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Duval C, Bourreau E, Warrick E, Bastien P, Nouveau S, Bernerd F. A chronic pro-inflammatory environment contributes to the physiopathology of actinic lentigines. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5256. [PMID: 38438410 PMCID: PMC10912228 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53990-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Actinic lentigines (AL) or age spots, are skin hyperpigmented lesions associated with age and chronic sun exposure. To better understand the physiopathology of AL, we have characterized the inflammation response in AL of European and Japanese volunteers. Gene expression profile showed that in both populations, 10% of the modulated genes in AL versus adjacent non lesional skin (NL), i.e. 31 genes, are associated with inflammation/immune process. A pro-inflammatory environment in AL is strongly suggested by the activation of the arachidonic acid cascade and the plasmin pathway leading to prostaglandin production, along with the decrease of anti-inflammatory cytokines and the identification of inflammatory upstream regulators. Furthermore, in line with the over-expression of genes associated with the recruitment and activation of immune cells, immunostaining on skin sections revealed a significant infiltration of CD68+ macrophages and CD4+ T-cells in the dermis of AL. Strikingly, investigation of infiltrated macrophage subsets evidenced a significant increase of pro-inflammatory CD80+/CD68+ M1 macrophages in AL compared to NL. In conclusion, a chronic inflammation, sustained by pro-inflammatory mediators and infiltration of immune cells, particularly pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages, takes place in AL. This pro-inflammatory loop should be thus broken to normalize skin and improve the efficacy of age spot treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Emilie Warrick
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, Aulnay Sous Bois, France
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Ishikawa H, Shindo A, Mizutani A, Tomimoto H, Lo EH, Arai K. A brief overview of a mouse model of cerebral hypoperfusion by bilateral carotid artery stenosis. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2023; 43:18-36. [PMID: 36883344 PMCID: PMC10638994 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x231154597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) refers to all forms of cognitive disorder related to cerebrovascular diseases, including vascular mild cognitive impairment, post-stroke dementia, multi-infarct dementia, subcortical ischemic vascular dementia (SIVD), and mixed dementia. Among the causes of VCI, more attention has been paid to SIVD because the causative cerebral small vessel pathologies are frequently observed in elderly people and because the gradual progression of cognitive decline often mimics Alzheimer's disease. In most cases, small vessel diseases are accompanied by cerebral hypoperfusion. In mice, prolonged cerebral hypoperfusion is induced by bilateral carotid artery stenosis (BCAS) with surgically implanted metal micro-coils. This cerebral hypoperfusion BCAS model was proposed as a SIVD mouse model in 2004, and the spreading use of this mouse SIVD model has provided novel data regarding cognitive dysfunction and histological/genetic changes by cerebral hypoperfusion. Oxidative stress, microvascular injury, excitotoxicity, blood-brain barrier dysfunction, and secondary inflammation may be the main mechanisms of brain damage due to prolonged cerebral hypoperfusion, and some potential therapeutic targets for SIVD have been proposed by using transgenic mice or clinically used drugs in BCAS studies. This review article overviews findings from the studies that used this hypoperfused-SIVD mouse model, which were published between 2004 and 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidehiro Ishikawa
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Akihiro Shindo
- Department of Neurology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Akane Mizutani
- Department of Neurology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Tomimoto
- Department of Neurology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Eng H Lo
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Ken Arai
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
