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Pergel E, Tóth DJ, Baukál D, Veres I, Czirják G. The Ubiquitin Ligase Adaptor NDFIP1 Interacts with TRESK and Negatively Regulates the Background K + Current. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8879. [PMID: 39201565 PMCID: PMC11355008 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25168879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2024] [Revised: 08/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The TRESK (K2P18.1, KCNK18) background potassium channel is expressed in primary sensory neurons and has been reported to contribute to the regulation of pain sensations. In the present study, we examined the interaction of TRESK with NDFIP1 (Nedd4 family-interacting protein 1) in the Xenopus oocyte expression system by two-electrode voltage clamp and biochemical methods. We showed that the coexpression of NDFIP1 abolished the TRESK current under the condition where the other K+ channels were not affected. Mutations in the three PPxY motifs of NDFIP1, which are responsible for the interaction with the Nedd4 ubiquitin ligase, prevented a reduction in the TRESK current. Furthermore, the overexpression of a dominant-negative Nedd4 construct in the oocytes coexpressing TRESK with NDFIP1 partially reversed the down-modulating effect of the adaptor protein on the K+ current. The biochemical data were also consistent with the functional results. An interaction between epitope-tagged versions of TRESK and NDFIP1 was verified by co-immunoprecipitation experiments. The coexpression of NDFIP1 with TRESK induced the ubiquitination of the channel protein. Altogether, the results suggest that TRESK is directly controlled by and highly sensitive to the activation of the NDFIP1-Nedd4 system. The NDFIP1-mediated reduction in the TRESK component may induce depolarization, increase excitability, and attenuate the calcium dependence of the membrane potential by reducing the calcineurin-activated fraction in the ensemble background K+ current.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enikő Pergel
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary; (E.P.); (D.B.); (I.V.)
| | - Dániel J. Tóth
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary; (E.P.); (D.B.); (I.V.)
- HUN-REN-SU Molecular Physiology Research Group, Hungarian Research Network and Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dóra Baukál
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary; (E.P.); (D.B.); (I.V.)
| | - Irén Veres
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary; (E.P.); (D.B.); (I.V.)
| | - Gábor Czirják
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary; (E.P.); (D.B.); (I.V.)
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2
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Debreczeni D, Baukál D, Pergel E, Veres I, Czirják G. Critical contribution of the intracellular C-terminal region to TRESK channel activity is revealed by the epithelial Na + current ratio (ENaR) method. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104737. [PMID: 37084812 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
TRESK (K2P18.1) possesses unique structural proportions within the K2P background potassium channel family. The previously described TRESK regulatory mechanisms are based on the long intracellular loop between the second and third transmembrane segments (TMS). However, the functional significance of the exceptionally short intracellular C-terminal region (iCtr) following the fourth TMS has not yet been examined. In the present study, we investigated TRESK constructs modified at the iCtr by two-electrode voltage clamp and the newly developed epithelial sodium current ratio (ENaR) method in Xenopus oocytes. The ENaR method allowed the evaluation of channel activity by exclusively using electrophysiology, and provided data that are otherwise not readily available under whole-cell conditions. TRESK homodimer was connected with two ENaC (epithelial Na+ channel) heterotrimers and the Na+ current was measured as an internal reference, proportional to the number of channels in the plasma membrane. Modifications of TRESK iCtr resulted in diverse functional effects, indicating a complex contribution of this region to K+ channel activity. Mutations of positive residues in proximal iCtr locked TRESK in a low activity, calcineurin-insensitive state, although this phosphatase binds to distant motifs in the loop region. Accordingly, mutations in proximal iCtr may prevent the transmission of modulation to the gating machinery. Replacing distal iCtr with a sequence designed to interact with the inner surface of the plasma membrane increased the activity of the channel to unprecedented levels, as indicated by ENaR and single channel measurements. In conclusion, the distal iCtr is a major positive determinant of TRESK function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dóra Baukál
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Enikő Pergel
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Irén Veres
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Czirják
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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3
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Ślęczkowska M, Almomani R, Marchi M, Salvi E, de Greef BTA, Sopacua M, Hoeijmakers JGJ, Lindsey P, Waxman SG, Lauria G, Faber CG, Smeets HJM, Gerrits MM. Peripheral Ion Channel Genes Screening in Painful Small Fiber Neuropathy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214095. [PMID: 36430572 PMCID: PMC9696564 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a characteristic feature of small fiber neuropathy (SFN), which in 18% of the cases is caused by genetic variants in voltage-gated sodium ion channels. In this study, we assessed the role of fifteen other ion channels in neuropathic pain. Patients with SFN (n = 414) were analyzed for ANO1, ANO3, HCN1, KCNA2, KCNA4, KCNK18, KCNN1, KCNQ3, KCNQ5, KCNS1, TRPA1, TRPM8, TRPV1, TRPV3 and TRPV4 variants by single-molecule molecular inversion probes-next-generation sequencing. These patients did not have genetic variants in SCN3A, SCN7A-SCN11A and SCN1B-SCN4B. In twenty patients (20/414, 4.8%), a potentially pathogenic heterozygous variant was identified in an ion-channel gene (ICG). Variants were present in seven genes, for two patients (0.5%) in ANO3, one (0.2%) in KCNK18, two (0.5%) in KCNQ3, seven (1.7%) in TRPA1, three (0.7%) in TRPM8, three (0.7%) in TRPV1 and two (0.5%) in TRPV3. Variants in the TRP genes were the most frequent (n = 15, 3.6%), partly in patients with high mean maximal pain scores VAS = 9.65 ± 0.7 (n = 4). Patients with ICG variants reported more severe pain compared to patients without such variants (VAS = 9.36 ± 0.72 vs. VAS = 7.47 ± 2.37). This cohort study identified ICG variants in neuropathic pain in SFN, complementing previous findings of ICG variants in diabetic neuropathy. These data show that ICG variants are central in neuropathic pain of different etiologies and provides promising gene candidates for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Ślęczkowska
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Rowida Almomani
- Department of Neurology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Margherita Marchi
- Neuroalgology Unit, IRCCS Foundation “Carlo Besta” Neurological Institute, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Erika Salvi
- Neuroalgology Unit, IRCCS Foundation “Carlo Besta” Neurological Institute, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Bianca T A de Greef
- Department of Neurology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Maurice Sopacua
- Department of Neurology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Janneke G J Hoeijmakers
- Department of Neurology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Lindsey
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen G Waxman
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Giuseppe Lauria
- Neuroalgology Unit, IRCCS Foundation “Carlo Besta” Neurological Institute, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Catharina G Faber
- Department of Neurology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
| | - Hubert J M Smeets
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Monique M Gerrits
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands
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4
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Mini-Review: Two Brothers in Crime - The Interplay of TRESK and TREK in Human Diseases. Neurosci Lett 2021; 769:136376. [PMID: 34852287 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
TWIK-related spinal cord potassium (TRESK) and TWIK-related potassium (TREK) channels are both subfamilies of the two-pore domain potassium (K2P) channel group. Despite major structural, pharmacological, as well as biophysical differences, emerging data suggest that channels of these two subfamilies are functionally more closely related than previously assumed. Recent studies, for instance, indicate an assembling of TRESK and TREK subunits, leading to the formation of heterodimeric channels with different functional properties compared to homodimeric ones. Formation of tandems consisting of TRESK and TREK subunits might thus multiply the functional diversity of both TRESK and TREK activity. Based on the involvement of these channels in the pathophysiology of migraine, we here highlight the role as well as the impact of the interplay of TRESK and TREK subunits in the context of different disease settings. In this regard, we focus on their involvement in migraine and pain syndromes, as well as on their influence on (neuro-)inflammatory processes. Furthermore, we describe the potential implications for innovative therapeutic strategies that take advantage of TRESK and TREK modulation as well as obstacles encountered in the development of therapies related to the aforementioned diseases.
