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Haskett H, Gill L, Spicer JI, Truebano M. The embryonic thermal environment has positive but weak effects on thermal tolerance later in life in the aquatic invertebrate Gammarus chevreuxi. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 195:106350. [PMID: 38219380 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2024.106350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that the adult phenotype is influenced by temperatures experienced in early life. However, our understanding of the extent to which the embryonic environment can modulate thermal tolerance later in life is limited, owing to the paucity of studies with appropriate experimental designs to test for this form of developmental plasticity. We investigated whether the thermal environment experienced during embryonic development affects thermal limits in later life. Embryos of the estuarine amphipod Gammarus chevreuxi were incubated until hatching to 15 °C, 20 °C and 25 °C, then reared under a common temperature. Using thermal ramping assays, we determined upper thermal limits in juveniles, four weeks post-hatch. Individuals exposed to higher temperatures during embryonic development displayed greater thermal tolerance as juveniles (acclimation response ratio ≈ 0.10-0.25 for upper lethal temperature). However, we suggest that the degree of developmental plasticity observed is limited, and will provide little benefit under future climate change scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honor Haskett
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Luke Gill
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - John I Spicer
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Manuela Truebano
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK.
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2
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Goerge TM, Miles DB. Behavioral plasticity during acute heat stress: heat hardening increases the expression of boldness. J Therm Biol 2024; 119:103778. [PMID: 38171068 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Climate change is creating novel thermal environments via rising temperatures and increased frequency of severe weather events. Short-term phenotypic adjustments, i.e., phenotypic plasticity, may facilitate species persistence during adverse environmental conditions. A plastic response that increases thermal tolerance is heat hardening, which buffers organisms from extreme heat and may enhance short term survival. However, heat hardening responses may incur a cost with concomitant decreases in thermal preference and physiological performance. Thus, phenotypic shifts accompanying a hardening response may be maladaptive in warming climates. Understanding how heat hardening influences other traits associated with fitness and survival will clarify its potential as an adaptive response to altered thermal niches. Here, we studied the effects of heat hardening on boldness behavior in the color polymorphic tree lizard, Urosaurus ornatus. Boldness in lizards influences traits such as territory maintenance, mating success, and survivorship and is repeatable in U. ornatus. We found that when lizards underwent a heat hardening response, boldness expression significantly increased. This trend was driven by males. Bolder individuals also exhibited lower field active body temperatures. This behavioral response to heat hardening may increase resource holding potential and territoriality in stressful environments but may also increase predation risk. This study highlights the need to detail associated phenotypic shifts with stress responses to fully understand their adaptive potential in rapidly changing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler M Goerge
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, 7 Irvine Hall, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
| | - Donald B Miles
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, 7 Irvine Hall, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
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3
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Alujević K, Bakewell L, Clifton IT, Cox CL, Frishkoff LO, Gangloff EJ, Garcia-Costoya G, Gifford ME, Glenwinkel M, Gulati SAK, Head A, Miles M, Pettit C, Watson CM, Wuthrich KL, Logan ML. 3D printed models are an accurate, cost-effective, and reproducible tool for quantifying terrestrial thermal environments. J Therm Biol 2024; 119:103762. [PMID: 38071898 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Predicting ecological responses to rapid environmental change has become one of the greatest challenges of modern biology. One of the major hurdles in forecasting these responses is accurately quantifying the thermal environments that organisms experience. The distribution of temperatures available within an organism's habitat is typically measured using data loggers called operative temperature models (OTMs) that are designed to mimic certain properties of heat exchange in the focal organism. The gold standard for OTM construction in studies of terrestrial ectotherms has been the use of copper electroforming which creates anatomically accurate models that equilibrate quickly to ambient thermal conditions. However, electroformed models require the use of caustic chemicals, are often brittle, and their production is expensive and time intensive. This has resulted in many researchers resorting to the use of simplified OTMs that can yield substantial measurement errors. 3D printing offers the prospect of robust, easily replicated, morphologically accurate, and cost-effective OTMs that capture the benefits but alleviate the problems associated with electroforming. Here, we validate the use of OTMs that were 3D printed using several materials across eight lizard species of different body sizes and living in habitats ranging from deserts to tropical forests. We show that 3D printed OTMs have low thermal inertia and predict the live animal's equilibration temperature with high accuracy across a wide range of body sizes and microhabitats. Finally, we developed a free online repository and database of 3D scans (https://www.3dotm.org/) to increase the accessibility of this tool to researchers around the world and facilitate ease of production of 3D printed models. 3D printing of OTMs is generalizable to taxa beyond lizards. If widely adopted, this approach promises greater accuracy and reproducibility in studies of terrestrial thermal ecology and should lead to improved forecasts of the biological impacts of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Alujević
- Department of Biology and Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA.
