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Oliver MG, Best A. Parasite evolution of host manipulation strategies with fluctuating ecological dynamics. J Evol Biol 2024; 37:302-313. [PMID: 38300519 DOI: 10.1093/jeb/voae014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Trophically transmitted parasites often infect an intermediate prey host and manipulate their behaviour to make predation more likely, thus facilitating parasite transmission to the definitive host. However, it is unclear when such a manipulation strategy should be expected to evolve. We develop the first evolutionary invasion model to explore the evolution of manipulation strategies that are in a trade-off with parasite production of free-living spores. We find that the size of the susceptible prey population together with the threat of predation drives manipulation evolution. We find that it is only when the susceptible prey population is large and the threat of predation is relatively small that selection favours manipulation strategies over spore production. We also confirm that the system exhibits cyclic population dynamics, and this can influence the qualitative direction of selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Grace Oliver
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Best
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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2
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Miles CI, Chen WP, Adamo SA, Kester KM, Miller DW. Manduca sexta caterpillars parasitized by the wasp Cotesia congregata stop chewing despite an intact motor system. J Exp Biol 2023; 226:jeb245716. [PMID: 37534841 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.245716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
The parasitic wasp Cotesia congregata suppresses feeding in its host, the caterpillar Manduca sexta, during specific periods of wasp development. We examined both feeding behaviour and the neurophysiology of the mandibular closer muscle in parasitized and unparasitized control M. sexta to determine how the wasp may accomplish this. To test whether the wasps activated a pre-existing host mechanism for feeding cessation, we examined the microstructure of feeding behaviour in caterpillars that stopped feeding due to illness-induced anorexia or an impending moult. These microstructures were compared with that shown by parasitized caterpillars. While there were overall differences between parasitized and unparasitized caterpillars, the groups showed similar progression in feeding microstructure as feeding ended, suggesting a common pattern for terminating a meal. Parasitized caterpillars also consumed less leaf area in 100 bites than control caterpillars at around the same time their feeding microstructure changed. The decline in food consumption was accompanied by fewer spikes per burst and shorter burst durations in chewing muscle electromyograms. Similar extracellular results were obtained from the motorneuron of the mandibular closer muscle. However, chewing was dramatically re-activated in non-feeding parasitized caterpillars if the connectives posterior to the suboesophageal ganglion were severed. The same result was observed in unparasitized caterpillars given the same treatment. Our results suggest that the reduced feeding in parasitized caterpillars is not due to damage to the central pattern generator (CPG) for chewing, motor nerves or chewing muscles, but is more likely to be due to a suppression of chewing CPG activity by ascending or descending inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol I Miles
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA
| | - Wei Ping Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA
| | - Shelley A Adamo
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada, B3H 4R2
| | - Karen M Kester
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Dylan W Miller
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada, B3H 4R2
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3
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Fei M, Gols R, Harvey JA. The Biology and Ecology of Parasitoid Wasps of Predatory Arthropods. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 68:109-128. [PMID: 36198401 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-120120-111607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Parasitoid wasps are important components of insect food chains and have played a central role in biological control programs for over a century. Although the vast majority of parasitoids exploit insect herbivores as hosts, others parasitize predatory insects and arthropods, such as ladybird beetles, hoverflies, lacewings, ground beetles, and spiders, or are hyperparasitoids. Much of the research on the biology and ecology of parasitoids of predators has focused on ladybird beetles, whose parasitoids may interfere with the control of insect pests like aphids by reducing ladybird abundance. Alternatively, parasitoids of the invasive ladybird Harmonia axyridis may reduce its harmful impact on native ladybird populations. Different life stages of predatory insects and spiders are susceptible to parasitism to different degrees. Many parasitoids of predators exhibit intricate physiological interrelationships with their hosts, adaptively manipulating host behavior, biology, and ecology in ways that increase parasitoid survival and fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Fei
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China;
| | - Rieta Gols
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Jeffrey A Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, The Netherlands;
- Animal Ecology Section, Department of Ecological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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4
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Mohan P, Sinu PA. Is direct bodyguard manipulation a parasitoid-induced stress sleep? A new perspective. Biol Lett 2022; 18:20220280. [PMID: 36448293 PMCID: PMC9709512 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2022.0280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Bodyguard manipulation is a behavioural manipulation in which the host's behaviour is altered to protect the inducer's offspring from imminent biotic threats. The behaviour of a post-parasitoid-egressed host resembles a quiescence state with a characteristic reduction in motor activities like feeding, locomotion, respiration, and metabolic rate. Yet, they respond aggressively through a defensive response when disturbed, which ensures better fitness for the parasitoid's offspring. The behavioural changes in the parasitized host appear after the parasitoid egression. Several hypotheses have been proposed to elucidate how the parasitized host's behaviour is manipulated for the fitness benefits of the inducers, but the exact mechanism is still unknown. We review evidence to explain the behavioural changes and their mechanism in the parasitized hosts. The evidence suggests that parasitoid pre-pupal egression may drive the host to stress-induced sleep. The elevated octopamine concentration also reflects the stress response in the host. Given the theoretical links between the behavioural and the physiological changes in the post-parasitoid-egressed host and stress-induced sleep of other invertebrates, we suggest that behavioural studies combined with functional genomics, proteomics, and histological analyses might give a better understanding of bodyguard manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabitha Mohan
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, Kerala, India
