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Furci L, Pascual‐Pardo D, Tirot L, Zhang P, Hannan Parker A, Ton J. Heritable induced resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana: Tips and tools to improve effect size and reproducibility. PLANT DIRECT 2023; 7:e523. [PMID: 37638230 PMCID: PMC10457550 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Over a decade ago, three independent studies reported that pathogen- and herbivore-exposed Arabidopsis thaliana produces primed progeny with increased resistance. Since then, heritable induced resistance (h-IR) has been reported across numerous plant-biotic interactions, revealing a regulatory function of DNA (de)methylation dynamics. However, the identity of the epi-alleles controlling h-IR and the mechanisms by which they prime defense genes remain unknown, while the evolutionary significance of the response requires confirmation. Progress has been hampered by the relatively high variability, low effect size, and sometimes poor reproducibility of h-IR, as is exemplified by a recent study that failed to reproduce h-IR in A. thaliana by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst). This study aimed to improve h-IR effect size and reproducibility in the A. thaliana-Pst interaction. We show that recurrent Pst inoculations of seedlings result in stronger h-IR than repeated inoculations of older plants and that disease-related growth repression in the parents is a reliable marker for h-IR effect size in F1 progeny. Furthermore, RT-qPCR-based expression profiling of genes controlling DNA methylation maintenance revealed that the elicitation of strong h-IR upon seedling inoculations is marked by reduced expression of the chromatin remodeler DECREASE IN DNA METHYLATION 1 (DDM1) gene, which is maintained in the apical meristem and transmitted to F1 progeny. Two additional genes, MET1 and CHROMOMETHYLASE3 (CMT3), displayed similar transcriptional repression in progeny from seedling-inoculated plants. Thus, reduced expression of DDM1, MET1, and CMT3 can serve as a marker of robust h-IR in F1 progeny. Our report offers valuable information and markers to improve the effect size and reproducibility of h-IR in the A. thaliana-Pst model interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Furci
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, Institute for Sustainable FoodThe University of SheffieldSheffieldUK
- Plant Epigenetics UnitOkinawa Institute of Science and TechnologyOnnaOkinawaJapan
| | - D. Pascual‐Pardo
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, Institute for Sustainable FoodThe University of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - L. Tirot
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, Institute for Sustainable FoodThe University of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - P. Zhang
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, Institute for Sustainable FoodThe University of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - A. Hannan Parker
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, Institute for Sustainable FoodThe University of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - J. Ton
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, Institute for Sustainable FoodThe University of SheffieldSheffieldUK
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De Kesel J, Bonneure E, Frei M, De Meyer T, Mangelinckx S, Kyndt T. Diproline-induced resistance to parasitic nematodes in the same and subsequent rice generations: Roles of iron, nitric oxide and ethylene. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1112007. [PMID: 36824193 PMCID: PMC9941634 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1112007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Induced resistance (IR) is a plant phenotype characterized by lower susceptibility to biotic challenges upon elicitation by so-called IR stimuli. Earlier, we identified diproline (cyclo(l-Pro-l-Pro)) as IR stimulus that protects rice (Oryza sativa) against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola (Mg). In the current study, detailed transcriptome analyses at different time points, and under uninfected and nematode-infected conditions revealed that this rice IR phenotype is correlated with induction of genes related to iron (Fe), ethylene (ET) and reactive oxygen species (ROS)/reactive nitrogen species (RNS) metabolism. An infection experiment under Fe limiting conditions confirmed that diproline-IR is only effective under optimal Fe supply. Although total root Fe levels were not affected in diproline-treated plants, phytosiderophore secretion was found to be induced by this treatment. Experiments on mutant and transgenic rice lines impaired in ET or ROS/RNS metabolism confirmed that these metabolites are involved in diproline-IR. Finally, we provide evidence for transgenerational inheritance of diproline-IR (diproline-TIR), as two successive generations of diproline-treated ancestors exhibited an IR phenotype while themselves never being exposed to diproline. Transcriptome analyses on the offspring plants revealed extensive overlap between the pathways underpinning diproline-IR and diproline-TIR. Although diproline induces significant systemic changes in global DNA methylation levels early after treatment, such changes in DNA methylation were not detected in the descendants of these plants. To our knowledge, this is the first report of TIR in rice and the first transcriptional assessment of TIR in monocots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas De Kesel