| | - Leah Bakewell
- Department of Biological Sciences and Institute for the Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Ian T Clifton
- Department of Biological Sciences and Institute for the Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA; Department of Biology, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, AR, 72204, USA
| | - Christian L Cox
- Department of Biological Sciences and Institute for the Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Luke O Frishkoff
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, 76019, USA
| | - Eric J Gangloff
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, OH, 43015, USA
| | - Guillermo Garcia-Costoya
- Department of Biology and Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Matthew E Gifford
- Department of Biology, University of Central Arkansas, Conway, AR, 72035, USA
| | - Madison Glenwinkel
- Department of Biology and Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Samir A K Gulati
- Department of Biology and Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Alyssa Head
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, OH, 43015, USA
| | - Monica Miles
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, 76019, USA
| | - Ciara Pettit
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, OH, 43015, USA
| | - Charles M Watson
- Department of Life Sciences, Texas A&M University San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA
| | - Kelly L Wuthrich
- Department of Biological Sciences and Institute for the Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Michael L Logan
- Department of Biology and Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
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4
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Ripley DM, Garner T, Hook SA, Veríssimo A, Grunow B, Moritz T, Clayton P, Shiels HA, Stevens A. Warming during embryogenesis induces a lasting transcriptomic signature in fishes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 902:165954. [PMID: 37536606 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to elevated temperatures during embryogenesis can influence the plasticity of tissues in later life. Despite these long-term changes in plasticity, few differentially expressed genes are ever identified, suggesting that the developmental programming of later life plasticity may occur through the modulation of other aspects of transcriptomic architecture, such as gene network organisation. Here, we use network modelling approaches to demonstrate that warm temperatures during embryonic development (developmental warming) have consistent effects in later life on the organisation of transcriptomic networks across four diverse species of fishes: Scyliorhinus canicula, Danio rerio, Dicentrarchus labrax, and Gasterosteus aculeatus. The transcriptomes of developmentally warmed fishes are characterised by an increased entropy of their pairwise gene interaction networks, implying a less structured, more 'random' set of gene interactions. We also show that, in zebrafish subject to developmental warming, the entropy of an individual gene within a network is associated with that gene's probability of expression change during temperature acclimation in later life. However, this association is absent in animals reared under 'control' conditions. Thus, the thermal environment experienced during embryogenesis can alter transcriptomic organisation in later life, and these changes may influence an individual's responsiveness to future temperature challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Ripley
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Terence Garner
- Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Samantha A Hook
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Ana Veríssimo
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal; BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Bianka Grunow
- Fish Growth Physiology, Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Timo Moritz
- Deutsches Meeresmuseum, Katharinenberg 14-20, 18439 Stralsund, Germany; Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 3, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Peter Clayton
- Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Holly A Shiels
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Adam Stevens
- Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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5
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Gleason GS, Starr K, Sanger TJ, Gunderson AR. Rapid heat hardening in embryos of the lizard Anolis sagrei. Biol Lett 2023; 19:20230174. [PMID: 37433329 PMCID: PMC10335855 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2023.0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Adaptive thermal tolerance plasticity can dampen the negative effects of warming. However, our knowledge of tolerance plasticity is lacking for embryonic stages that are relatively immobile and may benefit the most from an adaptive plastic response. We tested for heat hardening capacity (a rapid increase in thermal tolerance that manifests in minutes to hours) in embryos of the lizard Anolis sagrei. We compared the survival of a lethal temperature exposure between embryos that either did (hardened) or did not (not hardened) receive a high but non-lethal temperature pre-treatment. We also measured heart rates (HRs) at common garden temperatures before and after heat exposures to assess metabolic consequences. 'Hardened' embryos had significantly greater survival after lethal heat exposure relative to 'not hardened' embryos. That said, heat pre-treatment led to a subsequent increase in embryo HR that did not occur in embryos that did not receive pre-treatment, indicative of an energetic cost of mounting the heat hardening response. Our results are not only consistent with adaptive thermal tolerance plasticity in these embryos (greater heat survival after heat exposure), but also highlight associated costs. Thermal tolerance plasticity may be an important mechanism by which embryos respond to warming that warrants greater consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace S. Gleason