- Zoological Survey of India, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Palatty Allesh Sinu
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, Kerala, India
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5
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Adamo SA. Dividing up the bill: Interactions between how parasitoids manipulate host behaviour and who pays the cost. Funct Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shelley A. Adamo
- Dept Psychology and Neuroscience Dalhousie University Halifax NS Canada
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6
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Dashevsky D, Rodriguez J. A Short Review of the Venoms and Toxins of Spider Wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae). Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13110744. [PMID: 34822528 PMCID: PMC8622703 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13110744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitoid wasps represent the plurality of venomous animals, but have received extremely little research in proportion to this taxonomic diversity. The lion’s share of investigation into insect venoms has focused on eusocial hymenopterans, but even this small sampling shows great promise for the development of new active substances. The family Pompilidae is known as the spider wasps because of their reproductive habits which include hunting for spiders, delivering a paralyzing sting, and entombing them in burrows with one of the wasp’s eggs to serve as food for the developing larva. The largest members of this family, especially the tarantula hawks of the genus Pepsis, have attained notoriety for their large size, dramatic coloration, long-term paralysis of their prey, and incredibly painful defensive stings. In this paper we review the existing research regarding the composition and function of pompilid venoms, discuss parallels from other venom literatures, identify possible avenues for the adaptation of pompilid toxins towards human purposes, and future directions of inquiry for the field.
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Pecina P, Vidlička Ľ, Majtán J, Purkart A, Prokop P. Why do zombies clean themselves? An initial test of the antimicrobial hypothesis in a parasite‐host relationship. Biologia (Bratisl) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-021-00694-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Mangold CA, Hughes DP. Insect Behavioral Change and the Potential Contributions of Neuroinflammation-A Call for Future Research. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:465. [PMID: 33805190 PMCID: PMC8064348 DOI: 10.3390/genes12040465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Many organisms are able to elicit behavioral change in other organisms. Examples include different microbes (e.g., viruses and fungi), parasites (e.g., hairworms and trematodes), and parasitoid wasps. In most cases, the mechanisms underlying host behavioral change remain relatively unclear. There is a growing body of literature linking alterations in immune signaling with neuron health, communication, and function; however, there is a paucity of data detailing the effects of altered neuroimmune signaling on insect neuron function and how glial cells may contribute toward neuron dysregulation. It is important to consider the potential impacts of altered neuroimmune communication on host behavior and reflect on its potential role as an important tool in the "neuro-engineer" toolkit. In this review, we examine what is known about the relationships between the insect immune and nervous systems. We highlight organisms that are able to influence insect behavior and discuss possible mechanisms of behavioral manipulation, including potentially dysregulated neuroimmune communication. We close by identifying opportunities for integrating research in insect innate immunity, glial cell physiology, and neurobiology in the investigation of behavioral manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen A. Mangold
- Department of Entomology, College of Agricultural Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, PA 16802, USA;
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, PA 16802, USA
| | - David P. Hughes
- Department of Entomology, College of Agricultural Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, PA 16802, USA;
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, PA 16802, USA
- Department of Biology, Eberly College of Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, PA 16802, USA
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9
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The Adaptiveness of Host Behavioural Manipulation Assessed Using Tinbergen's Four Questions. Trends Parasitol 2021; 37:597-609. [PMID: 33568325 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Host organisms show altered phenotypic reactions when parasitised, some of which result from adaptive host manipulation, a phenomenon that has long been debated. Here, we provide an overview and discuss the rationale in distinguishing adaptive versus nonadaptive host behavioural manipulation. We discuss Poulin's criteria of adaptive host behavioural manipulation within the context of Tinbergen's four questions of ethology, while highlighting the importance of both the proximate and evolutionary explanations of such traits. We also provide guidelines for future studies exploring the adaptiveness of host behavioural manipulation. Through this article, we seek to encourage researchers to consider both the proximate and ultimate causes of host behavioural manipulation to infer on the adaptiveness of such traits.
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Labaude S, Cézilly F, De Marco L, Rigaud T. Increased temperature has no consequence for behavioral manipulation despite effects on both partners in the interaction between a crustacean host and a manipulative parasite. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11670. [PMID: 32669670 PMCID: PMC7363812 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68577-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasites alter many traits of their hosts. In particular, parasites known as "manipulative" may increase their probability of transmission by inducing phenotypic alterations in their intermediate hosts. Although parasitic-induced alterations can modify species' ecological roles, the proximate factors modulating this phenomenon remain poorly known. As temperature is known to affect host-parasite associations, understanding its precise impact has become a major challenge in a context of global warming. Gammarids are ecologically important freshwater crustaceans and serve as intermediate hosts for several acanthocephalan species. These parasites induce multiple effects on gammarids, including alterations of their behavior, ultimately leading to modifications in their functional role. Here, experimental infections were used to assess the effect of two temperatures on several traits of the association between Gammarus pulex and its acanthocephalan parasite Pomphorhynchus laevis. Elevated temperature affected hosts and parasites in multiple ways (decreased host survival, increased gammarids activity, faster parasites development and proboscis eversion). However, behavioral manipulation was unaffected by temperature. These results suggest that predicted change in temperature may have little consequences on the trophic transmission of parasites through changes in manipulation, although it may modify it through increased infection success and faster parasites development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Labaude
- Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Dijon, France.