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Eli Bonneure
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Michael Frei
- Department of Agronomy and Crop Physiology, Institute for Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Tim De Meyer
- Department of Data Analysis and Mathematical Modelling, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sven Mangelinckx
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tina Kyndt
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Tiwari M, Singh R, Jha R, Singh P. Heritable priming by Trichoderma: A sustainable approach for wheat protection against Bipolaris sorokiniana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1050765. [PMID: 36600913 PMCID: PMC9807111 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1050765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Crop plants encounter a variety of biotic challenges in the field and faces significant reduction in crop yield. In the current scenario of an ever increasing global population, there is an urgent need to protect plant health by using sustainable approach to maximize the crop productivity and to mitigate the food demands. Nowadays, we mostly rely on chemical crop protection techniques, which are causing a number of environmental and health difficulties. Defence priming is a chemical-free, eco-friendly, and sustainable strategy of crop protection, which is also called "green vaccination. In the present study, for the first time, we used Trichoderma as a priming agent to protect wheat crop from spot blotch disease. We have established Trichoderma-mediated defence priming in wheat against Bipolaris sorokiniana for sustainable crop improvement. We have characterised the morphological, disease phenotype, biochemical and yield parameters of Trichoderma-primed and non-primed wheat under disease pressure. Trichoderma-primed plants were found to be more protected against B. sorokiniana as compared to non-primed plants. Biochemical studies indicated that there is no direct defence response after priming stimulus but the defence response was activated only after triggering stimulus in terms of enhanced defence metabolites in primed plants as compared to non-primed plants. In the present study, since defence was activated only when required, that is under disease pressure, there was no unnecessary allocation of resources towards defence. Hence, no yield penalty was shown in primed plants as compared to control. We further evaluated the inheritance of primed state to the next generation and found that progeny of primed parents also performed better than progeny of non-primed parents under disease pressure in terms of protection from B. sorokiniana as well as yield performance. This strategy has the potential to protect crop without any yield penalty and causing environmental degradation. Our research findings indicate that Trichoderma-mediated defence priming could be an alternative approach for improving wheat productivity under biotic stress. To be our best knowledge, this is the first documented report for the Trichoderma-mediated defence priming and induced inheritance in wheat plant. This study will open new arenas in sustainable crop protection strategies for the exploitation of defence priming in crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menka Tiwari
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Rajat Singh
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Rintu Jha
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Prashant Singh
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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Immune priming in plants: from the onset to transgenerational maintenance. Essays Biochem 2022; 66:635-646. [PMID: 35822618 PMCID: PMC9528079 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20210082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Enhancing plant resistance against pests and diseases by priming plant immunity is an attractive concept for crop protection because it provides long-lasting broad-spectrum protection against pests and diseases. This review provides a selected overview of the latest advances in research on the molecular, biochemical and epigenetic drivers of plant immune priming. We review recent findings about the perception and signalling mechanisms controlling the onset of priming by the plant stress metabolite β-aminobutyric acid. In addition, we review the evidence for epigenetic regulation of long-term maintenance of priming and discuss how stress-induced reductions in DNA hypomethylation at transposable elements can prime defence genes. Finally, we examine how priming can be exploited in crop protection and articulate the opportunities and challenges of translating research results from the Arabidopsis model system to crops.