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118-5665, USA
| | - Katherine Starr
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611-2001, USA
| | - Thomas J. Sanger
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611-2001, USA
| | - Alex R. Gunderson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118-5665, USA
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Zhang RY, Wild KH, Pottier P, Carrasco MI, Nakagawa S, Noble DWA. Developmental environments do not affect thermal physiological traits in reptiles: an experimental test and meta-analysis. Biol Lett 2023; 19:20230019. [PMID: 37161297 PMCID: PMC10170202 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2023.0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
On a global scale, organisms face significant challenges due to climate change and anthropogenic disturbance. In many ectotherms, developmental and physiological processes are sensitive to changes in temperature and resources. Developmental plasticity in thermal physiology may provide adaptive advantages to environmental extremes if early environmental conditions are predictive of late-life environments. Here, we conducted a laboratory experiment to test how developmental temperature and maternal resource investment influence thermal physiological traits (critical thermal maximum: CTmax and thermal preference: Tpref) in a common skink (Lampropholis delicata). We then compared our experimental findings more broadly across reptiles (snakes, lizards and turtles) using meta-analysis. In both our experimental study and meta-analysis, we did not find evidence that developmental environments influence CTmax or Tpref. Furthermore, the effects of developmental environments on thermal physiology did not vary by age, taxon or climate zone (temperate/tropical). Overall, the magnitude of developmental plasticity on thermal physiology appears to be limited across reptile taxa suggesting that behavioural or evolutionary processes may be more important. However, there is a paucity of information across most reptile taxa, and a broader focus on thermal performance curves themselves will be critical in understanding the impacts of changing thermal conditions on reptiles in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Y. Zhang
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - Kristoffer H. Wild
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - Patrice Pottier
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Maider Iglesias Carrasco
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
- Doñana Biological Station-Spanish Research Council CSIC, Seville, 41092, Spain
| | - Shinichi Nakagawa
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Daniel W. A. Noble
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
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7
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Climatic variation along the distributional range in Cuban Anolis lizards: species and ecomorphs under future scenarios of climate change. Glob Ecol Conserv 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2023.e02401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
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8
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Pottier P, Burke S, Zhang RY, Noble DWA, Schwanz LE, Drobniak SM, Nakagawa S. Developmental plasticity in thermal tolerance: Ontogenetic variation, persistence, and future directions. Ecol Lett 2022; 25:2245-2268. [PMID: 36006770 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the factors affecting thermal tolerance is crucial for predicting the impact climate change will have on ectotherms. However, the role developmental plasticity plays in allowing populations to cope with thermal extremes is poorly understood. Here, we meta-analyse how thermal tolerance is initially and persistently impacted by early (embryonic and juvenile) thermal environments by using data from 150 experimental studies on 138 ectothermic species. Thermal tolerance only increased by 0.13°C per 1°C change in developmental temperature and substantial variation in plasticity (~36%) was the result of shared evolutionary history and species ecology. Aquatic ectotherms were more than three times as plastic as terrestrial ectotherms. Notably, embryos expressed weaker but more heterogenous plasticity than older life stages, with numerous responses appearing as non-adaptive. While developmental temperatures did not have persistent effects on thermal tolerance overall, persistent effects were vastly under-studied, and their direction and magnitude varied with ontogeny. Embryonic stages may represent a critical window of vulnerability to changing environments and we urge researchers to consider early life stages when assessing the climate vulnerability of ectotherms. Overall, our synthesis suggests that developmental changes in thermal tolerance rarely reach levels of perfect compensation and may provide limited benefit in changing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice Pottier
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Samantha Burke
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rose Y Zhang
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, College of Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Daniel W A Noble
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, College of Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Lisa E Schwanz
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Szymon M Drobniak
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Shinichi Nakagawa
