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Vallée M. Advances in steroid research from the pioneering neurosteroid concept to metabolomics: New insights into pregnenolone function. Front Neuroendocrinol 2024; 72:101113. [PMID: 37993022 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2023.101113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Advances in neuroendocrinology have led to major discoveries since the 19th century, identifying adaptive loops for maintaining homeostasis. One of the most remarkable discoveries was the concept of neurosteroids, according to which the brain is not only a target but also a source of steroid production. The identification of new membrane steroid targets now underpins the neuromodulatory effects of neurosteroids such as pregnenolone, which is involved in functions mediated by the GPCR CB1 receptor. Structural analysis of steroids is a key feature of their interactions with the phospholipid membrane, receptors and resulting activity. Therefore, mass spectrometry-based methods have been developed to elucidate the metabolic pathways of steroids, the ultimate approach being metabolomics, which allows the identification of a large number of metabolites in a single sample. This approach should enable us to make progress in understanding the role of neurosteroids in the functioning of physiological and pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Vallée
- University Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.
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2
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Froger N. [New therapeutic avenues for neurosteroids in psychiatric diseases]. Biol Aujourdhui 2020; 213:131-140. [PMID: 31829933 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2019023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Discovered in the eighties by Pr Baulieu and colleagues, neurosteroids are a class of neuroactive brain-born steroids, which comprises the steroid hormones, their biosynthesis precursors and their metabolites. They can act through genomic as well as non-genomic pathways. Genomic pathways, only triggered by the neurosteroid hormones, are, in the brain, the same as those largely described in the periphery: the binding of these steroid hormones to nuclear receptors leads to transcription regulations. On the other hand, their precursors and metabolites, such as pregnenolone (PREG), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), their respective sulfate esters, pregnenolone sulfate (PREG-S) and DHEA sulfate (DHEA-S) and allopregnanolone (ALLOP), are defined as neurosteroids, but no corresponding nuclear receptors have been identified so far. In fact, they trigger non-genomic pathways which consist in (i) inhibitory ionotropic receptors, (ii) excitatory ionotropic receptors and (iii) the microtubular system. Hence, inhibitory neurosteroids, whose mostly studied representative is ALLOP, positively modulate, or directly activate, the ionotropic GABA-A receptors. In contrast, excitatory neurosteroids, represented by PREG-S, DHEA-S and DHEA, inhibit the GABA-A receptors, and activate, directly or indirectly, through the sigma-1 receptors, the NMDA glutamate receptors. Neurosteroids of the third group, the microtubular neurosteroids, are able to bind microtubule associated proteins, in particular MAP2, to promote microtubule assembly, neurite outgrowth and in fine structural neuroplasticity. So far, PREG, DHEA and progesterone are the three identified microtubular neurosteroids. The pharmacological properties of neurosteroids have led to specific investigations for assessing their therapeutic potentialities in psychiatric diseases, using validated animal models. In some cases, clinical trials were also performed. These studies showed that ALLOP, the main inhibitory neurosteroid, displayed clear-cut anxiolytic-like and antidepressant-like efficacy in animals. It has been subsequently developed as Brexanolone and tested with success in phase III of clinical trials for the treatment of post-partum depression. Although showing pro-cognitive properties in animals, the sulfated neurosteroids, PREG-S and DHEA-S, were, in contrast, never tested in clinical trials, probably due to their poor stability and proconvulsivant side effects. Their respective non-sulfated forms, PREG and DHEA, showed antidepressant and antipsychotic efficacies in clinical trials, but these drugs never reached the phase III of clinical development because their therapeutic uses would have led to an overproduction of active metabolites responsible for intolerable side effects. The alternative strategy which has been selected consists of the development of non-metabolizable synthetic derivatives of these natural steroids, which keep the same neuroactive properties as their parent molecules, but are devoid of any hormonal side effects. An example of such innovative drugs is MAP4343, a synthetic derivative of PREG, which exhibits potent antidepressant-like efficacy in validated animal models. It is currently tested in depressed patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Froger
- MAPREG SAS, CHU Bicêtre, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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3
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Tsutsui K, Haraguchi S. Neuroprotective actions of cerebellar and pineal allopregnanolone on Purkinje cells. FASEB Bioadv 2020; 2:149-159. [PMID: 32161904 PMCID: PMC7059624 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2019-00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain produces steroids de novo from cholesterol, so‐called “neurosteroids.” The Purkinje cell, a cerebellar neuron, was discovered as a major site of the biosynthesis of neurosteroids including sex steroids, such as progesterone, from cholesterol in the brain. Allopregnanolone, a progesterone metabolite, is also synthesized in the cerebellum and acts on the Purkinje cell to prevent cell death of this neuron. Recently, the pineal gland was discovered as an important site of the biosynthesis of neurosteroids. Allopregnanolone, a major pineal neurosteroid, acts on the Purkinje cell for the survival of this neuron by suppressing the expression of caspase‐3, a crucial mediator of apoptosis. This review summarizes the discovery of cerebellar and pineal allopregnanolone and its neuroprotective action on Purkinje cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyoshi Tsutsui