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Pereira V, Lamoine S, Cuménal M, Lolignier S, Aissouni Y, Pizzoccaro A, Prival L, Balayssac D, Eschalier A, Bourinet E, Busserolles J. Epigenetics Involvement in Oxaliplatin-Induced Potassium Channel Transcriptional Downregulation and Hypersensitivity. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:3575-3587. [PMID: 33772465 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02361-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral neuropathy is the most frequent dose-limiting adverse effect of oxaliplatin. Acute pain symptoms that are induced or exacerbated by cold occur in almost all patients immediately following the first infusions. Evidence has shown that oxaliplatin causes ion channel expression modulations in dorsal root ganglia neurons, which are thought to contribute to peripheral hypersensitivity. Most dysregulated genes encode ion channels involved in cold and mechanical perception, noteworthy members of a sub-group of potassium channels of the K2P family, TREK and TRAAK. Downregulation of these K2P channels has been identified as an important tuner of acute oxaliplatin-induced hypersensitivity. We investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying this peripheral dysregulation in a murine model of neuropathic pain triggered by a single oxaliplatin administration. We found that oxaliplatin-mediated TREK-TRAAK downregulation, as well as downregulation of other K+ channels of the K2P and Kv families, involves a transcription factor known as the neuron-restrictive silencer factor (NRSF) and its epigenetic co-repressors histone deacetylases (HDACs). NRSF knockdown was able to prevent most of these K+ channel mRNA downregulation in mice dorsal root ganglion neurons as well as oxaliplatin-induced acute cold and mechanical hypersensitivity. Interestingly, pharmacological inhibition of class I HDAC reproduces the antinociceptive effects of NRSF knockdown and leads to an increased K+ channel expression in oxaliplatin-treated mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Pereira
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm UMR-U1107, Neuro-Dol, 28, pl. H.Dunant, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Institut Analgesia, Faculté de Médecine, BP38, F-63001, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Sylvain Lamoine
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm UMR-U1107, Neuro-Dol, 28, pl. H.Dunant, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Institut Analgesia, Faculté de Médecine, BP38, F-63001, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Mélissa Cuménal
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm UMR-U1107, Neuro-Dol, 28, pl. H.Dunant, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Institut Analgesia, Faculté de Médecine, BP38, F-63001, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Stéphane Lolignier
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm UMR-U1107, Neuro-Dol, 28, pl. H.Dunant, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Institut Analgesia, Faculté de Médecine, BP38, F-63001, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Youssef Aissouni
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm UMR-U1107, Neuro-Dol, 28, pl. H.Dunant, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Institut Analgesia, Faculté de Médecine, BP38, F-63001, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Anne Pizzoccaro
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS UMR-5203, INSERM U1091, F-34094, Montpellier, France
| | - Laetitia Prival
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm UMR-U1107, Neuro-Dol, 28, pl. H.Dunant, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Institut Analgesia, Faculté de Médecine, BP38, F-63001, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - David Balayssac
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm UMR-U1107, Neuro-Dol, 28, pl. H.Dunant, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Institut Analgesia, Faculté de Médecine, BP38, F-63001, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Alain Eschalier
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm UMR-U1107, Neuro-Dol, 28, pl. H.Dunant, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Institut Analgesia, Faculté de Médecine, BP38, F-63001, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Emmanuel Bourinet
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS UMR-5203, INSERM U1091, F-34094, Montpellier, France
| | - Jérôme Busserolles
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm UMR-U1107, Neuro-Dol, 28, pl. H.Dunant, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
- Institut Analgesia, Faculté de Médecine, BP38, F-63001, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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6
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Liu JP, Jing HB, Xi K, Zhang ZX, Jin ZR, Cai SQ, Tian Y, Cai J, Xing GG. Contribution of TRESK two-pore domain potassium channel to bone cancer-induced spontaneous pain and evoked cutaneous pain in rats. Mol Pain 2021; 17:17448069211023230. [PMID: 34102915 PMCID: PMC8193666 DOI: 10.1177/17448069211023230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated pain is debilitating. However, the mechanism underlying cancer-induced spontaneous pain and evoked pain remains unclear. Here, using behavioral tests with immunofluorescent staining, overexpression, and knockdown of TRESK methods, we found an extensive distribution of TRESK potassium channel on both CGRP+ and IB4+ nerve fibers in the hindpaw skin, on CGRP+ nerve fibers in the tibial periosteum which lacks IB4+ fibers innervation, and on CGRP+ and IB4+ dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons in rats. Moreover, we found a decreased expression of TRESK in the corresponding nerve fibers within the hindpaw skin, the tibial periosteum and the DRG neurons in bone cancer rats. Overexpression of TRESK in DRG neurons attenuated both cancer-induced spontaneous pain (partly reflect skeletal pain) and evoked pain (reflect cutaneous pain) in tumor-bearing rats, in which the relief of evoked pain is time delayed than spontaneous pain. In contrast, knockdown of TRESK in DRG neurons produced both spontaneous pain and evoked pain in naïve rats. These results suggested that the differential distribution and decreased expression of TRESK in the periosteum and skin, which is attributed to the lack of IB4+ fibers innervation within the periosteum of the tibia, probably contribute to the behavioral divergence of cancer-induced spontaneous pain and evoked pain in bone cancer rats. Thus, the assessment of spontaneous pain and evoked pain should be accomplished simultaneously when evaluating the effect of some novel analgesics in animal models. Also, this study provides solid evidence for the role of peripheral TRESK in both cancer-induced spontaneous pain and evoked cutaneous pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Ping Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Bo Jing
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Xi
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zi-Xian Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zi-Run Jin
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Si-Qing Cai
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Tian
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Cai
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Guo-Gang Xing
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing, China.,The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education of China & National Health Commission of China, Beijing, China
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7
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TRESK Regulates Gm11874 to Induce Apoptosis of Spinal Cord Neurons via ATP5i Mediated Oxidative Stress and DNA Damage. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:1970-1980. [PMID: 33973102 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03318-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Reportedly, TWIK-related spinal cord K+ (TRESK) deficiency in spinal cord neurons positively correlates with the mechanism underlying neuropathic pain (NP). However, the precise effects of TRESK on neurons of the spinal cord remain elusive. In the present study, we investigated the impact of TRESK silencing on spinal cord neurons to further elucidate the downstream mechanisms of TRESK. Herein, neurons of the dorsal spinal cord were cultured as a cell model for investigations. Apoptosis, oxidative stress, and DNA damage-related proteins were evaluated. Additionally, flow cytometry, microarray profiling, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), western blotting, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), immunofluorescence, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were performed. In cultured neurons, the downregulation of TRESK mRNA expression induced apoptosis of dorsal spinal cord neurons. Using real-time PCR and western blotting, the upregulation of LncRNA Gm11874 (Gm11874) and ATP5i, screened from the gene chip, was confirmed. On silencing TRESK, expression levels of γ-H2AX, poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 1 (PARP-1), FoxO1, FoxO3, MitoSOX, malondialdehyde (MDA), and 8-hydroxy-2' -deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), which are known indices of oxidative stress and DNA damage, were significantly elevated. Moreover, ATP induced oxidative stress, DNA damage, and apoptosis were reduced by ATP5i siRNA. Finally, Gm11874 and ATP5i were co-expressed in spinal cord neurons in a FISH experiment, and the expression of ATP5i was positively regulated by Gm11874. These results implied that ATP5i induced oxidative stress and DNA damage, resulting in neuronal apoptosis, and Gm11874 was confirmed to act upstream of ATP5i. Our study revealed that TRESK silencing upregulated Gm11874 to induce apoptosis of spinal cord neurons, which resulted in ATP5i promoting oxidative stress and DNA damage. These findings could highlight the TRESK-mediated NP mechanism.