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Walzer A, Nachman G, Spangl B, Stijak M, Tscholl T. Trans- and Within-Generational Developmental Plasticity May Benefit the Prey but Not Its Predator during Heat Waves. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11081123. [PMID: 36009751 PMCID: PMC9404866 DOI: 10.3390/biology11081123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Heat waves can have fatal effects on arthropods such as insects and mites since their heat tolerance is often lower than the diurnal maximum temperatures during heat waves. Plastic modifications by the parents, however, can rapidly result in favorable adaptations in offspring traits. This question was investigated by using a prominent natural enemy/pest couple in biological control, the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis and its prey, the spider mite Tetranychus urticae. We exposed both species separately to extreme or mild heat waves during their juvenile development, a vital phase of arthropod life, for two generations and assessed various fitness-relevant parameters of the offspring generation. Under extreme heat waves, adult body sizes of predator and prey males and prey females were insensitive, when they derived from parents also reared under extreme heat waves. Irrespective of their origin, offspring reached earlier adulthood under extreme heat waves. In general, prey benefitted more from parental modifications compared to the predator. However, further investigations are needed to verify whether these changes affect the interactions between the predators and their prey to an extent that it may jeopardize biological control during extreme heat waves. Abstract Theoretically, parents can adjust vital offspring traits to the irregular and rapid occurrence of heat waves via developmental plasticity. However, the direction and strength of such trait modifications are often species-specific. Here, we investigated within-generational plasticity (WGP) and trans-generational plasticity (TGP) effects induced by heat waves during the offspring development of the predator Phytoseiulus persimilis and its herbivorous prey, the spider mite Tetranychus urticae, to assess plastic developmental modifications. Single offspring individuals with different parental thermal origin (reared under mild or extreme heat waves) of both species were exposed to mild or extreme heat waves until adulthood, and food consumption, age and size at maturity were recorded. The offspring traits were influenced by within-generational plasticity (WGP), trans-generational plasticity (TGP), non-plastic trans-generational effects (TGE) and/or their interactions. When exposed to extreme heat waves, both species speeded up development (exclusively WGP), consumed more (due to the fact of WGP but also to TGP in prey females and to non-plastic TGE in predator males), and predator females got smaller (non-plastic TGE and WGP), whereas prey males and females were equally sized irrespective of their origin, because TGE, WGP and TGP acted in opposite directions. The body sizes of predator males were insensitive to parental and offspring heat wave conditions. Species comparisons indicated stronger reductions in the developmental time and reduced female predator-prey body size ratios in favor of the prey under extreme heat waves. Further investigations are needed to evaluate, whether trait modifications result in lowered suppression success of the predator on its prey under heat waves or not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Walzer
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Crop Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 33, 1180 Vienna, Austria; (A.W.); (M.S.)
| | - Gösta Nachman
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark;
| | - Bernhard Spangl
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Landscape, Spatial and Infrastructure Sciences, Institute of Statistics, Peter-Jordan-Straße 82/I, 1190 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Miroslava Stijak
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Crop Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 33, 1180 Vienna, Austria; (A.W.); (M.S.)
| | - Thomas Tscholl
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Crop Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 33, 1180 Vienna, Austria; (A.W.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-1-47654-95329
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10
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Zheng J, Zuidema E, Zhang Z, Guo M, Székely T, Komdeur J. A novel function of egg burial: burying material prevents eggs rolling out of wind-swayed nests. Anim Behav 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2022.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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11
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A prenatal acoustic signal of heat affects thermoregulation capacities at adulthood in an arid-adapted bird. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5842. [PMID: 35393484 PMCID: PMC8991222 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09761-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding animal physiological adaptations for tolerating heat, and the causes of inter-individual variation, is key for predicting climate change impacts on biodiversity. Recently, a novel mechanism for transgenerational heat adaptation was identified in a desert-adapted bird, where parents acoustically signal hot conditions to embryos. Prenatal exposure to “heat-calls” adaptively alters zebra finch development and their thermal preferences in adulthood, suggesting a long-term shift towards a heat-adapted phenotype. However, whether such acoustic experience improves long-term thermoregulatory capacities is unknown. We measured metabolic rate (MR), evaporative water loss (EWL) and body temperature in adults exposed to a stepped profile of progressively higher air temperatures (Ta) between 27 and 44 °C. Remarkably, prenatal acoustic experience affected heat tolerance at adulthood, with heat-call exposed individuals more likely to reach the highest Ta in morning trials. This was despite MR and EWL reaching higher levels at the highest Ta in heat-call individuals, partly driven by a stronger metabolic effect of moderate activity. At lower Ta, however, heat-call exposed individuals had greater relative water economy, as expected. They also better recovered mass lost during morning trials. We therefore provide the first evidence that prenatal acoustic signals have long-term consequences for heat tolerance and physiological adaptation to heat.