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Zhao K, Li Y, Qiu Y, Huang R, Lin M, Chen L, Liu Y. Norkurarinone and isoxanthohumol inhibit high glucose and hypoxia-induced angiogenesis via improving oxidative stress and regulating autophagy in human retinal microvascular endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 634:20-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.09.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Yoshimoto T, Saito S, Omae K, Hattori Y, Fukuma K, Kitamura K, Kakuta R, Kita T, Maruyama H, Yamamoto H, Ihara M. Study Protocol for a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Phase-II Trial: AdrenoMedullin for Ischemic Stroke Study. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2021; 30:105761. [PMID: 33813084 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2021.105761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Adrenomedullin (AM), a vasoactive peptide, has strong anti-inflammatory and angiogenic properties, which have been reported to ameliorate the consequences of ischemic stroke in several animal models. After a phase I study in healthy volunteers, two phase II trials of AM for inflammatory bowel diseases have been recently completed. The current AdrenoMedullin For Ischemic Stroke (AMFIS) study aims to assess the safety and efficacy of AM in patients with acute ischemic stroke. MATERIALS AND METHODS The AMFIS study is an investigator-initiated, randomized, double-blind, phase-II trial. AM or placebo will be administered to patients with non-cardioembolic ischemic stroke within 24 h after stroke onset. In the first cohort of the AMFIS study, patients will be randomly allocated to the investigation treatment A (30 μg/kg of AM in total for 7 days, n = 20) or placebo group (n = 10). In the second cohort, patients will be assigned to the investigation treatment B (56 μg/kg of AM in total for 7 days, n = 20) or placebo group (n = 10). RESULTS Serious adverse events related to the protocol treatment will be evaluated as the primary outcome. All adverse events will be analyzed as the secondary outcome. Regarding efficacy endpoints, the change in National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale and modified Rankin Scale scores will be compared between investigation treatment and placebo groups. CONCLUSIONS AM is expected to be a safe and effective treatment for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Yoshimoto
- Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, 6-1 Kishibe-Shimmachi, Suita, Osaka 564-8565, Japan; Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Saito
- Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, 6-1 Kishibe-Shimmachi, Suita, Osaka 564-8565, Japan; Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan.
| | - Katsuhiro Omae
- Department of Data Science, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan.
| | - Yorito Hattori
- Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, 6-1 Kishibe-Shimmachi, Suita, Osaka 564-8565, Japan.
| | - Kazuki Fukuma
- Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, 6-1 Kishibe-Shimmachi, Suita, Osaka 564-8565, Japan.
| | - Kazuo Kitamura
- Division of Circulatory and Body Fluid Regulation, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.
| | - Ryosuke Kakuta
- Department of Data Science, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan.
| | - Toshihiro Kita
- Division of Circulatory and Body Fluid Regulation, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.
| | - Hirofumi Maruyama
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
| | - Haruko Yamamoto
- Department of Data Science, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan.
| | - Masafumi Ihara
- Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, 6-1 Kishibe-Shimmachi, Suita, Osaka 564-8565, Japan.
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Ihara M, Washida K, Yoshimoto T, Saito S. Adrenomedullin: A vasoactive agent for sporadic and hereditary vascular cognitive impairment. CEREBRAL CIRCULATION - COGNITION AND BEHAVIOR 2021; 2:100007. [PMID: 36324729 PMCID: PMC9616331 DOI: 10.1016/j.cccb.2021.100007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Adrenomedullin (AM) is an endogenous peptide mainly secreted from endothelial cells, which has multiple physiological actions such as anti-inflammation, vasodilation, vascular permeability regulation and angiogenesis. Blood AM levels are upregulated in a variety of pathological states including sepsis, severe COVID-19, acute ischemic stroke and vascular cognitive impairment with white matter changes, likely serving as a compensatory biological defense response against infection and ischemia. AM is currently being tested in clinical trials for ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, severe COVID-19 for its anti-inflammatory properties and in ischemic stroke for its additional angiogenic action. AM has been proposed as a therapeutic option for vascular cognitive impairment as its arteriogenic and angiogenic properties are thought to contribute to a slowing of cognitive decline in mice after chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. As AM promotes differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells into mature oligodendrocytes under hypoxic conditions, AM could also be used in the treatment of CADASIL, where reduced oxygen delivery is thought to lead to the death of hypoxia-prone oligodendrocytes. AM therefore holds potential as an innovative therapeutic drug, which may regenerate blood vessels, while controlling inflammation in cerebrovascular diseases.