- Laboratoire "Génétique Evolutive Expérimentale", Institut de Biologie de L'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Paris, France.
| | - Frank Cézilly
- Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Dijon, France
| | - Lila De Marco
- Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Dijon, France
| | - Thierry Rigaud
- Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Dijon, France
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11
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Temporal and spatial gradients of humidity shape the occurrence and the behavioral manipulation of ants infected by entomopathogenic fungi in Central Amazon. FUNGAL ECOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2019.100871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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12
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Jagdale SS, Joshi RS. Facilitator roles of viruses in enhanced insect resistance to biotic stress. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2019; 33:111-116. [PMID: 31358189 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Virus-insect interactions are primarily parasitic, yet diverse mutualistic interactions, some of which are symbiogenic, also occur. These viruses can modify insect physiology and behavior so that hosts can gain resistance against various biotic challenges like pathogen and parasites. In the recent past, many insect mutualistic viruses have been reported. Viruses can show symbiogenic interactions with some insects, which have been explored at the molecular level. However, understanding about molecular mechanisms for many of the mutualistic viruses is still enigmatic. Exploration of these interactions and its mechanism can shed light on phenomenon of virus mediated biotic stress resistance in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shounak S Jagdale
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rakesh S Joshi
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, Maharashtra, India; Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, Maharashtra, India.
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13
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Hafer-Hahmann N. Experimental evolution of parasitic host manipulation. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20182413. [PMID: 30963953 PMCID: PMC6364588 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.2413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Host manipulation is a parasite-induced alteration of a host's phenotype that increases parasite fitness. However, if genetically encoded in the parasite, it should be under selection in the parasite. Such host manipulation has often been assumed to be energetically costly, which should restrict its evolution. Evidence of such costs, however, remains elusive. The trophically transmitted cestode Schistocephalus solidus manipulates the activity of its first intermediate copepod host to reduce its predation susceptibility before the parasite is ready for transmission. Thereafter, S. solidus increases host activity to facilitate transmission to its subsequent fish host. I selected S. solidus for or against host manipulation over three generations to investigate the evolvability of manipulation and identify potential trade-offs. Host manipulation responded to selection, confirming that this trait is heritable in the parasite and hence can present an extended phenotype. Changes in host manipulation were not restrained by any obvious costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Hafer-Hahmann
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, August-Thienemann-Str. 2, 24306 Plön, Germany
- EAWAG, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstr. 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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14
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Harvey JA, Gols R. Effects of plant-mediated differences in host quality on the development of two related endoparasitoids with different host-utilization strategies. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 107:110-115. [PMID: 29555347 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Among parasitoids that develop inside the bodies of feeding, growing hosts (so-called 'koinobiont' endoparasitoids), two strategies have evolved to dispose of host resources. The larvae of one group consumes most host tissues before pupation, whereas in the other the parasitoid larvae consume only host hemolymph and fat body and at maturity emerge through the host cuticle to pupate externally. Here we compared development and survival (to adult emergence) of two related larval endoparasitoids (Braconidae: Microgastrinae) of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. Larvae of Dolichogenidea sicaria are tissue feeders whereas larvae of Cotesia vestalis are hemolymph feeders. Here, development of P. xylostella and the two parasitoids was compared on three populations (one cultivar [Cyrus], two wild, [Winspit and Kimmeridge]) of cabbage that have been shown to vary in direct defense and hence quality. Survival of P. xylostella and C. vestalis (to adult eclosion) did not vary with cabbage population, but did so in D. sicaria, where survival was lower when reared on the wild populations than on the cultivar. Furthermore, adult herbivore mass was significantly higher and development was significantly shorter in moths reared on the cultivar. The tissue-feeing D. sicaria was larger but took longer to develop than the hemolymph-feeder C. vestalis. The performance of both parasitoids was better on the cabbage cultivar than on the wild populations, although the effects were less apparent than in the host. Our results show that (1) differences in plant quality are diffused up the food chain, and (2) the effects of host quality are reflected on the development of both parasitoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6700 EH Wageningen, The Netherlands; Department of Ecological Sciences - Animal Ecology, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Rieta Gols
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 4, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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15
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Jagdale SS, Joshi RS. Enemies with benefits: mutualistic interactions of viruses with lower eukaryotes. Arch Virol 2018; 163:821-830. [PMID: 29307090 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3686-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Viruses represent some of the deadliest pathogens known to science. Recently they have been reported to have mutualistic interactions with their hosts, providing them direct or indirect benefits. The mutualism and symbiogenesis of such viruses with lower eukaryotic partners such as fungi, yeast, and insects have been reported but the full mechanism of interaction often remains an enigma. In many instances, these viral interactions provide resistance against several biotic and abiotic stresses, which could be the prime reason for the ecological success and positive selection of the hosts. These viruses modulate host metabolism and behavior, so both can obtain maximum benefits from the environment. They bring about micro- and macro-level changes in the hosts, benefiting their adaptation, reproduction, development, and survival. These virus-host interactions can be bilateral or tripartite with a variety of interacting partners. Exploration of these interactions can shed light on one of the well-coordinated biological phenomena of co-evolution and can be highly utilized for various applications in agriculture, fermentation and the pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shounak S Jagdale
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, 411007, India
| | - Rakesh S Joshi
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, 411007, India.
