is a health problem associated with life at high altitude. The erythropoietic process is regulated by both erythropoietin and testosterone. Zinc (Zn) is known to be related with testosterone and hemoglobin levels; meanwhile, nitric oxide was also associated with adaptation to high altitude. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship of hemoglobin and CMS score with serum levels of zinc, total testosterone (TT), calculated free testosterone (cFT), bioavailable testosterone (BAT), hemoglobin, and nitric oxide in men at high altitude with or without EE. Men residing in Lima (150 m) and Cerro de Pasco (4,340 m), Peru, were divided into three groups: (1) low altitude, (2) high altitude without EE (hemoglobin < 21 g/dl), and (3) high altitude with EE (hemoglobin ≥ 21 g/dl). Adjusted multivariable regression models showed that serum testosterone (total or free) and Zn levels were independently correlated with increased hemoglobin levels. Similarly, hemoglobin was positively related with signs/symptoms of CMS; however, both increased the serum Zn and the nitric oxide levels correlated with reduced risk for signs/symptoms of CMS. In conclusion, higher serum testosterone levels and Zn levels were associated with EE, and low scores of signs/symptoms of CMS were associated with higher Zn and nitric oxide levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo F Gonzales
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Reproduction, Faculty of Sciences and Philosophy, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
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Induction of heme oxygenase-1 protects against podocyte apoptosis under diabetic conditions. Kidney Int 2009; 76:838-48. [PMID: 19657327 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2009.286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is an anti-oxidant enzyme normally upregulated in response to oxidant injury. Here we determined the role of HO-1 in podocyte apoptosis in glomeruli of streptozotocin-treated rats and in immortalized mouse podocytes cultured in media containing normal or high glucose. HO-1 expression, its activity, the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 protein, and active caspase-3 fragments were all significantly higher in isolated glomeruli of diabetic rats and in high glucose-treated podocytes. These increases were inhibited by zinc protoporphyrin treatment of the rats or by HO-1 siRNA treatment of the podocytes in culture. The number of apoptotic cells was also significantly increased in the glomeruli of diabetic rats and in high glucose-treated podocytes. Inhibition of HO-1 accentuated the increase in apoptotic cells both in vivo and in vitro. Our findings suggest that HO-1 expression protects against podocyte apoptosis under diabetic conditions.
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