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Endogenous calcitonin gene-related peptide suppresses ischemic brain injuries and progression of cognitive decline. J Hypertens 2019; 36:876-891. [PMID: 29266061 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000001649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a 37-amino acid peptide and produced by alternative splicing of the transcript of the calcitonin/CGRP gene. Originally identified as a strong vasodilatory and hypotensive peptide, CGRP is now known to be a pleiotropic molecule distributed in various organs, including the brain. METHOD In this study, we used CGRP knockout mice (CGRP-/-) to examine the actions of endogenous CGRP during cerebral ischemia. To induce acute and chronic cerebral ischemia, mice were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and bilateral common carotid artery stenosis (BCAS). RESULTS In the cerebral cortex of wild-type mice, CGRP expression was upregulated after acute infarction. In CGRP-/- subjected to MCAO or BCAS, recovery of cerebral blood flow was slower and exhibited more extensive neuronal cell death. Expression of the inflammatory cytokines was higher in CGRP-/- than wild type in the acute phase of ischemia. Pathological analysis during the chronic phase revealed more extensive neuronal cell loss and demyelination and higher levels of oxidative stress in CGRP-/- than wild-type. CGRP-/- also showed less compensatory capillary growth. In an eight-arm radial maze test, CGRP-/- exhibited poorer reference memory than wild-type. On the other hand, CGRP administration promoted cerebral blood flow recovery after cerebral ischemia. We also found that CGRP directly inhibited the cell death of primary cortical neurons. CONCLUSION These results indicate endogenous CGRP is protective against ischemia-induced neuronal cell injury. CGRP could, thus, be a novel candidate for use in the treatment of both cerebral ischemia and progression of cognitive decline.
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Hase Y, Horsburgh K, Ihara M, Kalaria RN. White matter degeneration in vascular and other ageing-related dementias. J Neurochem 2018; 144:617-633. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Hase
- Neurovascular Research Group; Institute of Neuroscience; Newcastle University; Newcastle Upon Tyne UK
| | - Karen Horsburgh
- Centre for Neuroregeneration; University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh UK
| | - Masafumi Ihara
- Department of Neurology; National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center; Suita Osaka Japan
| | - Raj N. Kalaria
- Neurovascular Research Group; Institute of Neuroscience; Newcastle University; Newcastle Upon Tyne UK
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Kuriyama N, Ihara M, Mizuno T, Ozaki E, Matsui D, Watanabe I, Koyama T, Kondo M, Tokuda T, Tamura A, Yamada K, Akazawa K, Takeda K, Takada A, Mizuno S, Nakagawa M, Watanabe Y. Association between Mid-Regional Proadrenomedullin Levels and Progression of Deep White Matter Lesions in the Brain Accompanying Cognitive Decline. J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 56:1253-1262. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-160901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nagato Kuriyama
- Departments of Epidemiology for Community Health and Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masafumi Ihara
- Department of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Division of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshiki Mizuno
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Etsuko Ozaki
- Departments of Epidemiology for Community Health and Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Daisuke Matsui
- Departments of Epidemiology for Community Health and Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Isao Watanabe
- Departments of Epidemiology for Community Health and Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Teruhide Koyama
- Departments of Epidemiology for Community Health and Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masaki Kondo
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takahiko Tokuda
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Aiko Tamura
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kei Yamada
- Department of Radiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kentaro Akazawa
- Department of Radiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuo Takeda
- Kyoto Industrial Health Association, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Shigeto Mizuno
- Department of Endoscopy, Kindai University Nara Hospital, Japan
| | - Masanori Nakagawa
- North Medical Center, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Watanabe
- Departments of Epidemiology for Community Health and Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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Tanaka M, Koyama T, Sakurai T, Kamiyoshi A, Ichikawa-Shindo Y, Kawate H, Liu T, Xian X, Imai A, Zhai L, Hirabayashi K, Owa S, Yamauchi A, Igarashi K, Taniguchi S, Shindo T. The endothelial adrenomedullin-RAMP2 system regulates vascular integrity and suppresses tumour metastasis. Cardiovasc Res 2016; 111:398-409. [PMID: 27307317 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvw166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Controlling vascular integrity is expected to be a novel therapeutic target of cancers as well as cardiovascular diseases. Adrenomedullin (AM) and its receptor-modulating protein, RAMP2, have been identified as essential mediators of cardiovascular homeostasis. In this study, we used inducible vascular endothelial cell-specific RAMP2 knockout (DI-E-RAMP2(-/-)) mice to clarify the contribution made by the endogenous