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Villagómez-Aranda AL, Feregrino-Pérez AA, García-Ortega LF, González-Chavira MM, Torres-Pacheco I, Guevara-González RG. Activating stress memory: eustressors as potential tools for plant breeding. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2022; 41:1481-1498. [PMID: 35305133 PMCID: PMC8933762 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-022-02858-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plants are continuously exposed to stress conditions, such that they have developed sophisticated and elegant survival strategies, which are reflected in their phenotypic plasticity, priming capacity, and memory acquisition. Epigenetic mechanisms play a critical role in modulating gene expression and stress responses, allowing malleability, reversibility, stability, and heritability of favourable phenotypes to enhance plant performance. Considering the urgency to improve our agricultural system because of going impacting climate change, potential and sustainable strategies rely on the controlled use of eustressors, enhancing desired characteristics and yield and shaping stress tolerance in crops. However, for plant breeding purposes is necessary to focus on the use of eustressors capable of establishing stable epigenetic marks to generate a transgenerational memory to stimulate a priming state in plants to face the changing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Villagómez-Aranda
- Biosystems Engineering Group. Engineering Faculty, Amazcala Campus, Autonomous University of Querétaro, Highway Chichimequillas s/n Km 1, Amazcala, El Marques, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - A A Feregrino-Pérez
- Biosystems Engineering Group. Engineering Faculty, Amazcala Campus, Autonomous University of Querétaro, Highway Chichimequillas s/n Km 1, Amazcala, El Marques, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - L F García-Ortega
- Laboratory of Learning and Research in Biological Computing, Centre for Research and Advanced Studies, National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV), Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - M M González-Chavira
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, Bajío Experimental Field, National Institute for Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock Research (INIFAP), Celaya-San Miguel de Allende, Celaya, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - I Torres-Pacheco
- Biosystems Engineering Group. Engineering Faculty, Amazcala Campus, Autonomous University of Querétaro, Highway Chichimequillas s/n Km 1, Amazcala, El Marques, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - R G Guevara-González
- Biosystems Engineering Group. Engineering Faculty, Amazcala Campus, Autonomous University of Querétaro, Highway Chichimequillas s/n Km 1, Amazcala, El Marques, Querétaro, Mexico.
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Yassin M, Ton J, Rolfe SA, Valentine TA, Cromey M, Holden N, Newton AC. The rise, fall and resurrection of chemical-induced resistance agents. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:3900-3909. [PMID: 33729685 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery that the plant immune system could be augmented for improved deployment against biotic stressors through the exogenous application of chemicals that lead to induced resistance (IR), many such IR-eliciting agents have been identified. Initially it was hoped that these chemical IR agents would be a benign alternative to traditional chemical biocides. However, owing to low efficacy and/or a realization that their benefits sometimes come at the cost of growth and yield penalties, chemical IR agents fell out of favour and were seldom used as crop protection products. Despite the lack of interest in agricultural use, researchers have continued to explore the efficacy and mechanisms of chemical IR. Moreover, as we move away from the approach of 'zero tolerance' toward plant pests and pathogens toward integrated pest management, chemical IR agents could have a place in the plant protection product list. In this review, we chart the rise and fall of chemical IR agents, and then explore a variety of strategies used to improve their efficacy and remediate their negative adverse effects. © 2021 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Yassin
- Plant Production and Protection Institute and Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- James Hutton Institute, Dundee, UK
| | - Jurriaan Ton
- Plant Production and Protection Institute and Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Stephen A Rolfe
- Plant Production and Protection Institute and Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Matthew Cromey
- Department of Plant Health, Royal Horticultural Society, Woking, UK
| | - Nicola Holden
- Scotland's Rural Colleges, Craibstone Estate, Aberdeen, UK