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8
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Huang L, Xu G, Jiang R, Luo Y, Zuo Y, Liu J. Development of Non-opioid Analgesics Targeting Two-pore Domain Potassium Channels. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 20:16-26. [PMID: 33827408 PMCID: PMC9199554 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666210407152528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Two-pore domain potassium (K2P) channels are a diverse family of potassium channels. K2P channels generate background leak potassium currents to regulate cellular excitability and are thereby involved in a wide range of neurological disorders. K2P channels are modulated by a variety of physicochemical factors such as mechanical stretch, temperature, and pH. In the the peripheral nervous system (PNS), K2P channels are widely expressed in nociceptive neurons and play a critical roles in pain perception. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in the pharmacological properties of K2P channels, with a focus on the exogenous small-molecule activators targeting K2P channels. We emphasize the subtype-selectivity, cellular and in vivo pharmacological properties of all the reported small-molecule activators. The key underlying analgesic mechanisms mediated by K2P are also summarized based on the data in the literature from studies using small-molecule activators and genetic knock-out animals. We discuss advantages and limitations of the translational perspectives of K2P in pain medicine and provide outstanding questions for future studies in the end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Huang
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, Sichuan. China
| | - Guangyin Xu
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu. China
| | - Ruotian Jiang
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, Sichuan. China
| | - Yuncheng Luo
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, Sichuan. China
| | - Yunxia Zuo
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, Sichuan. China
| | - Jin Liu
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, Sichuan. China
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9
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Abstract
Two-pore domain potassium channels are formed by subunits that each contain two pore-loops moieties. Whether the channels are expressed in yeast or the human central nervous system, two subunits come together to form a single potassium selective pore. TOK1, the first two-domain channel was cloned from Saccharomyces cerevisiae in 1995 and soon thereafter, 15 distinct K2P subunits were identified in the human genome. The human K2P channels are stratified into six K2P subfamilies based on sequence as well as physiological or pharmacological similarities. Functional K2P channels pass background (or "leak") K+ currents that shape the membrane potential and excitability of cells in a broad range of tissues. In the years since they were first described, classical functional assays, latterly coupled with state-of-the-art structural and computational studies have revealed the mechanistic basis of K2P channel gating in response to specific physicochemical or pharmacological stimuli. The growing appreciation that K2P channels can play a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of a growing spectrum of diseases makes a compelling case for K2P channels as targets for drug discovery. Here, we summarize recent advances in unraveling the structure, function, and pharmacology of the K2P channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordie M Kamuene
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yu Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Leigh D Plant
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
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10
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Kim GT, Siregar AS, Kim EJ, Lee ES, Nyiramana MM, Woo MS, Hah YS, Han J, Kang D. Upregulation of TRESK Channels Contributes to Motor and Sensory Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21238997. [PMID: 33256222 PMCID: PMC7731147 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21238997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
TWIK (tandem-pore domain weak inward rectifying K+)-related spinal cord K+ channel (TRESK), a member of the two-pore domain K+ channel family, is abundantly expressed in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. It is well documented that TRESK expression is changed in several models of peripheral nerve injury, resulting in a shift in sensory neuron excitability. However, the role of TRESK in the model of spinal cord injury (SCI) has not been fully understood. This study investigates the role of TRESK in a thoracic spinal cord contusion model, and in transgenic mice overexpressed with the TRESK gene (TGTRESK). Immunostaining analysis showed that TRESK was expressed in the dorsal and ventral neurons of the spinal cord. The TRESK expression was increased by SCI in both dorsal and ventral neurons. TRESK mRNA expression was upregulated in the spinal cord and DRG isolated from the ninth thoracic (T9) spinal cord contusion rats. The expression was significantly upregulated in the spinal cord below the injury site at acute time points (6, 24, and 48 h) after SCI (p < 0.05). In addition, TRESK expression was markedly increased in DRGs below and adjacent to the injury site. TRESK was expressed in inflammatory cells. In addition, the number and fluorescence intensity of TRESK-positive neurons increased in the dorsal and ventral horns of the spinal cord after SCI. TGTRESK SCI mice showed faster paralysis recovery and higher mechanical threshold compared to wild-type (WT)-SCI mice. TGTRESK mice showed lower TNF-α concentrations in the blood than WT mice. In addition, IL-1β concentration and apoptotic signals in the caudal spinal cord and DRG were significantly decreased in TGTRESK SCI mice compared to WT-SCI mice (p < 0.05). These results indicate that TRESK upregulated following SCI contributes to the recovery of paralysis and mechanical pain threshold by suppressing the excitability of motor and sensory neurons and inflammatory and apoptotic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyu-Tae Kim
- Department of Physiology and Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea; (G.-T.K.); (A.S.S.); (E.-J.K.); (M.M.N.); (M.S.W.); (J.H.)
| | - Adrian S. Siregar
- Department of Physiology and Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea; (G.-T.K.); (A.S.S.); (E.-J.K.); (M.M.N.); (M.S.W.); (J.H.)
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea
| | - Eun-Jin Kim
- Department of Physiology and Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea; (G.-T.K.); (A.S.S.); (E.-J.K.); (M.M.N.); (M.S.W.); (J.H.)
| | - Eun-Shin Lee
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea;
| | - Marie Merci Nyiramana
- Department of Physiology and Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea; (G.-T.K.); (A.S.S.); (E.-J.K.); (M.M.N.); (M.S.W.); (J.H.)
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea
| | - Min Seok Woo
- Department of Physiology and Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea; (G.-T.K.); (A.S.S.); (E.-J.K.); (M.M.N.); (M.S.W.); (J.H.)
| | - Young-Sool Hah
- Biomedical Research Institute, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju 52727, Korea;
| | - Jaehee Han
- Department of Physiology and Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea; (G.-T.K.); (A.S.S.); (E.-J.K.); (M.M.N.); (M.S.W.); (J.H.)
| | - Dawon Kang
- Department of Physiology and Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea; (G.-T.K.); (A.S.S.); (E.-J.K.); (M.M.N.); (M.S.W.); (J.H.)
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-55-772-8044
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11
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The Background K + Channel TRESK in Sensory Physiology and Pain. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155206. [PMID: 32717813 PMCID: PMC7432782 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
TRESK belongs to the K2P family of potassium channels, also known as background or leak potassium channels due to their biophysical properties and their role regulating membrane potential of cells. Several studies to date have highlighted the role of TRESK in regulating the excitability of specific subtypes of sensory neurons. These findings suggest TRESK could be involved in pain sensitivity. Here, we review the different evidence available that involves the channel in pain and sensory perception, from studies knocking out the channel or overexpressing it to identified mutations that link the channel to migraine pain. In addition, the therapeutic possibilities are discussed, as targeting the channel seems an interesting therapeutic approach to reduce nociceptor activation and to decrease pain.