- Laboratory of Integrative Brain Sciences Department of Biology Waseda University Center for Medical Life Science of Waseda University Tokyo Japan
| | - Shogo Haraguchi
- Laboratory of Integrative Brain Sciences Department of Biology Waseda University Center for Medical Life Science of Waseda University Tokyo Japan.,Department of Biochemistry Showa University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
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Melková K, Zapletal V, Narasimhan S, Jansen S, Hritz J, Škrabana R, Zweckstetter M, Ringkjøbing Jensen M, Blackledge M, Žídek L. Structure and Functions of Microtubule Associated Proteins Tau and MAP2c: Similarities and Differences. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9030105. [PMID: 30884818 PMCID: PMC6468450 DOI: 10.3390/biom9030105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The stability and dynamics of cytoskeleton in brain nerve cells are regulated by microtubule associated proteins (MAPs), tau and MAP2. Both proteins are intrinsically disordered and involved in multiple molecular interactions important for normal physiology and pathology of chronic neurodegenerative diseases. Nuclear magnetic resonance and cryo-electron microscopy recently revealed propensities of MAPs to form transient local structures and long-range contacts in the free state, and conformations adopted in complexes with microtubules and filamentous actin, as well as in pathological aggregates. In this paper, we compare the longest, 441-residue brain isoform of tau (tau40), and a 467-residue isoform of MAP2, known as MAP2c. For both molecules, we present transient structural motifs revealed by conformational analysis of experimental data obtained for free soluble forms of the proteins. We show that many of the short sequence motifs that exhibit transient structural features are linked to functional properties, manifested by specific interactions. The transient structural motifs can be therefore classified as molecular recognition elements of tau40 and MAP2c. Their interactions are further regulated by post-translational modifications, in particular phosphorylation. The structure-function analysis also explains differences between biological activities of tau40 and MAP2c.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateřina Melková
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
- Faculty of Science, National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Vojtěch Zapletal
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
- Faculty of Science, National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Subhash Narasimhan
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Séverine Jansen
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Jozef Hritz
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Rostislav Škrabana
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 10 Bratislava, Slovakia.
- Axon Neuroscience R&D Services SE, Dvořákovo nábrežie 10, 811 02 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Markus Zweckstetter
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Von-Siebold-Str. 3a, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.
- Department of NMR-Based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | | | | | - Lukáš Žídek
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
- Faculty of Science, National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
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Schverer M, Lanfumey L, Baulieu EE, Froger N, Villey I. Neurosteroids: non-genomic pathways in neuroplasticity and involvement in neurological diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 191:190-206. [PMID: 29953900 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Neurosteroids are neuroactive brain-born steroids. They can act through non-genomic and/or through genomic pathways. Genomic pathways are largely described for steroid hormones: the binding to nuclear receptors leads to transcription regulation. Pregnenolone, Dehydroepiandrosterone, their respective sulfate esters and Allopregnanolone have no corresponding nuclear receptor identified so far whereas some of their non-genomic targets have been identified. Neuroplasticity is the capacity that neuronal networks have to change their structure and function in response to biological and/or environmental signals; it is regulated by several mechanisms, including those that involve neurosteroids. In this review, after a description of their biosynthesis, the effects of Pregnenolone, Dehydroepiandrosterone, their respective sulfate esters and Allopregnanolone on their targets will be exposed. We then shall highlight that neurosteroids, by acting on these targets, can regulate neurogenesis, structural and functional plasticity. Finally, we will discuss the therapeutic potential of neurosteroids in the pathophysiology of neurological diseases in which alterations of neuroplasticity are associated with changes in neurosteroid levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Schverer
- Inserm U894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Université Paris Descartes, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Laurence Lanfumey
- Inserm U894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Université Paris Descartes, 75014 Paris, France.