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Mejri S, Magnin-Robert M, Randoux B, Ghinet A, Halama P, Siah A, Reignault P. Saccharin Provides Protection and Activates Defense Mechanisms in Wheat Against the Hemibiotrophic Pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:780-786. [PMID: 32830594 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-05-20-1106-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plant resistance inducers are among the most promising alternatives to develop sustainable crop protection. Here, we examined the ability of saccharin, a metabolite derived from probenazole, to protect wheat against Zymoseptoria tritici, the most frequently occurring and damaging foliar pathogen on this crop. The experiments were performed in the greenhouse by treating seedlings of the wheat cultivar 'Alixan' with 15 mM of saccharin 2 days before challenge inoculation with the Z. tritici pathogenic strain T02596. Foliar application of saccharin resulted in 77% lower disease severity than in nontreated control plants. In vitro and in planta assays showed that saccharin did not exhibit any direct antifungal effect on spore germination or hyphal growth. Molecular investigations from 2 to 7 days posttreatment (dpt) revealed that saccharin treatment upregulates the expression of genes encoding for lipoxygenase (LOX) at all sampled time points and pathogenesis-related protein 1 (PR1) at 7 dpt, in both noninfectious and infectious contexts, as well as peroxidase (POX2) in noninfectious conditions. However, saccharin did not induce significant change in the expression of PAL gene encoding for phenylalanine ammonia-lyase. Our findings report for the first time the potential of saccharin to confer protection in wheat against Z. tritici through an elicitation and priming of LOX and PR gene-related defense pathways. Additional investigations would provide a better deciphering of defense mechanisms activated by this molecule in wheat against Z. tritici.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samara Mejri
- UMR-Transfrontalière 1158 BioEcoAgro, Junia, Université de Lille, Université d'Artois, ULCO, UPJV, Université de Liège, INRAE, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Maryline Magnin-Robert
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, Université de Littoral Côte d'Opale, 62228 Calais, France
| | - Beatrice Randoux
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, Université de Littoral Côte d'Opale, 62228 Calais, France
| | - Alina Ghinet
- Laboratoire de Chimie Durable et Santé, Yncréa Hauts-de-France, Heath & Environment Department, Team Sustainable Chemistry, 59046 Lille, France
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Iasi, 700506 Iasi, Romania
| | - Patrice Halama
- UMR-Transfrontalière 1158 BioEcoAgro, Junia, Université de Lille, Université d'Artois, ULCO, UPJV, Université de Liège, INRAE, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Ali Siah
- UMR-Transfrontalière 1158 BioEcoAgro, Junia, Université de Lille, Université d'Artois, ULCO, UPJV, Université de Liège, INRAE, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Philippe Reignault
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, Université de Littoral Côte d'Opale, 62228 Calais, France
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Andersen EJ, Ali S, Byamukama E, Yen Y, Nepal MP. Disease Resistance Mechanisms in Plants. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:E339. [PMID: 29973557 PMCID: PMC6071103 DOI: 10.3390/genes9070339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants have developed a complex defense system against diverse pests and pathogens. Once pathogens overcome mechanical barriers to infection, plant receptors initiate signaling pathways driving the expression of defense response genes. Plant immune systems rely on their ability to recognize enemy molecules, carry out signal transduction, and respond defensively through pathways involving many genes and their products. Pathogens actively attempt to evade and interfere with response pathways, selecting for a decentralized, multicomponent immune system. Recent advances in molecular techniques have greatly expanded our understanding of plant immunity, largely driven by potential application to agricultural systems. Here, we review the major plant immune system components, state of the art knowledge, and future direction of research on plant⁻pathogen interactions. In our review, we will discuss how the decentralization of plant immune systems have provided both increased evolutionary opportunity for pathogen resistance, as well as additional mechanisms for pathogen inhibition of such defense responses. We conclude that the rapid advances in bioinformatics and molecular biology are driving an explosion of information that will advance agricultural production and illustrate how complex molecular interactions evolve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan J Andersen
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, 57007 SD, USA.
| | - Shaukat Ali
- Department of Agronomy, Horticulture, and Plant Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, 57007 SD, USA.
| | - Emmanuel Byamukama
- Department of Agronomy, Horticulture, and Plant Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, 57007 SD, USA.
| | - Yang Yen
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, 57007 SD, USA.
| | - Madhav P Nepal
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, 57007 SD, USA.