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12
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Li Y, Jiao H, Ren W, Ren F. TRESK alleviates trigeminal neuralgia induced by infraorbital nerve chronic constriction injury in rats. Mol Pain 2020; 15:1744806919882511. [PMID: 31558093 PMCID: PMC6822185 DOI: 10.1177/1744806919882511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Trigeminal neuralgia commonly results in pain behaviors and cognitive impairment. Convincing evidence suggests that TWIK-related spinal cord K+ (TRESK) exerts antinociceptive and neuroprotective effects. However, its possible potentials in trigeminal neuralgia remain unclear. Trigeminal neuralgia model was established in rats by generating an infraorbital nerve chronic constriction injury, and rats received intrathecal injections of TRESK-overexpressing lentivirus and siRNA expression vector-targeted against TRESK (si-TRESK) into the trigeminal ganglions. Mechanical allodynia was evaluated by mechanical withdrawal threshold. Cognitive capacity was tested using Morris water maze. The TRESK expression was determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. Results showed that the mRNA and protein levels of TRESK were significantly downregulated in trigeminal ganglions in injured rats. Intrathecal treatment with TRESK reduced mechanical allodynia and relieved learning and memory deficits in trigeminal neuralgia rats, while si-TRESK injection caused neuropathic pain and cognitive deficits. In summary, the present study concluded that TRESK ameliorated pain-associated behaviors and cognitive deficits, which was useful as an alternative approach in management of trigeminal neuralgia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Hena Jiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Wenan Ren
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Fei Ren
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P.R. China
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13
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Shank3 contributes to neuropathic pain by facilitating the SNI-dependent increase of HCN2 and the expression of PSD95. Neurosci Res 2020; 166:34-41. [PMID: 32454040 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2020.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a very complex chronic pain state, the detailed molecular mechanisms of which remain unclear. In the present study, Shank3 was found to play an important role in neuropathic pain in rats following spared nerve injury (SNI). Shank3 was upregulated in the spinal dorsal horn of rats subjected to SNI, and mechanical hypersensitivity to noxious stimuli in these rats could be alleviated by knock down of Shank3. Shank3 also interacted with hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 2 (HCN2) and promoted the expression of HCN2 in central neurons of the spinal dorsal. Together with the SNI-dependent increase of HCN2, we also found that the postsynaptic protein of excitatory synapse (PSD95) was increased in rats following SNI. Taken together, our results showed that Shank3 modulated neuropathic pain by facilitating the SNI-dependent increase of HCN2 and the expression of PSD95 in spinal dorsal horn neurons. Our findings revealed new synaptic remodeling mechanisms linking Shank3 with neuropathic pain.
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14
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Castellanos A, Pujol-Coma A, Andres-Bilbe A, Negm A, Callejo G, Soto D, Noël J, Comes N, Gasull X. TRESK background K + channel deletion selectively uncovers enhanced mechanical and cold sensitivity. J Physiol 2020; 598:1017-1038. [PMID: 31919847 DOI: 10.1113/jp279203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS TRESK background K+ channel is expressed in sensory neurons and acts as a brake to reduce neuronal activation. Deletion of the channel enhances the excitability of nociceptors. Skin nociceptive C-fibres show an enhanced activation by cold and mechanical stimulation in TRESK knockout animals. Channel deletion selectively enhances mechanical and cold sensitivity in mice, without altering sensitivity to heat. These results indicate that the channel regulates the excitability of specific neuronal subpopulations involved in mechanosensitivity and cold-sensing. ABSTRACT Background potassium-permeable ion channels play a critical role in tuning the excitability of nociceptors, yet the precise role played by different subsets of channels is not fully understood. Decreases in TRESK (TWIK-related spinal cord K+ channel) expression/function enhance excitability of sensory neurons, but its role in somatosensory perception and nociception is poorly understood. Here, we used a TRESK knockout (KO) mouse to address these questions. We show that TRESK regulates the sensitivity of sensory neurons in a modality-specific manner, contributing to mechanical and cold sensitivity but without any effect on heat sensitivity. Nociceptive neurons isolated from TRESK KO mice show a decreased threshold for activation and skin nociceptive C-fibres show an enhanced activation by cold and mechanical stimulation that was also observed in behavioural tests in vivo. TRESK is also involved in osmotic pain and in early phases of formalin-induced inflammatory pain, but not in the development of mechanical and heat hyperalgesia during chronic pain. In contrast, mice lacking TRESK present cold allodynia that is not further enhanced by oxaliplatin. In summary, genetic removal of TRESK uncovers enhanced mechanical and cold sensitivity, indicating that the channel regulates the excitability of specific neuronal subpopulations involved in mechanosensitivity and cold-sensing, acting as a brake to prevent activation by innocuous stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Castellanos
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, Medical School, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Pujol-Coma
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, Medical School, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alba Andres-Bilbe
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, Medical School, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ahmed Negm
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS UMR 7275, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France.,LabEx Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Valbonne, France
| | - Gerard Callejo
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, Medical School, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Soto
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, Medical School, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jacques Noël
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS UMR 7275, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France.,LabEx Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Valbonne, France
| | - Nuria Comes
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, Medical School, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Gasull
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, Medical School, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036, Barcelona, Spain
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15
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Pettingill P, Weir GA, Wei T, Wu Y, Flower G, Lalic T, Handel A, Duggal G, Chintawar S, Cheung J, Arunasalam K, Couper E, Haupt LM, Griffiths LR, Bassett A, Cowley SA, Cader MZ. A causal role for TRESK loss of function in migraine mechanisms. Brain 2019; 142:3852-3867. [PMID: 31742594 PMCID: PMC6906598 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awz342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The two-pore potassium channel, TRESK has been implicated in nociception and pain disorders. We have for the first time investigated TRESK function in human nociceptive neurons using induced pluripotent stem cell-based models. Nociceptors from migraine patients with the F139WfsX2 mutation show loss of functional TRESK at the membrane, with a corresponding significant increase in neuronal excitability. Furthermore, using CRISPR-Cas9 engineering to correct the F139WfsX2 mutation, we show a reversal of the heightened neuronal excitability, linking the phenotype to the mutation. In contrast we find no change in excitability in induced pluripotent stem cell derived nociceptors with the C110R mutation and preserved TRESK current; thereby confirming that only the frameshift mutation is associated with loss of function and a migraine relevant cellular phenotype. We then demonstrate the importance of TRESK to pain states by showing that the TRESK activator, cloxyquin, can reduce the spontaneous firing of nociceptors in an in vitro human pain model. Using the chronic nitroglycerine rodent migraine model, we demonstrate that mice lacking TRESK develop exaggerated nitroglycerine-induced mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia, and furthermore, show that cloxyquin conversely is able to prevent sensitization. Collectively, our findings provide evidence for a role of TRESK in migraine pathogenesis and its suitability as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippa Pettingill
- Translational Molecular Neuroscience Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Greg A Weir
- Translational Molecular Neuroscience Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Tina Wei
- Translational Molecular Neuroscience Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yukyee Wu
- Translational Molecular Neuroscience Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Grace Flower
- Translational Molecular Neuroscience Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tatjana Lalic
- Translational Molecular Neuroscience Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Adam Handel
- Department of Clinical Neurology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Galbha Duggal
- Translational Molecular Neuroscience Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Satyan Chintawar
- Translational Molecular Neuroscience Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jonathan Cheung
- Translational Molecular Neuroscience Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kanisa Arunasalam
- Translational Molecular Neuroscience Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Elizabeth Couper
- James Martin Stem Cell Facility, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Larisa M Haupt
- Genomics Research Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia
| | - Lyn R Griffiths
- Genomics Research Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia
| | - Andrew Bassett
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Sally A Cowley
- James Martin Stem Cell Facility, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - M Zameel Cader
- Translational Molecular Neuroscience Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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16