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16
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Positive density-dependent growth supports costs sharing hypothesis and population density sensing in a manipulative parasite. Parasitology 2017; 144:1511-1518. [PMID: 28653588 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182017001020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Parasites manipulate their hosts' phenotype to increase their own fitness. Like any evolutionary adaptation, parasitic manipulations should be costly. Though it is difficult to measure costs of the manipulation directly, they can be evaluated using an indirect approach. For instance, theory suggests that as the parasite infrapopulation grows, the investment of individual parasites in host manipulation decreases, because of cost sharing. Another assumption is that in environments where manipulation does not pay off for the parasite, it can decrease its investment in the manipulation to save resources. We experimentally infected rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss with the immature larvae of the trematode Diplostomum pseudospathaceum, to test these assumptions. Immature D. pseudospathaceum metacercariae are known for their ability to manipulate the behaviour of their host enhancing its anti-predator defenses to avoid concomitant predation. We found that the growth rate of individual parasites in rainbow trout increased with the infrapopulation size (positive density-dependence) suggesting cost sharing. Moreover, parasites adjusted their growth to the intensity of infection within the eye lens where they were localized suggesting population density sensing. Results of this study support the hypothesis that macroparasites can adjust their growth rate and manipulation investment according to cost sharing level and infrapopulation size.
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Parasitoid wasp usurps its host to guard its pupa against hyperparasitoids and induces rapid behavioral changes in the parasitized host. PLoS One 2017. [PMID: 28636632 PMCID: PMC5479522 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Some parasites have an ability to fabricate the behavior of their host and impel the host to guard parasites' offspring, which is popularly called as bodyguard manipulation. Psalis pennatula larva parasitized by a braconid parasitoid wasp Microplitis pennatula exhibits some behavioral changes including the guarding of the parasitoid pupa from its natural enemies. We hypothesized that these behavioral change exhibited by the parasitized host larva are induced by the parasitoid and can be considered as an example of bodyguard manipulation. Even though hyperparasitoids are the more specialized natural enemy of parasitoids than predators, very few studies tested the success of guarding parasitoid pupa against hyperparasitoids. This study analyzed the success of guarding behavior of the parasitized host against hyperparasitoids. The onsets of parasite-induced phenotypic alterations (PIPAs) in the parasitized host were inspected to analyze whether these behavioral changes in the host larva manifests gradually or abruptly. The study concludes that parasitized host larva defends the parasitoid pupa from hyperparasitoids and the PIPAs in the parasitized host develops abruptly only after the egression of parasitoid prepupa.
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18
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Glupov VV, Kryukova NA. Physiological and biochemical aspects of interactions between insect parasitoids and their hosts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s0013873816050018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Hahn MA, Dheilly NM. Experimental Models to Study the Role of Microbes in Host-Parasite Interactions. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1300. [PMID: 27602023 PMCID: PMC4993751 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Until recently, parasitic infections have been primarily studied as interactions between the parasite and the host, leaving out crucial players: microbes. The recent realization that microbes play key roles in the biology of all living organisms is not only challenging our understanding of host-parasite evolution, but it also provides new clues to develop new therapies and remediation strategies. In this paper we provide a review of promising and advanced experimental organismal systems to examine the dynamic of host-parasite-microbe interactions. We address the benefits of developing new experimental models appropriate to this new research area and identify systems that offer the best promises considering the nature of the interactions among hosts, parasites, and microbes. Based on these systems, we identify key criteria for selecting experimental models to elucidate the fundamental principles of these complex webs of interactions. It appears that no model is ideal and that complementary studies should be performed on different systems in order to understand the driving roles of microbes in host and parasite evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A Hahn
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Nolwenn M Dheilly
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University Stony Brook, NY, USA
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Hafer N. Conflicts over host manipulation between different parasites and pathogens: Investigating the ecological and medical consequences. Bioessays 2016; 38:1027-37. [PMID: 27510821 PMCID: PMC5108444 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201600060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
When parasites have different interests in regard to how their host should behave this can result in a conflict over host manipulation, i.e. parasite induced changes in host behaviour that enhance parasite fitness. Such a conflict can result in the alteration, or even complete suppression, of one parasite's host manipulation. Many parasites, and probably also symbionts and commensals, have the ability to manipulate the behaviour of their host. Non‐manipulating parasites should also have an interest in host behaviour. Given the frequency of multiple parasite infections in nature, potential conflicts of interest over host behaviour and manipulation may be common. This review summarizes the evidence on how parasites can alter other parasite's host manipulation. Host manipulation can have important ecological and medical consequences. I speculate on how a conflict over host manipulation could alter these consequences and potentially offer a new avenue of research to ameliorate harmful consequences of host manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Hafer
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany.