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Lankinen Å, Abreha KB, Alexandersson E, Andersson S, Andreasson E. Nongenetic Inheritance of Induced Resistance in a Wild Annual Plant. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2016; 106:877-83. [PMID: 27070426 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-10-15-0278-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Nongenetic inheritance (e.g., transgenerational epigenetic effects) has received increasing interest in recent years, particularly in plants. However, most studies have involved a few model species and relatively little is known about wild species in these respects. We investigated transgenerational induced resistance to infection by the devastating oomycete Phytophthora infestans in Solanum physalifolium, a wild relative of cultivated potato. We treated plants with β-aminobutyric acid (BABA), a nontoxic compound acting as an inducing agent, or infected plants with P. infestans. BABA treatment reduced lesion size in detached-leaf assays inoculated by P. infestans in two of three tested genotypes, suggesting that resistance to oomycetes can be induced by BABA within a generation not only in crops or model species but also in wild species directly collected from nature. Both BABA treatment and infection in the parental generation reduced lesions in the subsequent generation in one of two genotypes, indicating a transgenerational influence on resistance that varies among genotypes. We did not detect treatment effects on seed traits, indicating the involvement of a mechanism unrelated to maternal effects. In conclusion, our study provides data on BABA induction and nongenetic inheritance of induced resistance in a wild relative of cultivated potato, implying that this factor might be important in the ecological and agricultural landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Åsa Lankinen
- First, second, third, and fifth authors: Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Plant Protection Biology, P.O. Box 102, S-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden; and fourth author: Department of Biology, Lund University, Ecology Building, S-223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Kibrom B Abreha
- First, second, third, and fifth authors: Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Plant Protection Biology, P.O. Box 102, S-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden; and fourth author: Department of Biology, Lund University, Ecology Building, S-223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Erik Alexandersson
- First, second, third, and fifth authors: Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Plant Protection Biology, P.O. Box 102, S-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden; and fourth author: Department of Biology, Lund University, Ecology Building, S-223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Stefan Andersson
- First, second, third, and fifth authors: Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Plant Protection Biology, P.O. Box 102, S-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden; and fourth author: Department of Biology, Lund University, Ecology Building, S-223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Erik Andreasson
- First, second, third, and fifth authors: Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Plant Protection Biology, P.O. Box 102, S-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden; and fourth author: Department of Biology, Lund University, Ecology Building, S-223 62 Lund, Sweden
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Newton AC. Exploitation of Diversity within Crops-the Key to Disease Tolerance? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:665. [PMID: 27242866 PMCID: PMC4873496 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Tolerance, defined as the ability of a crop to maintain yield in the presence of disease, is a difficult characteristic to measure, and its component traits are generally undefined. It has been studied as a characteristic of plant genotypes grown singly or in monoculture crop stands. However, it is similarly valid as a characteristic of ecosystems, or mixtures / inter-cropping in crops and this paper seeks to evaluate theoretical and practical aspects of tolerance in this context. Focusing on cereals and fungal pathogens, consideration is given to the process of yield formation, the impact of disease on yield, and how tolerance might be assessed in monocultures. Variation in tolerance traits in monocultures and how such plants might interact in mixtures is considered; specifically the expression of tolerance in mixtures and how plants with contrasting tolerance traits in monocultures combine. Having focused on disease, further consideration is given to the impact of and on other microbial species in the crop environment. Finally the practical approaches that could be adopted to identify and assess the main traits responsible for expressing tolerance are addressed. These focus on the dynamic nature of plant-plant and plant-microbe interactions particularly in response to both biotic and abiotic stress out with the range of optimal or normal crop evaluation environments. It is proposed that by using more extreme factor parameter values in mixed crop evaluation environments the key traits affecting tolerance will be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian C. Newton
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton InstituteDundee, Scotland
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11