| | - Etienne-Emile Baulieu
- MAPREG SAS, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Inserm UMR 1195, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
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Lee TW, Tumanov S, Villas-Bôas SG, Montgomery JM, Birch NP. Chemicals eluting from disposable plastic syringes and syringe filters alter neurite growth, axogenesis and the microtubule cytoskeleton in cultured hippocampal neurons. J Neurochem 2015; 133:53-65. [PMID: 25522164 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cultures of dissociated hippocampal neurons are often used to study neuronal cell biology. We report that the development of these neurons is strongly affected by chemicals leaching from commonly used disposable medical-grade syringes and syringe filters. Contamination of culture medium by bioactive substance(s) from syringes and filters occurred with multiple manufacturing lots and filter types under normal use conditions and resulted in changes to neurite growth, axon formation and the neuronal microtubule cytoskeleton. The effects on neuronal morphology were concentration dependent and significant effects were detected even after substantial dilution of the contaminated medium. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses revealed many chemicals eluting from the syringes and filters. Three of these chemicals (stearic acid, palmitic acid and 1,2-ethanediol monoacetate) were tested but showed no effects on neurite growth. Similar changes in neuronal morphology were seen with high concentrations of bisphenol A and dibutyl phthalate, two hormonally active plasticisers. Although no such compounds were detected by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, unknown plasticisers in leachates may affect neurites. This is the first study to show that leachates from laboratory consumables can alter the growth of cultured hippocampal neurons. We highlight important considerations to ensure leachate contamination does not compromise cell biology experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tet Woo Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Hamasaki M, Matsumura S, Satou A, Takahashi C, Oda Y, Higashiura C, Ishihama Y, Toyoshima F. Pregnenolone functions in centriole cohesion during mitosis. CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 2014; 21:1707-21. [PMID: 25525990 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cell division is controlled by a multitude of protein enzymes, but little is known about roles of metabolites in this mechanism. Here, we show that pregnenolone (P5), a steroid that is produced from cholesterol by the steroidogenic enzyme Cyp11a1, has an essential role in centriole cohesion during mitosis. During prometa-metaphase, P5 is accumulated around the spindle poles. Depletion of P5 induces multipolar spindles that result from premature centriole disengagement, which are rescued by ectopic introduction of P5, but not its downstream metabolites, into the cells. Premature centriole disengagement, induced by loss of P5, is not a result of precocious activation of separase, a key factor for the centriole disengagement in anaphase. Rather, P5 directly binds to the N-terminal coiled-coil domain of short-form of shugoshin 1 (sSgo1), a protector for centriole cohesion and recruits it to spindle poles in mitosis. Our results thus reveal a steroid-mediated centriole protection mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Hamasaki
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shigeru Matsumura
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Ayaka Satou
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BioAnalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Chisato Takahashi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BioAnalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yukako Oda
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Chika Higashiura
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yasushi Ishihama
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BioAnalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Fumiko Toyoshima
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
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9
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Becker B, Cooper MA. A survey of the 2006-2009 quartz crystal microbalance biosensor literature. J Mol Recognit 2011; 24:754-87. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.1117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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10
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Short- and long-term treatment with estradiol or progesterone modifies the expression of GFAP, MAP2 and Tau in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Life Sci 2011; 89:123-8. [PMID: 21683086 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2011.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Revised: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We analyzed the effects of the short- and long-term administration of estradiol (E2) or progesterone (P4) after ovariectomy on the expression of MAP2, Tau and GFAP in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. MAIN METHODS Sprague Dawley rats were ovariectomized and immediately treated with E2 or P4 for 2 or 18 weeks. At the end of treatments, hippocampus and prefrontal cortex were excised, proteins were extracted and MAP2, Tau and GFAP were analyzed by Western blot. KEY FINDINGS MAP2 and Tau content was not modified by E2 in the prefrontal cortex. On the contrary, P4 decreased MAP2 content after a short-term treatment, while it increased that of MAP2 and TAU in this brain region after a long-term treatment. E2 increased MAP2 content in hippocampus. In this region, short-term administration of P4 increased that of MAP2. GFAP content was diminished after a long-term administration of P4 in hippocampus. SIGNIFICANCE Current data emphasize the importance of short- and long-term sex steroid treatment on neuronal and glial cytoskeletal proteins expression.