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21
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Maure F, Thomas F, Doyon J, Brodeur J. Host nutritional status mediates degree of parasitoid virulence. OIKOS 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.02944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Maure
- MIVEGEC/UMR CNRS-IRD-UM 5290; 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501 FR-34394 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
- Inst. de recherche en biologie végétale, Dépt de sciences biologiques; Univ. de Montréal; 4101, rue Sherbrooke Est Montréal QC H1X 2B2 Canada
| | - Frédéric Thomas
- MIVEGEC/UMR CNRS-IRD-UM 5290; 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501 FR-34394 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Josée Doyon
- Inst. de recherche en biologie végétale, Dépt de sciences biologiques; Univ. de Montréal; 4101, rue Sherbrooke Est Montréal QC H1X 2B2 Canada
| | - Jacques Brodeur
- Inst. de recherche en biologie végétale, Dépt de sciences biologiques; Univ. de Montréal; 4101, rue Sherbrooke Est Montréal QC H1X 2B2 Canada
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22
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Tissot T, Arnal A, Jacqueline C, Poulin R, Lefèvre T, Mery F, Renaud F, Roche B, Massol F, Salzet M, Ewald P, Tasiemski A, Ujvari B, Thomas F. Host manipulation by cancer cells: Expectations, facts, and therapeutic implications. Bioessays 2016; 38:276-85. [PMID: 26849295 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201500163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Similar to parasites, cancer cells depend on their hosts for sustenance, proliferation and reproduction, exploiting the hosts for energy and resources, and thereby impairing their health and fitness. Because of this lifestyle similarity, it is predicted that cancer cells could, like numerous parasitic organisms, evolve the capacity to manipulate the phenotype of their hosts to increase their own fitness. We claim that the extent of this phenomenon and its therapeutic implications are, however, underappreciated. Here, we review and discuss what can be regarded as cases of host manipulation in the context of cancer development and progression. We elaborate on how acknowledging the applicability of these principles can offer novel therapeutic and preventive strategies. The manipulation of host phenotype by cancer cells is one more reason to adopt a Darwinian approach in cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tazzio Tissot
- CREEC/MIVEGEC, UMR IRD/CNRS/UM 5290, Montpellier, France
| | - Audrey Arnal
- CREEC/MIVEGEC, UMR IRD/CNRS/UM 5290, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Robert Poulin
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Frédéric Mery
- Evolution, Génomes, Comportement and Ecologie, CNRS, IRD, University of Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Benjamin Roche
- CREEC/MIVEGEC, UMR IRD/CNRS/UM 5290, Montpellier, France.,Unité mixte internationale de Modélisation Mathématique et Informatique des Systèmes Complexes, (UMI IRD/UPMC UMMISCO), BondyCedex, France
| | - François Massol
- Université de Lille, UMR 8198, Unité EEP, Ecoimmunology Group, Lille, France
| | - Michel Salzet
- Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM) INSERM U1192, Université Lille, Lille, France
| | - Paul Ewald
- Department of Biology and the Program on Disease Evolution, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Aurélie Tasiemski
- Université de Lille, UMR 8198, Unité EEP, Ecoimmunology Group, Lille, France
| | - Beata Ujvari
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia
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23
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Does resource availability affect host manipulation? – an experimental test with Schistocephalus solidus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1017/pao.2015.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYHost manipulation is a common strategy of parasites employed to increase their fitness by changing the phenotype of their hosts. Whether host manipulation might be affected by environmental factors such as resource availability, has received little attention. We experimentally infected laboratory-bred copepods with the cestodeSchistocephalus solidus, submitted infected and uninfected copepods to either a high or a low food treatment, and measured their behaviour. Infection reduced host activity and speed in both feeding treatments. However, the difference between the infected and uninfected copepods was smaller under low food conditions, because uninfected, but not infected, copepods moved slower under these conditions. We suggest that these differences are mediated by the physical condition of copepods rather than changes in how strongly the parasite manipulated host behaviour. Additionally, we measured three fitness-relevant traits (growth, development and infection rate in the next host) of the parasite to identify potential trade-offs with host manipulation. The largest parasites in copepods appeared the least manipulative, i.e. their hosts showed the smallest behavioural alterations, but this may again reflect variation in copepod condition, rather than life history trade-offs between parasite growth and host manipulation. Our results point to the possibility that parasite transmission depends on environmental conditions.