AM-RAMP2 system to angiogenesis and metastasis. METHODS AND RESULTS Subcutaneously transplanted sarcoma or melanoma cells showed less growth and angiogenesis in DI-E-RAMP2(-/-) than in control mice. On the other hand, after the transplantation of B16BL6 melanoma cells into hindlimb footpads, spontaneous metastasis to the lung was enhanced in DI-E-RAMP2(-/-) mice. Early after RAMP2 gene deletion, DI-E-RAMP2(-/-) mice showed enhanced vascular permeability, endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndMT)-like change, and systemic oedema. Within the lungs of DI-E-RAMP2(-/-) mice, pulmonary endothelial cells were deformed, and inflammatory cells infiltrated the vessel walls and expressed the chemotactic factors S100A8/9 and SAA3, which attract tumour cells and mediate the formation of a pre-metastatic niche. Conversely, the overexpression of RAMP2 suppressed tumour cell adhesion to endothelial cells, tumour metastasis, and improved survival. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that the AM-RAMP2 system regulates vascular integrity, whereas RAMP2 deletion promotes vascular permeability and EndMT-like change within primary lesions and formation of pre-metastatic niches in distant organs by destabilizing the vascular structure and inducing inflammation. Vascular integrity regulated by the AM-RAMP2 system could thus be a hopeful therapeutic target for suppressing tumour metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumu Tanaka
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Asahi 3-1-1, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
| | - Teruhide Koyama
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Asahi 3-1-1, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
| | - Takayuki Sakurai
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Asahi 3-1-1, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
| | - Akiko Kamiyoshi
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Asahi 3-1-1, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
| | - Yuka Ichikawa-Shindo
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Asahi 3-1-1, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
| | - Hisaka Kawate
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Asahi 3-1-1, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
| | - Tian Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Asahi 3-1-1, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
| | - Xian Xian
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Asahi 3-1-1, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
| | - Akira Imai
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Asahi 3-1-1, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
| | - Liuyu Zhai
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Asahi 3-1-1, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Hirabayashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Asahi 3-1-1, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
| | - Shinji Owa
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Asahi 3-1-1, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
| | - Akihiro Yamauchi
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Asahi 3-1-1, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
| | - Kyoko Igarashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Asahi 3-1-1, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
| | - Shun'ichiro Taniguchi
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Asahi 3-1-1, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
| | - Takayuki Shindo
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Asahi 3-1-1, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
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Maki T, Takahashi Y, Miyamoto N, Liang AC, Ihara M, Lo EH, Arai K. Adrenomedullin promotes differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells into myelin-basic-protein expressing oligodendrocytes under pathological conditions in vitro. Stem Cell Res 2015; 15:68-74. [PMID: 26002630 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes, which are the main cell type in cerebral white matter, are generated from their precursor cells (oligodendrocyte precursor cells: OPCs). However, the differentiation from OPCs to oligodendrocytes is disturbed under stressed conditions. Therefore, drugs that can improve oligodendrocyte regeneration may be effective for white matter-related diseases. Here we show that a vasoactive peptide adrenomedullin (AM) promotes the in vitro differentiation of OPCs under pathological conditions. Primary OPCs were prepared from neonatal rat brains, and differentiated into myelin-basic-protein expressing oligodendrocytes over time. This in vitro OPC differentiation was inhibited by prolonged chemical hypoxic stress induced by non-lethal CoCl(2) treatment. However, AM promoted the OPC differentiation under the hypoxic stress conditions, and the AM receptor antagonist AM(22-52) canceled the AM-induced OPC differentiation. In addition, AM treatment increased the phosphorylation level of Akt in OPC cultures, and correspondingly, the PI3K/Akt inhibitor LY294002 blocked the AM-induced OPC differentiation. Taken together, AM treatment rescued OPC maturation under pathological conditions via an AM-receptor-PI3K/Akt pathway. Oligodendrocytes play critical roles in white matter by forming myelin sheath. Therefore, AM signaling may be a promising therapeutic target to boost oligodendrocyte regeneration in CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takakuni Maki
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, MA General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Yoko Takahashi