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12
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Sanger TJ, Harding L, Kyrkos J, Turnquist AJ, Epperlein L, Nunez SA, Lachance D, Dhindsa S, Stroud JT, Diaz RE, Czesny B. Environmental Thermal Stress Induces Neuronal Cell Death and Developmental Malformations in Reptiles. Integr Org Biol 2021; 3:obab033. [PMID: 34877473 PMCID: PMC8643577 DOI: 10.1093/iob/obab033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Every stage of organismal life history is being challenged by global warming. Many species are already experiencing temperatures approaching their physiological limits; this is particularly true for ectothermic species, such as lizards. Embryos are markedly sensitive to thermal insult. Here, we demonstrate that temperatures currently experienced in natural nesting areas can modify gene expression levels and induce neural and craniofacial malformations in embryos of the lizard Anolis sagrei. Developmental abnormalities ranged from minor changes in facial structure to significant disruption of anterior face and forebrain. The first several days of postoviposition development are particularly sensitive to this thermal insult. These results raise new concern over the viability of ectothermic species under contemporary climate change. Herein, we propose and test a novel developmental hypothesis that describes the cellular and developmental origins of those malformations: cell death in the developing forebrain and abnormal facial induction due to disrupted Hedgehog signaling. Based on similarities in the embryonic response to thermal stress among distantly related species, we propose that this developmental hypothesis represents a common embryonic response to thermal insult among amniote embryos. Our results emphasize the importance of adopting a broad, multidisciplinary approach that includes both lab and field perspectives when trying to understand the future impacts of anthropogenic change on animal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Sanger
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, 1050 Sheridan Rd., Chicago, IL 60660, USA
| | - Laura Harding
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, 1050 Sheridan Rd., Chicago, IL 60660, USA
| | - Judith Kyrkos
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, 1050 Sheridan Rd., Chicago, IL 60660, USA
| | - Alexandrea J Turnquist
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, 1050 Sheridan Rd., Chicago, IL 60660, USA
| | - Lilian Epperlein
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, 1050 Sheridan Rd., Chicago, IL 60660, USA
| | - Sylvia A Nunez
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, 1050 Sheridan Rd., Chicago, IL 60660, USA
| | - Dryden Lachance
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, 1050 Sheridan Rd., Chicago, IL 60660, USA
| | - Seerat Dhindsa
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, 1050 Sheridan Rd., Chicago, IL 60660, USA
| | - James T Stroud
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, Campus Box 1137. One Brookings Drive St. Louis, MO 63130-4899, USA
| | - Raul E Diaz
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Los Angeles, 5151 State University Dr., Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA
| | - Beata Czesny
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, 1050 Sheridan Rd., Chicago, IL 60660, USA
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13
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Enriquez‐Urzelai U, Nicieza AG, Montori A, Llorente GA, Urrutia MB. Physiology and acclimation potential are tuned with phenology in larvae of a prolonged breeder amphibian. OIKOS 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alfredo G. Nicieza
- Biodiversity Research Inst. (IMIB), Univ. of Oviedo‐Principality of Asturias‐CSIC Oviedo Spain
- Ecology Unit, Dept of Biology of Organisms and Systems, Univ. of Oviedo Oviedo Spain
| | - Albert Montori
- CREAC, Centre de Recerca i Educació Ambiental de Calafell, Calafell Barcelona Spain
| | - Gustavo A. Llorente
- Dept of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences and Inst. de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBIO), Faculty of Biology, Univ. of Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Miren Bego Urrutia
- Depto de Genética, Antropología Física y Fisiología Animal, Univ. del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea Bilbao Spain
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14
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Muñoz MM, Feeley KJ, Martin PH, Farallo VR. The multidimensional (and contrasting) effects of environmental warming on a group of montane tropical lizards. Funct Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martha M. Muñoz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Yale University New Haven CT USA
| | | | - Patrick H. Martin
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Denver Denver CO USA
| | - Vincent R. Farallo
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Yale University New Haven CT USA
- Biology Department University of Scranton Scranton PA USA
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15