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24
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González-Forero M. Stable eusociality via maternal manipulation when resistance is costless. J Evol Biol 2015; 28:2208-23. [PMID: 26341103 PMCID: PMC4685003 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In many eusocial species, queens use pheromones to influence offspring to express worker phenotypes. Although evidence suggests that queen pheromones are honest signals of the queen's reproductive health, here I show that queen's honest signalling can result from ancestral maternal manipulation. I develop a mathematical model to study the coevolution of maternal manipulation, offspring resistance to manipulation and maternal resource allocation. I assume that (i) maternal manipulation causes offspring to be workers against offspring's interests; (ii) offspring can resist at no direct cost, as is thought to be the case with pheromonal manipulation; and (iii) the mother chooses how much resource to allocate to fertility and maternal care. In the coevolution of these traits, I find that maternal care decreases, thereby increasing the benefit that offspring obtain from help, which in the long run eliminates selection for resistance. Consequently, ancestral maternal manipulation yields stable eusociality despite costless resistance. Additionally, ancestral manipulation in the long run becomes honest signalling that induces offspring to help. These results indicate that both eusociality and its commonly associated queen honest signalling can be likely to originate from ancestral manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M González-Forero
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis (NIMBioS), University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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25
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Dheilly NM, Maure F, Ravallec M, Galinier R, Doyon J, Duval D, Leger L, Volkoff AN, Missé D, Nidelet S, Demolombe V, Brodeur J, Gourbal B, Thomas F, Mitta G. Who is the puppet master? Replication of a parasitic wasp-associated virus correlates with host behaviour manipulation. Proc Biol Sci 2015; 282:20142773. [PMID: 25673681 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.2773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Many parasites modify their host behaviour to improve their own transmission and survival, but the proximate mechanisms remain poorly understood. An original model consists of the parasitoid Dinocampus coccinellae and its coccinellid host, Coleomegilla maculata; during the behaviour manipulation, the parasitoid is not in contact with its host anymore. We report herein the discovery and characterization of a new RNA virus of the parasitoid (D. coccinellae paralysis virus, DcPV). Using a combination of RT-qPCR and transmission electron microscopy, we demonstrate that DcPV is stored in the oviduct of parasitoid females, replicates in parasitoid larvae and is transmitted to the host during larval development. Next, DcPV replication in the host's nervous tissue induces a severe neuropathy and antiviral immune response that correlate with the paralytic symptoms characterizing the behaviour manipulation. Remarkably, virus clearance correlates with recovery of normal coccinellid behaviour. These results provide evidence that changes in ladybeetle behaviour most likely result from DcPV replication in the cerebral ganglia rather than by manipulation by the parasitoid. This offers stimulating prospects for research on parasitic manipulation by suggesting for the first time that behaviour manipulation could be symbiont-mediated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nolwenn M Dheilly
- UMR 5244, Ecologie et Evolution des Interactions (2EI), CNRS, Université de Perpignan, Perpignan 66860, France MIVEGEC (UMR CNRS/IRD/UM1/UM2 5290), 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, Montpellier Cedex 5 34394, France
| | - Fanny Maure
- MIVEGEC (UMR CNRS/IRD/UM1/UM2 5290), 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, Montpellier Cedex 5 34394, France Département de Sciences Biologiques, Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université de Montréal, 4101 rue Sherbrooke est, Montréal, Québec, Canada H1X 2B2
| | - Marc Ravallec
- INRA (UMR 1333), 'Insect-Microorganisms Diversity, Genomes and Interactions', Université de Montpellier 2, Place Eugène Bataillon, CC101, Montpellier Cedex 34095, France
| | - Richard Galinier
- UMR 5244, Ecologie et Evolution des Interactions (2EI), CNRS, Université de Perpignan, Perpignan 66860, France
| | - Josée Doyon
- Département de Sciences Biologiques, Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université de Montréal, 4101 rue Sherbrooke est, Montréal, Québec, Canada H1X 2B2
| | - David Duval
- UMR 5244, Ecologie et Evolution des Interactions (2EI), CNRS, Université de Perpignan, Perpignan 66860, France
| | - Lucas Leger
- MIVEGEC (UMR CNRS/IRD/UM1/UM2 5290), 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, Montpellier Cedex 5 34394, France
| | - Anne-Nathalie Volkoff
- INRA (UMR 1333), 'Insect-Microorganisms Diversity, Genomes and Interactions', Université de Montpellier 2, Place Eugène Bataillon, CC101, Montpellier Cedex 34095, France
| | - Dorothée Missé
- MIVEGEC (UMR CNRS/IRD/UM1/UM2 5290), 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, Montpellier Cedex 5 34394, France
| | - Sabine Nidelet
- Montpellier Genomics and Bioinformatics Facility, MGX-Montpellier GenomiX, Montpellier 34396, France
| | - Vincent Demolombe
- Montpellier Genomics and Bioinformatics Facility, MGX-Montpellier GenomiX, Montpellier 34396, France
| | - Jacques Brodeur
- Département de Sciences Biologiques, Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université de Montréal, 4101 rue Sherbrooke est, Montréal, Québec, Canada H1X 2B2
| | - Benjamin Gourbal
- UMR 5244, Ecologie et Evolution des Interactions (2EI), CNRS, Université de Perpignan, Perpignan 66860, France
| | - Frédéric Thomas
- MIVEGEC (UMR CNRS/IRD/UM1/UM2 5290), 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, Montpellier Cedex 5 34394, France
| | - Guillaume Mitta
- UMR 5244, Ecologie et Evolution des Interactions (2EI), CNRS, Université de Perpignan, Perpignan 66860, France
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26
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Host Manipulation by Parasites: A Look Back Before Moving Forward. Trends Parasitol 2015; 31:563-570. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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27