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, MA General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, USA; Department of Developmental Neuroscience, United Centers for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Nobukazu Miyamoto
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, MA General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Anna C Liang
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, MA General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Masafumi Ihara
- Department of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Eng H Lo
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, MA General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Ken Arai
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, MA General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, USA.
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Marcelo A, Bix G. The potential role of perlecan domain V as novel therapy in vascular dementia. Metab Brain Dis 2015; 30:1-5. [PMID: 24964971 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-014-9576-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Vascular dementia (VaD) is the second most common cause of dementia and leads to a decline in cognitive thinking via conditions that lead to blockage or reduced blood flow to the brain. It is a poorly understood disease, and the changes that occur are often linked to other types of dementia such as Alzheimer's disease. To date, there are no approved therapies or drugs to treat the symptoms of VaD, even though there is some evidence of drugs approved for Alzheimer's that might have some benefit in patients diagnosed with VaD. The altered blood flow that precedes VaD may result in compensatory mechanisms, such as angiogenesis, to increase blood flow in the brain. Angiogenesis, the process of new blood vessel formations from pre-existing ones, involves several pro-angiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and is regulated by a variety of growth factors from neurons, astrocytes, and pericytes in the brain as well the extracellular matrix (ECM). The ECM highly regulates angiogenesis and other processes in the brain. One such ECM component is the heparan sulfate proteoglycan perlecan and its bioactive region, Domain V (DV). Here we discuss the potential role of DV as a novel therapy to treat VaD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aileen Marcelo
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology and Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, 430 Sanders Brown Building, 800 S. Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, 40536-0230, USA
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12
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Igarashi K, Sakurai T, Kamiyoshi A, Ichikawa-Shindo Y, Kawate H, Yamauchi A, Toriyama Y, Tanaka M, Liu T, Xian X, Imai A, Zhai L, Owa S, Koyama T, Uetake R, Ihara M, Shindo T. Pathophysiological roles of adrenomedullin-RAMP2 system in acute and chronic cerebral ischemia. Peptides 2014; 62:21-31. [PMID: 25252154 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The accessory protein RAMP2 is a component of the CLR/RAMP2 dimeric adrenomedullin (AM) receptor and is the primary determinant of the vascular functionality of AM. RAMP2 is highly expressed in the brain; however, its function there remains unclear. We therefore used heterozygous RAMP2 knockout (RAMP2+/-) mice, in which RAMP2 expression was reduced by half, to examine the actions of the endogenous AM-RAMP2 system in cerebral ischemia. To induce acute or chronic ischemia, mice were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) or bilateral common carotid artery stenosis (BCAS), respectively. In RAMP2+/- mice subjected to MCAO, recovery of cerebral blood flow (CBF) was slower than in WT mice. AM gene expression was upregulated after infarction in both genotypes, but the increase was greater in RAMP2+/- mice. Pathological analysis revealed severe nerve cell death and demyelination, and a higher level of oxidative stress in RAMP2+/- mice. In RAMP2+/- mice subjected to BCAS, recovery of cerebral perfusion was slower and less complete than in WT mice. In an 8-arm radial maze test, RAMP2+/- mice required more time to solve the maze and showed poorer reference memory. They also showed greater reductions in nerve cells and less compensatory capillary growth than WT mice. These results indicate the AM-RAMP2 system works to protect nerve cells from both acute and chronic cerebral ischemia by maintaining CBF, suppressing oxidative stress, and in the case of chronic ischemia, enhancing capillary growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Igarashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Takayuki Sakurai
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Akiko Kamiyoshi
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Yuka Ichikawa-Shindo
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Hisaka Kawate
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Akihiro Yamauchi
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Yuichi Toriyama
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Megumu Tanaka
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Tian Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Xian Xian
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Akira Imai
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Liuyu Zhai
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Shinji Owa
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Teruhide Koyama
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Uetake
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Masafumi Ihara
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Research Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takayuki Shindo
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan.