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Pattison LA, Callejo G, St John Smith E. Evolution of acid nociception: ion channels and receptors for detecting acid. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 374:20190291. [PMID: 31544616 PMCID: PMC6790391 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nociceptors, i.e. sensory neurons tuned to detect noxious stimuli, are found in numerous phyla of the Animalia kingdom and are often polymodal, responding to a variety of stimuli, e.g. heat, cold, pressure and chemicals, such as acid. Owing to the ability of protons to have a profound effect on ionic homeostasis and damage macromolecular structures, it is no wonder that the ability to detect acid is conserved across many species. To detect changes in pH, nociceptors are equipped with an assortment of different acid sensors, some of which can detect mild changes in pH, such as the acid-sensing ion channels, proton-sensing G protein-coupled receptors and several two-pore potassium channels, whereas others, such as the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 ion channel, require larger shifts in pH. This review will discuss the evolution of acid sensation and the different mechanisms by which nociceptors can detect acid. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Evolution of mechanisms and behaviour important for pain'.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ewan St John Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PD, UK
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17
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García G, Noriega-Navarro R, Martínez-Rojas VA, Gutiérrez-Lara EJ, Oviedo N, Murbartián J. Spinal TASK-1 and TASK-3 modulate inflammatory and neuropathic pain. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 862:172631. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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18
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TRESK K + Channel Activity Regulates Trigeminal Nociception and Headache. eNeuro 2019; 6:ENEURO.0236-19.2019. [PMID: 31308053 PMCID: PMC6664143 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0236-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although TWIK-related spinal cord K+ (TRESK) channel is expressed in all primary afferent neurons in trigeminal ganglia (TG) and dorsal root ganglia (DRG), whether TRESK activity regulates trigeminal pain processing is still not established. Dominant-negative TRESK mutations are associated with migraine but not with other types of pain in humans, suggesting that genetic TRESK dysfunction preferentially affects the generation of trigeminal pain, especially headache. Using TRESK global knock-out mice as a model system, we found that loss of TRESK in all TG neurons selectively increased the intrinsic excitability of small-diameter nociceptors, especially those that do not bind to isolectin B4 (IB4-). Similarly, loss of TRESK resulted in hyper-excitation of the small IB4- dural afferent neurons but not those that bind to IB4 (IB4+). Compared with wild-type littermates, both male and female TRESK knock-out mice exhibited more robust trigeminal nociceptive behaviors, including headache-related behaviors, whereas their body and visceral pain responses were normal. Interestingly, neither the total persistent outward current nor the intrinsic excitability was altered in adult TRESK knock-out DRG neurons, which may explain why genetic TRESK dysfunction is not associated with body and/or visceral pain in humans. We reveal for the first time that, among all primary afferent neurons, TG nociceptors are the most vulnerable to the genetic loss of TRESK. Our findings indicate that endogenous TRESK activity regulates trigeminal nociception, likely through controlling the intrinsic excitability of TG nociceptors. Importantly, we provide evidence that genetic loss of TRESK significantly increases the likelihood of developing headache.
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19
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Weir GA, Pettingill P, Wu Y, Duggal G, Ilie AS, Akerman CJ, Cader MZ. The Role of TRESK in Discrete Sensory Neuron Populations and Somatosensory Processing. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:170. [PMID: 31379497 PMCID: PMC6650782 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-pore domain K+ (K2P) channels generate K+ leak current, which serves a vital role in controlling and modulating neuronal excitability. This diverse family of K+ channels exhibit distinct expression and function across neuronal tissues. TWIK-related spinal cord K+ channel (TRESK) is a K2P channel with a particularly enriched role in sensory neurons and in vivo pain pathways. Here, we explored the role of TRESK across molecularly distinct sensory neuron populations and assessed its contribution to different sensory modalities. We found TRESK mRNA only in select populations of C- and A-δ nociceptors, in addition to low threshold D-hair afferents. Neurons from mice in which TRESK has been ablated demonstrated marked hyperexcitability, which was amplified under inflammatory challenge. Detailed behavioral phenotyping of TRESK knockout mice revealed specific deficits in somatosensory processing of noxious and non-noxious stimuli. These results demonstrate novel roles of TRESK in somatosensory processing and offer important information to those wishing to target the channel for therapeutic means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg A Weir
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Philippa Pettingill
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Yukyee Wu
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Galbha Duggal
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrei-Sorin Ilie
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Colin J Akerman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - M Zameel Cader
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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20
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Pergel E, Lengyel M, Enyedi P, Czirják G. TRESK (K2P18.1) Background Potassium Channel Is Activated by Novel-Type Protein Kinase C via Dephosphorylation. Mol Pharmacol 2019; 95:661-672. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.119.116269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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21
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Yang Y, Li S, Jin ZR, Jing HB, Zhao HY, Liu BH, Liang YJ, Liu LY, Cai J, Wan Y, Xing GG. Decreased abundance of TRESK two-pore domain potassium channels in sensory neurons underlies the pain associated with bone metastasis. Sci Signal 2018; 11. [DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aao5150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Bone metastasis–associated VEGF suppresses neuronal K
+
channels and increases pain in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education of China and National Committee of Health and Family Planning of China, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Song Li
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education of China and National Committee of Health and Family Planning of China, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zi-Run Jin
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education of China and National Committee of Health and Family Planning of China, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hong-Bo Jing
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education of China and National Committee of Health and Family Planning of China, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hong-Yan Zhao
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education of China and National Committee of Health and Family Planning of China, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Bo-Heng Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education of China and National Committee of Health and Family Planning of China, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ya-Jing Liang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ling-Yu Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education of China and National Committee of Health and Family Planning of China, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jie Cai
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education of China and National Committee of Health and Family Planning of China, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - You Wan
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education of China and National Committee of Health and Family Planning of China, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Guo-Gang Xing
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education of China and National Committee of Health and Family Planning of China, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Henan, China
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Giblin JP, Etayo I, Castellanos A, Andres-Bilbe A, Gasull X. Anionic Phospholipids Bind to and Modulate the Activity of Human TRESK Background K + Channel. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:2524-2541. [PMID: 30039335 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1244-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The background K+ channel TRESK regulates sensory neuron excitability, and changes in its function/expression contribute to neuronal hyperexcitability after injury/inflammation, making it an attractive therapeutic target for pain-related disorders. Factors that change lipid bilayer composition/properties (including volatile anesthetics, chloroform, chlorpromazine, shear stress, and cell swelling/shrinkage) modify TRESK current, but despite the importance of anionic phospholipids (e.g., PIP2) in the regulation of many ion channels, it remains unknown if membrane lipids affect TRESK function. We describe that both human and rat TRESK contain potential anionic phospholipid binding sites (apbs) in the large cytoplasmic loop, but only the human channel is able to bind to multilamellar vesicles (MLVs), enriched with anionic phospholipids, suggesting an electrostatically mediated interaction. We mapped the apbs to a short stretch of 14 amino acids in the loop, located at the membrane-cytosol interface. Disruption of electrostatic lipid-TRESK interactions inhibited hTRESK currents, while subsequent application of Folch Fraction MLVs or a PIP2 analog activated hTRESK, an effect that was absent in the rat ortholog. Strikingly, channel activation by anionic phospholipids was conferred to rTRESK by replacing the equivalent rat sequence with the human apbs. Finally, in the presence of a calcineurin inhibitor, stimulation of a Gq/11-linked GPCR reduced hTRESK current, revealing a likely inhibitory effect of membrane lipid hydrolysis on hTRESK activity. This novel regulation of hTRESK by anionic phospholipids is a characteristic of the human channel that is not present in rodent orthologs. This must be considered when extrapolating results from animal models and may open the door to the development of novel channel modulators as analgesics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P Giblin
- Neurophysiology Lab, Department of Biomedicine, Medical School, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Casanova 143, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Iñigo Etayo
- Neurophysiology Lab, Department of Biomedicine, Medical School, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Casanova 143, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aida Castellanos
- Neurophysiology Lab, Department of Biomedicine, Medical School, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Casanova 143, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alba Andres-Bilbe
- Neurophysiology Lab, Department of Biomedicine, Medical School, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Casanova 143, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Gasull
- Neurophysiology Lab, Department of Biomedicine, Medical School, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Casanova 143, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036, Barcelona, Spain.