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Labaude S, Cézilly F, Tercier X, Rigaud T. Influence of host nutritional condition on post-infection traits in the association between the manipulative acanthocephalan Pomphorhynchus laevis and the amphipod Gammarus pulex. Parasit Vectors 2015. [PMID: 26223476 PMCID: PMC4520090 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1017-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several parasites with complex life-cycles induce phenotypic alterations in their intermediate hosts. According to the host manipulation hypothesis, such phenotypic alterations are supposed to increase the fitness of the parasite at the expense of that of its intermediate hosts through increasing the probability of transmission to next hosts. Although the phenomenon has received a large attention, the proximate factors modulating the occurrence and intensity of host manipulation remain poorly known. It has however, been suggested that the amount of energy reserves in the intermediate host might be a key parameter, although its precise influence on the intensity of manipulation remains unclear. Dietary depletion in the host may also lead to compromise with other parasite traits, such as probability of establishing or growth or virulence. METHODS Here, we address the question through performing experimental infections of the freshwater amphipod Gammarus pulex with two different populations of the acanthocephalan fish parasite Pomphorhynchus laevis, and manipulation of host nutritional condition. Following exposure, gammarids were given either a "standard" diet (consisting of elm leaves and chironomid larvae) or a "deprived" food treatment (deprived in proteins), and infection parameters were recorded. Once parasites reached the stage at which they become infective to their definitive host, refuge use (a behavioural trait presumably implied in trophic transmission) was assessed, and metabolic rate was measured. RESULTS Infected gammarids exposed to the deprived food treatment showed a lower metabolic rate, indicative of a lower body condition, compared to those exposed to the standard food treatment. Parasite size was smaller, and, depending on the population of origin of the parasites, intensity of infection was lower or mortality was higher in deprived hosts. However, food treatment had no effect on either the timing or intensity of behavioural modifications. CONCLUSIONS Overall, while our results suggest that acanthocephalan parasites develop better in hosts in good condition, no evidence was found for an influence of host nutritional condition on host manipulation by parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Labaude
- Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Dijon, France.
| | - Frank Cézilly
- Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Dijon, France.
| | - Xavier Tercier
- Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Dijon, France.
| | - Thierry Rigaud
- Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Dijon, France.
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28
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Making the best of a bad situation: host partial resistance and bypass of behavioral manipulation by parasites? Trends Parasitol 2015; 31:413-8. [PMID: 26072349 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
With few exceptions, parasitic manipulation dramatically reduces host fitness. That said, evidence of host resistance to behavior-manipulating parasites is scarce. Here, we suggest that the evolution of partial resistance, as well as bypass, to manipulation (PRM and BPM, respectively) represents new, seldom-explored options for parasitized hosts. Natural selection could favor hosts that partially resist certain manipulative dimensions to postpone their death and perform additional reproductive episodes (PRM). Alternatively, manipulated hosts may express novel traits that do not alter the manipulation per se but that alleviate its detrimental fitness consequences (BPM). If effective, PRM and BPM have many implications for the ecology and evolution of hosts and their parasites, especially the evolution of multidimensional manipulations.
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29
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Maure F, Doyon J, Thomas F, Brodeur J. Host behaviour manipulation as an evolutionary route towards attenuation of parasitoid virulence. J Evol Biol 2014; 27:2871-5. [PMID: 25399504 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
By definition, insect parasitoids kill their host during their development. Data are presented showing that ladybirds not only can survive parasitism by Dinocampus coccinellae, but also can retain their capacity to reproduce following parasitoid emergence. We hypothesize that host behaviour manipulation constitutes a preadaptation leading to the attenuation of parasitoid virulence. Following larval development, the parasitoid egresses from the host and spins a cocoon between the ladybird's legs. Throughout parasitoid pupation, the manipulated host acts as a bodyguard to protect the parasitoid cocoon from predation. The parasitoid has evolved mechanisms to avoid killing the host prematurely so that its own survival is not compromised. Bodyguard manipulation may thus constitute a selective trait for the evolution of true parasitism in some host-parasitoid associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Maure
- MIVEGEC/UMR CNRS-IRD-UM 5290, Montpellier Cedex 5, France; Département de sciences biologiques, Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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30
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Bodyguard manipulation in a multipredator context: Different processes, same effect. Behav Processes 2013; 99:81-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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31
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Dubois F, Thomas F, Brodeur J. When should a trophically transmitted parasite exploit host compensatory responses? Ecol Evol 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ece3.647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Frédérique Dubois
- Département de sciences biologiques; Université de Montréal; Montréal; QC; Canada
| | | | - Jacques Brodeur
- Département de sciences biologiques; Université de Montréal; Montréal; QC; Canada
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32
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van Houte S, Ros VID, van Oers MM. Walking with insects: molecular mechanisms behind parasitic manipulation of host behaviour. Mol Ecol 2013; 22:3458-75. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.12307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stineke van Houte