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Ihara M, Taguchi A, Maki T, Washida K, Tomimoto H. A mouse model of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion characterizing features of vascular cognitive impairment. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1135:95-102. [PMID: 24510857 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0320-7_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Vascular dementia or vascular cognitive impairment occurs as a result of persistently compromised blood flow to the brain and represents the second most common type of dementia after Alzheimer's disease. In order to investigate its underlying mechanisms, a mouse model of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion has been developed, which involves the narrowing of the bilateral common carotid arteries with newly designed microcoils. This mouse model provides a unique platform to investigate the mechanisms of angiogenesis following chronic cerebral hypoperfusion and to explore potential drugs or cell therapies designed to enhance angiogenesis as a preclinical step toward developing novel treatments for dementia of vascular origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Ihara
- Department of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
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14
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Sato T, Takahashi M, Fujita D, Oba S, Nishimatsu H, Nagano T, Suzuki E. Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Stimulate Reendothelialization in Stented Rat Abdominal Aorta. Circ J 2014; 78:1762-9. [DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-13-1579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Sato
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo
| | - Masao Takahashi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo
| | - Daishi Fujita
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo
| | - Shigeyoshi Oba
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo
| | | | - Tetsuo Nagano
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo
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15
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Miyamoto N, Pham LDD, Seo JH, Kim KW, Lo EH, Arai K. Crosstalk between cerebral endothelium and oligodendrocyte. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 71:1055-66. [PMID: 24132511 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1488-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
It is now relatively well accepted that the cerebrovascular system does not merely provide inert pipes for blood delivery to the brain. Cerebral endothelial cells may compose an embedded bunker of trophic factors that contribute to brain homeostasis and function. Recent findings suggest that soluble factors from cerebral endothelial cells nourish neighboring cells, such as neurons and astrocytes. Although data are strongest in supporting mechanisms of endothelial-neuron and/or endothelial-astrocyte trophic coupling, it is likely that similar interactions also exist between cerebral endothelial cells and oligodendrocyte lineage cells. In this mini-review, we summarize current advances in the field of endothelial-oligodendrocyte trophic coupling. These endothelial-oligodendrocyte interactions may comprise the oligovascular niche to maintain their cellular functions and sustain ongoing angiogenesis/oligodendrogenesis. Importantly, it should be noted that the cell-cell interactions are not static-the trophic coupling is disturbed under acute phase after brain injury, but would be recovered in the chronic phase to promote brain remodeling and repair. Oligodendrocyte lineage cells play critical roles in white matter function, and under pathological conditions, oligodendrocyte dysfunction lead to white matter damage. Therefore, a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of endothelial-oligodendrocyte trophic coupling may lead to new therapeutic approaches for white matter-related diseases, such as stroke or vascular dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobukazu Miyamoto
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, MGH East 149-2401, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
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16