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23
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Ion channelopathies and migraine pathogenesis. Mol Genet Genomics 2017; 292:729-739. [DOI: 10.1007/s00438-017-1317-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Reversal of TRESK Downregulation Alleviates Neuropathic Pain by Inhibiting Activation of Gliocytes in the Spinal Cord. Neurochem Res 2017; 42:1288-1298. [PMID: 28160200 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-2170-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite the consensus that activation of TWIK-related spinal cord K+ (TRESK) might contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic pain, the specific mechanisms underlying the transfer and development of pain signals still remain obscure. In the present study, we validated that TRESK was expressed in neurons instead of glial cells. Furthermore, in the SNI model of neuropathic pain (NP), downregulation of TRESK in spinal cord neurons resulted in upregulation of connexin 36 (Cx36) and connexin 43 (Cx43), both being subtypes of gap junctions in the spinal cord, with gliocytes in the spinal cord activated ultimately. Compared with SNI rats, intrathecal injection of TRESK gene recombinant adenovirus significantly downregulated the expression levels of Cx36 and Cx43 and suppressed the activation of gliocytes in the spinal cord, with hyperalgesia significantly reduced. In conclusion, TRESK contributes to the pathogenesis of NP by upregulation of synaptic transmission and activation of gliocytes.
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Zhou J, Lin W, Chen H, Fan Y, Yang C. TRESK contributes to pain threshold changes by mediating apoptosis via MAPK pathway in the spinal cord. Neuroscience 2016; 339:622-633. [PMID: 27789381 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism underlying neuropathic pain (NP) is complex and has not been fully elucidated. The TWIK-related spinal cord K+ (TRESK) is the major background potassium current in dorsal root ganglia (DRG), we found that mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal pathway were activated in spinal cord accompanied by TRESK down regulation in response to NP. Therefore, we investigated whether TRESK mediates inflammation and apoptosis by MAPK pathway in the spinal cord of NP rats. SNI rats exhibited reduced TRESK expression in DRG and spinal cord and higher sensitivity to mechanical stimuli but no effect on thermal stimuli. Intrathecal injections of TRESK overexpressing adenovirus alleviated mechanical allodynia, inhibited phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38, and decreased inflammatory reactions and apoptosis in the spinal cords of SNI rats. Down regulation of TRESK in DRG and spinal cord was detected in normal rats after intrathecal TRESK shRNA lentivirus injection, which induced mechanical allodynia but had no effect on pain thresholds for heat stimulation. Phosphorylated ERK and p38 were increased in the spinal cord. Intrathecal injection of an ERK antagonist (PD98059) and p38 antagonist (SB203580) prevented ERK and p38 activation in the spinal cord and mechanical allodynia induced by TRESK shRNA lentivirus. In conclusion, our study clearly demonstrated an important role for TRESK in NP and that TRESK regulation contributes to pain sensitivity mediates inflammation and apoptosis by ERK and p38 MAPK signaling in the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, Guangdong Province 528000, China.
| | - Wenjing Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, Guangdong Province 528000, China
| | - Hongtao Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Eighth People's Hospital of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510060, China
| | - Youling Fan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Central Hospital of Panyu District, Guangzhou 511400, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Chengxiang Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, Guangdong Province 528000, China
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Zhang LM, Dong Z, Yu SY. Migraine in the era of precision medicine. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2016; 4:105. [PMID: 27127758 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2016.03.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Migraine is a common neurovascular disorder in the neurologic clinics whose mechanisms have been explored for several years. The aura has been considered to be attributed to cortical spreading depression (CSD) and dysfunction of the trigeminovascular system is the key factor that has been considered in the pathogenesis of migraine pain. Moreover, three genes (CACNA1A, ATP1A2, and SCN1A) have come from studies performed in individuals with familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM), a monogenic form of migraine with aura. Therapies targeting on the neuropeptids and genes may be helpful in the precision medicine of migraineurs. 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptor agonists and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor antagonists have demonstrated efficacy in the acute specific treatment of migraine attacks. Therefore, ongoing and future efforts to find new vulnerabilities of migraine, unravel the complexity of drug therapy, and perform biomarker-driven clinical trials are necessary to improve outcomes for patients with migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lv-Ming Zhang
- 1 Department of Neurology, Aerospace Center Hospital/Aerospace Clinical Medical College Affiliated to Peking University, Beijing 100049, China ; 2 Department of Neurology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Zhao Dong
- 1 Department of Neurology, Aerospace Center Hospital/Aerospace Clinical Medical College Affiliated to Peking University, Beijing 100049, China ; 2 Department of Neurology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Sheng-Yuan Yu
- 1 Department of Neurology, Aerospace Center Hospital/Aerospace Clinical Medical College Affiliated to Peking University, Beijing 100049, China ; 2 Department of Neurology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
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27
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New approaches to treating pain. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:1103-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.12.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Poor management of chronic pain remains a significant cause of misery with huge socioeconomic costs. Accumulating research in potassium (K+) channel physiology has uncovered several promising leads for the development of novel analgesics. RECENT FINDINGS We now recognize that certain K+ channel subunits are directly gated to pain-relevant stimuli (Kv1.1, K2P) whereas others are specifically modulated by inflammatory processes (Kv7, BKCA, K2P). Genetic analyses illustrate that K+ channel gene variation can predict pain sensitivity (KCNS1, GIRKs), risk for persistent pain (KCNS1, GIRKs, TRESK) and analgesic effectiveness (GIRK2). Importantly, preclinical studies confirm that K+ channel dysfunction can be a pain trigger in traumatic neuropathies (Kv9.1/Kv2.1, Kv7, Kv1.2) and migraine (TRESK). Finally, emerging data suggest that even pain in diabetes, bone cancer and autoimmune neuropathies may have K+ channel dysfunction constituents. SUMMARY There is a long-sought need for superior pharmacotherapy of pain syndromes. Although universal enhancement of K+ channel function in the periphery can decrease nociceptive excitability irrespective of the underlying cause, a more refined targeting of subunits with dominant nociceptive roles could yield highly efficacious treatments with fewer side-effects. The ongoing characterization of molecular interactions linking K+ channel dysfunction to pain is instrumental for identifying candidates with the most therapeutic potential.