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Rossigalli-Costa N, Cury de Barros F, Cipriano AP, Prado Prandini L, Medeiros de Andrade T, Rothier PS, Lofeu L, Brandt R, Kohlsdorf T. A guide to incubate eggs of Tropidurus lizards under laboratory conditions. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2021; 336:576-584. [PMID: 34496131 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.23095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Studies in Evo-Devo benefit from the use of a variety of organisms, as comparative approaches provide a better understanding of Biodiversity and Evolution. Standardized protocols to incubate eggs and manipulate embryo development enable postulation of additional species as suitable biological systems for research in the field. In the past decades, vertebrate lineages such as Squamata (lizards, snakes, and amphisbaenians) emerged as crucial study systems for addressing topics as diverse as phenotypic evolution and climate change. However, protocols for maintaining gravid females and incubating eggs in the lab under experimental conditions are available to only a few squamate species. This resource article presents a simple incubation guide that standardizes conditions to maintain embryos of Tropidurus catalanensis (Squamata: Tropiduridae) under different experimental conditions, manipulating relevant environmental factors like temperature and humidity. We identified associated effects relating the egg incubation condition to developmental stage, incubation time, hatching success, and resulting morphotypes. Temperature and humidity play a key role in development and require attention when establishing the experimental design. Current literature comprises information for Tropidurus lizards that ponders how general in Squamata are the ecomorphs originally described for Anolis. Studies evaluating phenotypic effects of developmental environments suggest plasticity in some of the traits that characterize the ecomorphological associations described for this family. We expect that this incubation guide encourages future studies using Tropidurus lizards to address Evo-Devo questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia Rossigalli-Costa
- Department of Biology, FFCLRP, University of São Paulo. Avenida Bandeirantes, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Fábio Cury de Barros
- Department of Biology, FFCLRP, University of São Paulo. Avenida Bandeirantes, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, ICAQF, Federal University of São Paulo. Rua Prof. Artur Riedel, Diadema, Brazil.,University of the Estate of Minas Gerais (UEMG/Passos). Av. Juca Stockler 1130, Passos, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Cipriano
- Department of Biology, FFCLRP, University of São Paulo. Avenida Bandeirantes, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Luísa Prado Prandini
- Department of Biology, FFCLRP, University of São Paulo. Avenida Bandeirantes, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Priscila S Rothier
- Department of Biology, FFCLRP, University of São Paulo. Avenida Bandeirantes, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Département Adaptations du Vivant, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 55 Rue Buffon, Paris, France
| | - Leandro Lofeu
- Department of Biology, FFCLRP, University of São Paulo. Avenida Bandeirantes, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Renata Brandt
- Department of Biology, FFCLRP, University of São Paulo. Avenida Bandeirantes, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Science North, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tiana Kohlsdorf
- Department of Biology, FFCLRP, University of São Paulo. Avenida Bandeirantes, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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16
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Akashi H. Thermal Sensitivity of Heat Sensor TRPA1 Correlates With Temperatures Inducing Heat Avoidance Behavior in Terrestrial Ectotherms. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.583837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Temperature is an essential environmental factor that controls an organism’s performances. As ectothermic animals largely rely on external heat sources for adjusting their body temperature, thermal perception is a primary process of behavioral thermoregulation. Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) is a heat sensitive ion channel in most non-mammalian species, and its heat activation has been suggested to induce heat avoidance behaviors in ectothermic animals. However, associations between TRPA1 and ecologically relevant temperatures have not been investigated, and the analyses including diverse taxa will provide robust support for understanding the associations. Here, I conducted extensive literature review, and assembled published data on thermal threshold of TRPA1 and three physiological parameters: the experimental voluntary maximum (EVM), which is body temperatures when heat avoidance behaviors are induced; the critical thermal maximum (CTmax), which is a point in temperature beyond which an organism becomes incapacitated; and average body temperature (Tmean) recorded in the field. Then, I examined the relationships between thermal threshold of TRPA1 and each of the three physiological parameters. As phylogenetically closely related species tend to show similar trait values among species, I conducted the regression analyses by accounting for phylogenetic distances among species. This study supports previous research by affirming that thermal threshold of TRPA1 is substantially correlated with body temperature that the animals escaped from the heat source, represented here as EVM. Nevertheless, thermal threshold of TRPA1 showed a statistically insignificant correlation with CTmax and Tmean. The results suggest that although thermal threshold of TRPA1 is evolutionarily labile, its associations with EVM is highly conserved among diverse terrestrial ectotherms. Therefore, thermal threshold of TRPA1 could be a useful parameter to evaluate species vulnerability to thermal stress particularly in the recent climate warming scenario.