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Lodde V, Peluso JJ. A novel role for progesterone and progesterone receptor membrane component 1 in regulating spindle microtubule stability during rat and human ovarian cell mitosis. Biol Reprod 2010; 84:715-22. [PMID: 21148105 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.110.088385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The present studies were designed to assess the roles of progesterone (P4) and Progesterone Receptor Membrane Component 1 (PGRMC1) in regulating mitosis of spontaneously immortalized granulosa cells (SIGCs) and ovarian cancer cells, SKOV-3 cells. Because PGRMC1 has been detected among the proteins of the human mitotic spindle, we theorized that P4 and PGRMC1 could affect mitosis through a microtubule-dependent process. The present study confirms that SIGC growth is slowed by either P4 treatment or transfection of a PGRMC1 antibody. In both cases, slower cell proliferation was accompanied by an increased percentage of mitotic cells, which is consistent with a P4-induced prolongation of the M phase of the cell cycle. In addition, P4 increased the stability of the spindle microtubules, as assessed by the rate of beta-tubulin disassembly in response to cooling. Also, P4 increased spindle microtubule stability of SKOV-3 cells. This effect was mimicked by the depletion of PGRMC1 in these cells. Importantly, P4 did not increase the stability of the microtubules over that observed in PGRMC1-depleted SKOV-3 cells. Immunofluorescent analysis revealed that PGRMC1 is distributed to the spindle apparatus as well as to the centrosomes at metaphase. Further in situ proximity ligation assay revealed that PGRMC1 interacted with beta-tubulin. Taken together, these results suggest that P4 inhibits mitosis of ovarian cells by increasing the stability of the mitotic spindle. Moreover, P4's actions appear to be dependent on PGRMC1's function within the mitotic spindle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Lodde
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
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Matsunaga H, Mizota K, Uchida H, Uchida T, Ueda H. Endocrine disrupting chemicals bind to a novel receptor, microtubule-associated protein 2, and positively and negatively regulate dendritic outgrowth in hippocampal neurons. J Neurochem 2010; 114:1333-43. [PMID: 20534002 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06847.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The present study demonstrates a novel high-affinity neuronal target for endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), which potentially cause psychological disorders. EDCs competitively inhibited the binding of bovine serum albumin-conjugated progesterone to recombinant human microtubule-associated protein 2C (rhMAP2C) with an inhibition constant at picomolar levels. In the rhMAP2C-stimulated tubulin assembly assay, agonistic enhancement was observed with dibutyl phthalate and pentachlorphenol and pregnenolone, while an inverse agonistic effect was observed with 4-nonylphenol. In contrast, progesterone and many of the EDCs, including bisphenol A, antagonized the pregnenolone-induced enhancement of rhMAP2C-stimulated tubulin assembly. These agonistic and inverse agonistic actions were not observed in tubulin assembly stimulated with Delta1-71 rhMAP2C, which lacks the steroid-binding site. Using a dark-field microscopy, pregnenolone and pentachlorphenol were observed to generate characteristic filamentous microtubules in a progesterone- or bisphenol A-reversible manner. In cultured hippocampal neurons, similar agonist-antagonist relationships were reproduced in terms of dendritic outgrowth. Fluorescent recovery after photobleaching of hippocampal neurons showed that pregnenolone and agonistic EDCs enhanced, but that 4-nonylphenol inhibited the MAP2-mediated neurite outgrowth in a progesterone- or antagonistic EDC-reversible manner. Furthermore, none of the examined effects were affected by mifepristone or ICI-182,786 i.e. the classical progesterone and estrogen receptor antagonists. Taken together, these results suggest that EDCs cause a wide variety of significant disturbances to dendritic outgrowth in hippocampal neurons, which may lead to psychological disorders following chronic exposure during early neuronal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Matsunaga
- Division of Molecular Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
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