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Wang L, Li C, Chen Y, Dong S, Chen X, Zhou Y. Poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid/nanohydroxyapatite scaffold containing chitosan microspheres with adrenomedullin delivery for modulation activity of osteoblasts and vascular endothelial cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:530712. [PMID: 23841075 PMCID: PMC3693124 DOI: 10.1155/2013/530712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Adrenomedullin (ADM) is a bioactive regulatory peptide that affects migration and proliferation of diverse cell types, including endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and osteoblast-like cells. This study investigated the effects of sustained release of ADM on the modulation activity of osteoblasts and vascular endothelial cells in vitro. Chitosan microspheres (CMs) were developed for ADM delivery. Poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid and nano-hydroxyapatite were used to prepare scaffolds containing microspheres with ADM. The CMs showed rough surface morphology and high porosity, and they were well-distributed. The scaffolds exhibited relatively uniform pore sizes with interconnected pores. The addition of CMs improved the mechanical properties of the scaffolds without affecting their high porosity. In vitro degradation tests indicated that the addition of CMs increased the water absorption of the scaffolds and inhibited pH decline of phosphate-buffered saline medium. The expression levels of osteogenic-related and angiogenic-related genes were determined in MG63 cells and in human umbilical vein endothelial cells cultured on the scaffolds, respectively. The expression levels of osteogenic-related and angiogenic-related proteins were also detected by western blot analysis. Their expression levels in cells were improved on the ADM delivery scaffolds at a certain time point. The in vitro evaluation suggests that the microsphere-scaffold system is suitable as a model for bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- VIP Integrated Department, School of Stomatology, Jilin University, 1500 Qinghua Road, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Chunyan Li
- Implant Center, School of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yingxin Chen
- VIP Integrated Department, School of Stomatology, Jilin University, 1500 Qinghua Road, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Shujun Dong
- VIP Integrated Department, School of Stomatology, Jilin University, 1500 Qinghua Road, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Xuesi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Avenue, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Yanmin Zhou
- Implant Center, School of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
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Nishimatsu H, Suzuki E, Kumano S, Nomiya A, Liu M, Kume H, Homma Y. Adrenomedullin mediates adipose tissue-derived stem cell-induced restoration of erectile function in diabetic rats. J Sex Med 2011; 9:482-93. [PMID: 21951711 DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02469.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a major health problem. It is known that diabetic patients are more refractory to common treatments for ED. AIM To explore the better treatment for ED, we examined the effects of adipose-derived stem cells (ASC) on ED using a diabetic rat model. We also analyzed the cytokines produced by ASC and implicated in ASC-induced restoration of erectile function. METHODS Male Wistar rats were injected with streptozotocin (STZ) to induce diabetes. ASC or adenoviruses were injected into the penis 6 weeks after STZ administration. Erectile function, penile histology and protein expression were analyzed 4 weeks after the injection of ASC or adenoviruses. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Intracavernous pressure and mean arterial pressure were measured to evaluate erectile function. The morphology of the penis was analyzed by Elastica van Gieson stain and immunohistochemistry. The expression of proteins specific for vascular endothelial cells (VEC) was assessed by Western blot analysis. RESULTS ASC restored erectile function especially when they were cultured in medium containing growth factors for VEC. This restoration was associated with improvement in the histology of the cavernous body, and increased expression of VEC markers such as VE-cadherin and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). When the expression of adrenomedullin (AM), a vasoactive peptide originally isolated from human pheochromocytoma tissue, was knocked down, the effect of ASC on ED was significantly diminished. Knockdown of AM was associated with decreased expressions of VE-cadherin and eNOS. Furthermore, overexpression of AM induced by adenovirus infection significantly improved erectile function in these diabetic rats. Overexpression of AM was associated with increased expressions of VE-cadherin and eNOS. CONCLUSIONS These results suggested that ASC have the potentials to restore erectile function and that AM produced by ASC plays a major role in the restoration of erectile function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Nishimatsu
- The Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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