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Hwang HY, Zhang E, Park S, Chung W, Lee S, Kim DW, Ko Y, Lee W. TWIK-Related Spinal Cord K⁺ Channel Expression Is Increased in the Spinal Dorsal Horn after Spinal Nerve Ligation. Yonsei Med J 2015; 56:1307-15. [PMID: 26256973 PMCID: PMC4541660 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2015.56.5.1307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The TWIK-related spinal cord K⁺ channel (TRESK) has recently been discovered and plays an important role in nociceptor excitability in the pain pathway. Because there have been no reports on the TRESK expression or its function in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord in neuropathic pain, we analyzed TRESK expression in the spinal dorsal horn in a spinal nerve ligation (SNL) model. MATERIALS AND METHODS We established a SNL mouse model by using the L5-6 spinal nerves ligation. We used real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry to investigate TRESK expression in the dorsal horn and L5 dorsal rot ganglion (DRG). RESULTS The SNL group showed significantly higher expression of TRESK in the ipsilateral dorsal horn under pain, but low expression in L5 DRG. Double immunofluorescence staining revealed that immunoreactivity of TRESK was mostly restricted in neuronal cells, and that synapse markers GAD67 and VGlut2 appeared to be associated with TRESK expression. We were unable to find a significant association between TRESK and calcineurin by double immunofluorescence. CONCLUSION TRESK in spinal cord neurons may contribute to the development of neuropathic pain following injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Youn Hwang
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Chungnam National University Medical School, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Enji Zhang
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Sangil Park
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Woosuk Chung
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Sunyeul Lee
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Dong Woon Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Chungnam National University Medical School, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Youngkwon Ko
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Korea.
| | - Wonhyung Lee
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Korea.
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Li XY, Toyoda H. Role of leak potassium channels in pain signaling. Brain Res Bull 2015; 119:73-9. [PMID: 26321392 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Potassium (K(+)) channels are membrane proteins that allow rapid and selective flow of K(+) ions across the cell membrane, generating electrical signals in neurons. Thus, K(+) channels play a critical role in determining the neuronal excitability. Two-pore domain (K2P) "leak" K(+) channels give rise to leak K(+) currents that are responsible for the resting membrane potential and input resistance. The wide expression of leak K(+) channels in the central and peripheral nervous system suggests that these channels are critically involved in pain signaling and behavior. Indeed, it has become apparent in the past decade that the leak K(+) channels play essential roles in the development of pain. In this review, we describe evidence for the roles of TASK1, TASK3, TREK1, TREK2, TRAAK and TRESK channels in pain signaling and behavior. Furthermore, we describe the possible involvement of TASK2 and TWIK1 channels in pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Yao Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hiroki Toyoda
- Department of Neuroscience and Oral Physiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8, Yamadaoka, Suita, Japan.
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Kollert S, Dombert B, Döring F, Wischmeyer E. Activation of TRESK channels by the inflammatory mediator lysophosphatidic acid balances nociceptive signalling. Sci Rep 2015. [PMID: 26224542 PMCID: PMC4519772 DOI: 10.1038/srep12548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons TRESK channels constitute a major current component of the standing outward current IKSO. A prominent physiological role of TRESK has been attributed to pain sensation. During inflammation mediators of pain e.g. lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) are released and modulate nociception. We demonstrate co-expression of TRESK and LPA receptors in DRG neurons. Heterologous expression of TRESK and LPA receptors in Xenopus oocytes revealed augmentation of basal K+ currents upon LPA application. In DRG neurons nociception can result from TRPV1 activation by capsaicin or LPA. Upon co-expression in Xenopus oocytes LPA simultaneously increased both depolarising TRPV1 and hyperpolarising TRESK currents. Patch-clamp recordings in cultured DRG neurons from TRESK[wt] mice displayed increased IKSO after application of LPA whereas under these conditions IKSO in neurons from TRESK[ko] mice remained unaltered. Under current-clamp conditions LPA application differentially modulated excitability in these genotypes upon depolarising pulses. Spike frequency was attenuated in TRESK[wt] neurons and, in contrast, augmented in TRESK[ko] neurons. Accordingly, excitation of nociceptive neurons by LPA is balanced by co-activation of TRESK channels. Hence excitation of sensory neurons is strongly controlled by the activity of TRESK channels, which therefore are good candidates for the treatment of pain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Kollert
- Institute of Physiology, AG Molecular Electrophysiology, University of Würzburg, 97070 Würzburg Germany
| | - Benjamin Dombert
- Institute for Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Frank Döring
- Institute of Physiology, AG Molecular Electrophysiology, University of Würzburg, 97070 Würzburg Germany
| | - Erhard Wischmeyer
- Institute of Physiology, AG Molecular Electrophysiology, University of Würzburg, 97070 Würzburg Germany
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Pan J, Lin XJ, Ling ZH, Cai YZ. Effect of down-regulation of voltage-gated sodium channel Nav1.7 on activation of astrocytes and microglia in DRG in rats with cancer pain. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2015; 8:405-11. [PMID: 26003602 DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(14)60352-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of down-regulation of Nav1.7 on the activation of astrocytes and microglia in DRG of rats with cancer pain, and explore the transmission of the nociceptive information. METHODS Lentiviral vector harboring RNAi sequence targeting the Nav1.7 gene was constructed, and Walker 256 breast cancer cell and morphine was injected to build the bone cancer pain model and morphine tolerance model in rats. Lentiviral vector was injected. Rats in each model were divided into 4 groups: model group, PBS group, vehicle group and LV-Nav1.7 group. The expression levels of GFAP and OX42 in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) were measured. RESULTS After the animal model was built, the level of Nav1.7, GFAP and OX42 was improved obviously with the time prolonged, which was statistically significant (P<0.05). The expression level of GFAP and OX42 in the DRG in the LV-Nav1.7 group declined obviously compared to the model group, PBS group and vehicle group (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Intrathecal injection of Navl.7 shRNA lentiviral vector can reduce the expression of Nav1.7 and inhibit the activation of astrocytes and microglia in DRG. The effort is also effective in morphine tolerance bone cancer pain model rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Pan
- Department of Orthopaedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Xiang-Jin Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.