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17
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Gatto CR, Matthews B, Reina RD. Role of incubation environment in determining thermal tolerance of sea turtle hatchlings. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2021. [DOI: 10.3354/esr01111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Warming global temperatures are predicted to reduce population viability in many oviparous ectothermic taxa, with increased embryonic mortality likely to be a main cause. While research on embryonic upper thermal limits is extensive, sea turtle hatchling thermal tolerance has received less attention and our understanding of how incubation conditions influence hatchling thermal tolerance is limited. Here, we report green turtle Chelonia mydas hatchling hydration and thermal tolerance following incubation in dry and wet conditions. We used packed cell volume and total protein as indicators of hydration and measured the critical thermal maximum (CTmax) of hatchlings in air. Neither hydration nor thermal tolerance was directly influenced by moisture treatment. However, hatchlings from moister nests had longer incubation durations (wet: 60.11 d vs. dry: 54.86 d), and, using incubation duration as a proxy for incubation temperature, hatchlings from cooler nests had significantly lower CTmax (wet: 39.84°C vs. dry: 40.51°C). Thus, despite not directly influencing thermal tolerance, moisture treatment influenced nest temperature indirectly; hatchlings that experienced warmer conditions in dry nests had a higher thermal tolerance than hatchlings from cooler and wetter nests. Ectothermic neonates may have greater plasticity in their thermal tolerance than previously thought, but their ability to adapt to increasing temperature is likely limited. Additionally, common management techniques to reduce nest temperatures, such as watering and shading nests, may only reduce embryonic mortality at the cost of decreased hatchling thermal tolerance and increased hatchling mortality during emergence. Nesting-site management interventions designed to reduce embryonic mortality will need to consider mitigation of the possible effects of those interventions on hatchling mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- CR Gatto
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - B Matthews
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - RD Reina
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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18
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Deery SW, Rej JE, Haro D, Gunderson AR. Heat hardening in a pair of Anolis lizards: constraints, dynamics and ecological consequences. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:238102. [PMID: 34424976 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.240994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Heat tolerance plasticity is predicted to be an important buffer against global warming. Nonetheless, basal heat tolerance often correlates negatively with tolerance plasticity ('trade-off hypothesis'), a constraint that could limit plasticity benefits. We tested the trade-off hypothesis at the individual level with respect to heat hardening in two lizard species, Anolis carolinensis and Anolis sagrei. Heat hardening is a rapid increase in heat tolerance after heat shock that is rarely measured in reptiles but is generally considered to be a first line of physiological defense against heat. We also employed a biophysical model of operative habitat temperatures to estimate the performance consequences of hardening under ecologically relevant conditions. Anolis carolinensis hardened by 2 h post-heat shock and maintained hardening for several hours. However, A. sagrei did not harden. Biophysical models showed that hardening in A. carolinensis reduces their overheating risk in the field. Therefore, while not all lizards heat harden, hardening has benefits for species that can. We initially found a negative relationship between basal tolerance and hardening within both species, consistent with the trade-off hypothesis. However, permutation analyses showed that the apparent trade-offs could not be differentiated from statistical artifact. We found the same result when we re-analyzed published data supporting the trade-off hypothesis in another lizard species. Our results show that false positives may be common when testing the trade-off hypothesis. Statistical approaches that account for this are critical to ensure that the hypothesis, which has broad implications for thermal adaptation and responses to warming, is assessed appropriately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean W Deery
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, 6823 St Charles Avenue, Lindy Boggs Building Room 400, New Orleans, LA 70118-5698, USA
| | - Julie E Rej
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, 6823 St Charles Avenue, Lindy Boggs Building Room 400, New Orleans, LA 70118-5698, USA
| | - Daniel Haro
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, 6823 St Charles Avenue, Lindy Boggs Building Room 400, New Orleans, LA 70118-5698, USA
| | - Alex R Gunderson
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, 6823 St Charles Avenue, Lindy Boggs Building Room 400, New Orleans, LA 70118-5698, USA
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19