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Piquerez SJM, Harvey SE, Beynon JL, Ntoukakis V. Improving crop disease resistance: lessons from research on Arabidopsis and tomato. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:671. [PMID: 25520730 PMCID: PMC4253662 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
One of the great challenges for food security in the 21st century is to improve yield stability through the development of disease-resistant crops. Crop research is often hindered by the lack of molecular tools, growth logistics, generation time and detailed genetic annotations, hence the power of model plant species. Our knowledge of plant immunity today has been largely shaped by the use of models, specifically through the use of mutants. We examine the importance of Arabidopsis and tomato as models in the study of plant immunity and how they help us in revealing a detailed and deep understanding of the various layers contributing to the immune system. Here we describe examples of how knowledge from models can be transferred to economically important crops resulting in new tools to enable and accelerate classical plant breeding. We will also discuss how models, and specifically transcriptomics and effectoromics approaches, have contributed to the identification of core components of the defense response which will be key to future engineering of durable and sustainable disease resistance in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jim L. Beynon
- School of Life Sciences, University of WarwickCoventry, UK
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12
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Kim J, Felton GW. Priming of antiherbivore defensive responses in plants. INSECT SCIENCE 2013; 20:273-85. [PMID: 23955880 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7917.2012.01584.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Defense priming is defined as increased readiness of defense induction. A growing body of literature indicates that plants (or intact parts of a plant) are primed in anticipation of impending environmental stresses, both biotic and abiotic, and upon the following stimulus, induce defenses more quickly and strongly. For instance, some plants previously exposed to herbivore-inducible plant volatiles (HIPVs) from neighboring plants under herbivore attack show faster or stronger defense activation and enhanced insect resistance when challenged with secondary insect feeding. Research on priming of antiherbivore defense has been limited to the HIPV-mediated mechanism until recently, but significant advances were made in the past three years, including non-HIPV-mediated defense priming, epigenetic modifications as the molecular mechanism of priming, and others. It is timely to consider the advances in research on defense priming in the plant-insect interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwon Kim
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States
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Walters DR, Ratsep J, Havis ND. Controlling crop diseases using induced resistance: challenges for the future. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:1263-80. [PMID: 23386685 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A number of different types of induced resistance have been defined based on differences in signalling pathways and spectra of effectiveness, including systemic acquired resistance and induced systemic resistance. Such resistance can be induced in plants by application of a variety of biotic and abiotic agents. The resulting resistance tends to be broad-spectrum and can be long-lasting, but is rarely complete, with most inducing agents reducing disease by between 20 and 85%. Since induced resistance is a host response, its expression under field conditions is likely to be influenced by a number of factors, including the environment, genotype, crop nutrition and the extent to which plants are already induced. Although research in this area has increased over the last few years, our understanding of the impact of these influences on the expression of induced resistance is still poor. There have also been a number of studies in recent years aimed at understanding of how best to use induced resistance in practical crop protection. However, such studies are relatively rare and further research geared towards incorporating induced resistance into disease management programmes, if appropriate, is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale R Walters
- Crop & Soil Systems Research Group, SRUC, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK.
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Transgenerational defense induction and epigenetic inheritance in plants. Trends Ecol Evol 2012; 27:618-26. [PMID: 22940222 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2012.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Rapidly accumulating evidence shows that herbivore and pathogen attack of plants can generate particular defense phenotypes across generations. What was once thought to be an oddity of plant defense induction now appears to be a taxonomically widespread phenomenon with strong potential to impact the ecology and evolution of species interactions. DNA methylation, histone modifications, and small RNAs each contribute to transgenerational defense initiation; examples in several species demonstrate that this induction can last for multiple generations. Priming of the offspring generation for more rapid induction following subsequent attack has also been reported. The extent to which transgenerational induction is predictable, detectable in nature, and subject to manipulation will determine the ability of researchers to decipher its role in plant-herbivore and plant-pathogen interactions.
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