| | - Zhi-Heng Ling
- Department of Orthopaedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - You-Zhi Cai
- Department of Orthopaedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
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Mathie A, Veale EL. Two-pore domain potassium channels: potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of pain. Pflugers Arch 2014; 467:931-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-014-1655-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Enyedi P, Czirják G. Properties, regulation, pharmacology, and functions of the K₂p channel, TRESK. Pflugers Arch 2014; 467:945-58. [PMID: 25366493 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-014-1634-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
TWIK-related spinal cord K(+) channel (TRESK) is the gene product of KCNK18, the last discovered leak potassium K2P channel gene. Under resting conditions, TRESK is constitutively phosphorylated at two regulatory regions. Protein kinase A (PKA) and microtubule affinity-regulating (MARK) kinases can be applied in experiments to phosphorylate these sites of TRESK expressed in Xenopus oocytes, respectively. Upon generation of a calcium signal, TRESK is dephosphorylated and thereby activated by calcineurin. In this process, the binding of calcineurin to the channel by non-catalytic interacting sites is essential. The phosphorylation/dephosphorylation regulatory process is modified by 14-3-3 proteins. Human, but not murine TRESK is also activated by protein kinase C. TRESK is expressed most abundantly in sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and trigeminal ganglia, and the channel modifies certain forms of nociceptive afferentation. In a large pedigree, a dominant negative mutant TRESK allele was found to co-segregate perfectly with migraine phenotype. While this genetic defect may be responsible only for a very small fraction of migraine cases, specific TRESK activation is expected to exert beneficial effect in common forms of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Enyedi
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, P.O. Box 259, 1444, Budapest, Hungary,
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Czirják G, Enyedi P. The LQLP calcineurin docking site is a major determinant of the calcium-dependent activation of human TRESK background K+ channel. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:29506-18. [PMID: 25202008 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.577684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium-dependent activation of human TRESK (TWIK-related spinal cord K(+) channel, K2P18.1) depends on direct targeting of calcineurin to the PQIIIS motif. In the present study we demonstrate that TRESK also contains another functionally relevant docking site for the phosphatase, the LQLP amino acid sequence. Combined mutations of the PQIIIS and LQLP motifs were required to eliminate the calcium-dependent regulation of the channel. In contrast to the alanine substitutions of PQIIIS, the mutation of LQLP to AQAP alone did not significantly change the amplitude of TRESK activation evoked by the substantial elevation of cytoplasmic calcium concentration. However, the AQAP mutation slowed down the response to high calcium. In addition, modest elevation of [Ca(2+)], which effectively regulated the wild type channel, failed to activate TRESK-AQAP. This indicates that the AQAP mutation diminished the sensitivity of TRESK to calcium. Even if PQIIIS was replaced by the PVIVIT sequence of high calcineurin binding affinity, the effect of the AQAP mutation was clearly detected in this TRESK-PVIVIT context. Substitution of the LQLP region with the corresponding fragment of NFAT transcription factor, perfectly matching the previously described LXVP calcineurin-binding consensus sequence, increased the calcium-sensitivity of TRESK-PVIVIT. Thus the enhancement of the affinity of TRESK for calcineurin by the incorporation of PVIVIT could not compensate for or prevent the effects of LQLP sequence modifications, suggesting that the two calcineurin-binding regions play distinct roles in the regulation. Our results indicate that the LQLP site is a fundamental determinant of the calcium-sensitivity of human TRESK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Czirják
- From the Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Enyedi
- From the Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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37
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Waxman SG, Zamponi GW. Regulating excitability of peripheral afferents: emerging ion channel targets. Nat Neurosci 2014; 17:153-63. [DOI: 10.1038/nn.3602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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38
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Guo Z, Cao YQ. Over-expression of TRESK K(+) channels reduces the excitability of trigeminal ganglion nociceptors. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87029. [PMID: 24466320 PMCID: PMC3900698 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
TWIK-related spinal cord K+ (TRESK) channel is abundantly expressed in trigeminal ganglion (TG) and dorsal root ganglion neurons and is one of the major background K+ channels in primary afferent neurons. Mutations in TRESK channels are associated with familial and sporadic migraine. In rats, both chronic nerve injury and inflammation alter the expression level of TRESK mRNA. Functional studies indicate that reduction of endogenous TRESK channel activity results in hyper-excitation of primary afferent neurons, suggesting that TRESK is a potential target for the development of new analgesics. However, whether and how enhancing TRESK channel activity would decrease the excitability of primary afferent neurons has not been directly tested. Here, we over-expressed TRESK subunits in cultured mouse TG neurons by lipofectamine-mediated transfection and investigated how this altered the membrane properties and the excitability of the small-diameter TG population. To account for the heterogeneity of neurons, we further divided small TG neurons into two groups, based on their ability to bind to fluorescently-labeled isolectin B (IB4). The transfected TG neurons showed a 2-fold increase in the level of TRESK proteins. This was accompanied by a significant increase in the fraction of lamotrigine-sensitive persistent K+ currents as well as the size of total background K+ currents. Consequently, both IB4-positive and IB4-negative TG neurons over-expressing TRESK subunits exhibited a lower input resistance and a 2-fold increase in the current threshold for action potential initiation. IB4-negative TG neurons over-expressing TRESK subunits also showed a significant reduction of the spike frequency in response to supra-threshold stimuli. Importantly, an increase in TRESK channel activity effectively inhibited capsaicin-evoked spikes in TG neurons. Taken together, our results suggest that potent and specific TRESK channel openers likely would reduce the excitability of primary afferent neurons and therefore are potential therapeutics for the treatment of migraine and other chronic pain symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohua Guo
- Washington University Pain Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Yu-Qing Cao
- Washington University Pain Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
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Opening paths to novel analgesics: the role of potassium channels in chronic pain. Trends Neurosci 2014; 37:146-58. [PMID: 24461875 PMCID: PMC3945816 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Potassium (K+) channels are crucial determinants of neuronal excitability. Nerve injury or inflammation alters K+ channel activity in neurons of the pain pathway. These changes can render neurons hyperexcitable and cause chronic pain. Therapies targeting K+ channels may provide improved pain relief in these states.
Chronic pain is associated with abnormal excitability of the somatosensory system and remains poorly treated in the clinic. Potassium (K+) channels are crucial determinants of neuronal activity throughout the nervous system. Opening of these channels facilitates a hyperpolarizing K+ efflux across the plasma membrane that counteracts inward ion conductance and therefore limits neuronal excitability. Accumulating research has highlighted a prominent involvement of K+ channels in nociceptive processing, particularly in determining peripheral hyperexcitability. We review salient findings from expression, pharmacological, and genetic studies that have untangled a hitherto undervalued contribution of K+ channels in maladaptive pain signaling. These emerging data provide a framework to explain enigmatic pain syndromes and to design novel pharmacological treatments for these debilitating states.
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Zameel Cader M. The molecular pathogenesis of migraine: new developments and opportunities. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 22:R39-44. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Piller N, Decosterd I, Suter MR. Reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction reference genes in the spared nerve injury model of neuropathic pain: validation and literature search. BMC Res Notes 2013; 6:266. [PMID: 23841944 PMCID: PMC3717014 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-6-266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is a widely used, highly sensitive laboratory technique to rapidly and easily detect, identify and quantify gene expression. Reliable RT-qPCR data necessitates accurate normalization with validated control genes (reference genes) whose expression is constant in all studied conditions. This stability has to be demonstrated. We performed a literature search for studies using quantitative or semi-quantitative PCR in the rat spared nerve injury (SNI) model of neuropathic pain to verify whether any reference genes had previously been validated. We then analyzed the stability over time of 7 commonly used reference genes in the nervous system – specifically in the spinal cord dorsal horn and the dorsal root ganglion (DRG). These were: Actin beta (Actb), Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), ribosomal proteins 18S (18S), L13a (RPL13a) and L29 (RPL29), hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1 (HPRT1) and hydroxymethylbilane synthase (HMBS). We compared the candidate genes and established a stability ranking using the geNorm algorithm. Finally, we assessed the number of reference genes necessary for accurate normalization in this neuropathic pain model. Results We found GAPDH, HMBS, Actb, HPRT1 and 18S cited as reference genes in literature on studies using the SNI model. Only HPRT1 and 18S had been once previously demonstrated as stable in RT-qPCR arrays. All the genes tested in this study, using the geNorm algorithm, presented gene stability values (M-value) acceptable enough for them to qualify as potential reference genes in both DRG and spinal cord. Using the coefficient of variation, 18S failed the 50% cut-off with a value of 61% in the DRG. The two most stable genes in the dorsal horn were RPL29 and RPL13a; in the DRG they were HPRT1 and Actb. Using a 0.15 cut-off for pairwise variations we found that any pair of stable reference gene was sufficient for the normalization process. Conclusions In the rat SNI model, we validated and ranked Actb, RPL29, RPL13a, HMBS, GAPDH, HPRT1 and 18S as good reference genes in the spinal cord. In the DRG, 18S did not fulfill stability criteria. The combination of any two stable reference genes was sufficient to provide an accurate normalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Piller
- Pain Center, Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Avenue du Bugnon 46, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
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