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Ryan LM, Gunderson AR. Competing native and invasive Anolis lizards exhibit thermal preference plasticity in opposite directions. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART 2020; 335:118-125. [PMID: 33052040 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Invasive species have emerged as a significant problem in the age of anthropogenic change. Behavior can be key to invasive species success and is strongly affected by temperature. Therefore, knowledge of the temperature dependence of behavior is likely critical to understand invasive species dynamics and their interactions with native species. In this study, we tested for differences in thermal preference plasticity and temperature-dependent activity levels in a pair of congeneric lizards found in the United States: the invasive Anolis sagrei and the native A. carolinensis. We predicted that A. sagrei would demonstrate greater thermal preference plasticity and would utilize a higher and/or wider range of activity temperatures than A. carolinensis. Both would point to plasticity allowing A. sagrei to behaviorally exploiting thermal conditions that A. carolinensis cannot. We found that both species exhibited plasticity in thermal preference, but in opposite directions: preferred temperatures of A. carolinensis increased with acclimation temperature, while those of A. sagrei decreased. As a result, which species had a higher thermal preference changed with acclimation conditions. We saw no difference in overall field activity rates between the species, but that A. sagrei did tend to be active over a broader range of body temperatures. In sum, we found little evidence that differences in thermal preference plasticity between the species allow A. sagrei to remain active at a higher or broader temperature range than A. carolinensis. Nonetheless, the thermal preference data suggest complementary thermal preferences between the species that could promote microclimatic partitioning, though more work is required to test this idea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy M Ryan
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Alex R Gunderson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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20
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Bodensteiner BL, Agudelo‐Cantero GA, Arietta AZA, Gunderson AR, Muñoz MM, Refsnider JM, Gangloff EJ. Thermal adaptation revisited: How conserved are thermal traits of reptiles and amphibians? JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART 2020; 335:173-194. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.2414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brooke L. Bodensteiner
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Yale University New Haven Connecticut USA
| | - Gustavo A. Agudelo‐Cantero
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences University of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
- Department of Biology ‐ Genetics, Ecology, and Evolution Aarhus University Aarhus Denmark
| | | | - Alex R. Gunderson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Tulane University New Orleans Louisiana USA
| | - Martha M. Muñoz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Yale University New Haven Connecticut USA
| | | | - Eric J. Gangloff
- Department of Zoology Ohio Wesleyan University Delaware Ohio USA
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21
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Taylor EN, Diele‐Viegas LM, Gangloff EJ, Hall JM, Halpern B, Massey MD, Rödder D, Rollinson N, Spears S, Sun B, Telemeco RS. The thermal ecology and physiology of reptiles and amphibians: A user's guide. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART 2020; 335:13-44. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.2396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily N. Taylor
- Biological Sciences Department California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo California
| | | | | | - Joshua M. Hall
- Department of Biological Sciences Auburn University Auburn Alabama
| | | | - Melanie D. Massey
- Department of Biology Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia Canada
| | - Dennis Rödder
- Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig Bonn Germany
| | - Njal Rollinson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Toronto St. Toronto Ontario Canada
- School of the Environment University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Sierra Spears
- Department of Zoology Ohio Wesleyan University Delaware Ohio
| | - Bao‐jun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Rory S. Telemeco
- Department of Biology California State University Fresno California
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22
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Hall JM, Warner DA. Thermal sensitivity of lizard embryos indicates a mismatch between oxygen supply and demand at near‐lethal temperatures. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART 2020; 335:72-85. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.2359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M. Hall
- Department of Biological Sciences Auburn University Auburn Alabama
| | - Daniel A. Warner
- Department of Biological Sciences Auburn University Auburn Alabama
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23
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Ruhr I. Too hot or just right during embryonic development in lizards? J Exp Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.214221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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