- Laboratory of Virology; Wageningen University; Droevendaalsesteeg 1 6708 PB Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Vera I. D. Ros
- Laboratory of Virology; Wageningen University; Droevendaalsesteeg 1 6708 PB Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Monique M. van Oers
- Laboratory of Virology; Wageningen University; Droevendaalsesteeg 1 6708 PB Wageningen The Netherlands
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Abstract
Summary
For millions of years, parasites have altered the behaviour of their hosts. Parasites can affect host behaviour by: (1) interfering with the host’s normal immune–neural communication, (2) secreting substances that directly alter neuronal activity via non-genomic mechanisms and (3) inducing genomic- and/or proteomic-based changes in the brain of the host. Changes in host behaviour are often restricted to particular behaviours, with many other behaviours remaining unaffected. Neuroscientists can produce this degree of selectivity by targeting specific brain areas. Parasites, however, do not selectively attack discrete brain areas. Parasites typically induce a variety of effects in several parts of the brain. Parasitic manipulation of host behaviour evolved within the context of the manipulation of other host physiological systems (especially the immune system) that was required for a parasite’s survival. This starting point, coupled with the fortuitous nature of evolutionary innovation and evolutionary pressures to minimize the costs of parasitic manipulation, likely contributed to the complex and indirect nature of the mechanisms involved in host behavioural control. Because parasites and neuroscientists use different tactics to control behaviour, studying the methods used by parasites can provide novel insights into how nervous systems generate and regulate behaviour. Studying how parasites influence host behaviour will also help us integrate genomic, proteomic and neurophysiological perspectives on behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley Anne Adamo
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
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34
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Maure F, Brodeur J, Hughes D, Thomas F. How much energy should manipulative parasites leave to their hosts to ensure altered behaviours? J Exp Biol 2013; 216:43-6. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.073163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Summary
Although host manipulation is likely to be costly for parasites, we still have a poor understanding of the energetic aspects underlying this strategy. It is traditionally assumed that physiological costs are inevitably associated with mechanisms evolved by parasites to induce the required changes in host behaviours. While most energetic expenditures of parasites relate primarily to bringing about the altered behaviours, manipulative parasites also have to consider the condition of their host during the manipulation. Here, we suggest that because of this trade-off, the energy required to accomplish parasite-induced behaviours may represent a key energetic constraint for parasites. Depending on the energetic expenditures specific to each type of manipulation, parasites should undergo selection to secure resources for their host to allow them to perform manipulated behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Maure
- IRD, MIVEGEC (UMR CNRS/IRD/UM1/UM2), 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, FR-34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal 4101, rue Sherbrooke est, Montréal, Québec, CanadaH1X 2B2
| | - Jacques Brodeur
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal 4101, rue Sherbrooke est, Montréal, Québec, CanadaH1X 2B2
| | - David Hughes
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Department of Entomology and Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Frédéric Thomas
- IRD, MIVEGEC (UMR CNRS/IRD/UM1/UM2), 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, FR-34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France
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35
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Maure F, Daoust SP, Brodeur J, Mitta G, Thomas F. Diversity and evolution of bodyguard manipulation. J Exp Biol 2013; 216:36-42. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.073130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Summary
Among the different strategies used by parasites to usurp the behaviour of their host, one of the most fascinating is bodyguard manipulation. While all classic examples of bodyguard manipulation involve insect parasitoids, induced protective behaviours have also evolved in other parasite–host systems, typically as specific dimensions of the total manipulation. For instance, parasites may manipulate the host to reduce host mortality during their development or to avoid predation by non-host predators. This type of host manipulation behaviour is rarely described, probably due to the fact that studies have mainly focused on predation enhancement rather than studying all the dimensions of the manipulation. Here, in addition to the classic cases of bodyguard manipulation, we also review these ‘bodyguard dimensions’ and propose extending the current definition of bodyguard manipulation to include the latter. We also discuss different evolutionary scenarios under which such manipulations could have evolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Maure
- IRD, MIVEGEC (UMR CNRS/IRD/UM1/UM2), 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, FR-34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal 4101, rue Sherbrooke est, Montréal, Québec, CanadaH1X 2B2
| | - Simon Payette Daoust
- IRD, MIVEGEC (UMR CNRS/IRD/UM1/UM2), 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, FR-34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal 4101, rue Sherbrooke est, Montréal, Québec, CanadaH1X 2B2
| | - Jacques Brodeur
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal 4101, rue Sherbrooke est, Montréal, Québec, CanadaH1X 2B2
| | - Guillaume Mitta
- Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Écologie et Évolution des Interactions (UMR CNRS 5244), 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan cedex, France
| | - Frédéric Thomas
- IRD, MIVEGEC (UMR CNRS/IRD/UM1/UM2), 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, FR-34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France
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