1
|
Sun Y, Escobedo FA. Coarse-Grained Molecular Simulation of Bolapolyphiles with a Multident Lateral Chain: Formation and Structural Analysis of Cubic Network Phases. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:1519-1537. [PMID: 37490766 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Bolapolyphiles constitute a versatile class of materials with a demonstrated potential to form a wide variety of complex ordered mesophases. In particular, cubic network phases (like the gyroid, primitive, and diamond phases) have been a target of many studies for their ability to create percolating 3D nanosized channels. In this study, molecular simulations are used to explore the phase behavior of bolapolyphiles containing a rigid rodlike core, associating hydrophilic core ends and a hydrophobic side chain with a multident architecture, i.e., where the branching pattern can vary from bident (two branches) to hexadent (six branches). Upon network phase formation, its skeleton is made up of "nodes" populated by the core ends and "struts" populated by the cores. It is shown that, by varying the side chain length, branching pattern, and attachment point to the core, one can alter the crowding around the cores and hence tune the nodal size and nodal valence (i.e., number of connecting struts) which lead to different types of network morphologies. For example, for a fixed total side chain length, having more branches generates a stronger crowding around the molecular core, driving them to form bundlelike domains with curvier interfaces that result in thinner struts. Also, attaching the lateral chain closer to one core end breaks the symmetry between the environments around the two core ends, leading to networks with bimodal nodal sizes. Importantly, since the characterization of (ordered or partially ordered) network phases is challenging given the potential incompatibilities between the simulation box size with the structure's space group periodic symmetry and the effect of morphological defects, a detailed framework is presented to analyze and fully characterize the unit cell parameters and structure factor of such systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Sun
- R. F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Fernando A Escobedo
- R. F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cao Y, Scholte A, Prehm M, Anders C, Chen C, Song J, Zhang L, He G, Tschierske C, Liu F. Understanding the Role of Trapezoids in Honeycomb Self-Assembly-Pathways between a Columnar Liquid Quasicrystal and its Liquid-Crystalline Approximants. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202314454. [PMID: 38009676 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Quasiperiodic patterns and crystals-having long range order without translational symmetry-have fascinated researchers since their discovery. In this study, we report on new p-terphenyl-based T-shaped facial polyphiles with two alkyl end chains and a glycerol-based hydrogen-bonded side group that self-assemble into an aperiodic columnar liquid quasicrystal with 12-fold symmetry and its periodic liquid-crystalline approximants with complex superstructures. All represent honeycombs formed by the self-assembly of the p-terphenyls, dividing space into prismatic cells with polygonal cross-sections. In the perspective of tiling patterns, the presence of unique trapezoidal tiles, consisting of three rigid sides formed by the p-terphenyls and one shorter, incommensurate, and adjustable side by the alkyl end chains, plays a crucial role for these phases. A delicate temperature-dependent balance between conformational, entropic and space-filling effects determines the role of the alkyl chains, either as network nodes or trapezoid walls, thus resulting in the order-disorder transitions associated with emergence of quasiperiodicity. In-depth analysis suggests a change from a quasiperiodic tiling involving trapezoids to a modified one with a contribution of trapezoid pair fusion. This work paves the way for understanding quasiperiodicity emergence and develops fundamental concepts for its generation by chemical design of non-spherical molecules, aggregates, and frameworks based on dynamic reticular chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Cao
- Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Alexander Scholte
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt Mothes Str. 2, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Marko Prehm
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt Mothes Str. 2, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Christian Anders
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt Mothes Str. 2, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Changlong Chen
- Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Jiangxuan Song
- Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Gang He
- Frontier Institute for Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Carsten Tschierske
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt Mothes Str. 2, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Feng Liu
- Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Anders C, Wagner M, Alaasar M, Fischer VM, Waldecker R, Zhao Y, Tan T, Cao Y, Liu F, Tschierske C. Highly branched bolapolyphilic liquid crystals with a cubic A15 network at the triangle-square transition. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:1023-1026. [PMID: 38173419 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05247h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Rod-like bolapolyphiles with highly branched carbosilane-based side-chains self-assemble into several honeycomb structures if the oligo(p-phenylene ethynylene) core is polyfluorinated, whereas for the non-fluorinated series an A15 type cubic network of rod-bundles was observed instead, suggesting a brand new pathway for the transition between triangular and square honeycomb phases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Anders
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes Str. 2, Halle 06120, Germany.
| | - Matthias Wagner
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes Str. 2, Halle 06120, Germany.
| | - Mohamed Alaasar
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes Str. 2, Halle 06120, Germany.
| | - Virginia-Marie Fischer
- Institute of Mathematics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 5, Halle 06120, Germany
| | - Rebecca Waldecker
- Institute of Mathematics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 5, Halle 06120, Germany
| | - Yangyang Zhao
- Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China.
| | - Tianyi Tan
- Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China.
| | - Yu Cao
- Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China.
| | - Feng Liu
- Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China.
| | - Carsten Tschierske
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes Str. 2, Halle 06120, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Impéror-Clerc M. A liquid quasicrystal of columns. Nat Chem 2023; 15:591-592. [PMID: 37069269 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01184-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
|
5
|
Zeng X, Glettner B, Baumeister U, Chen B, Ungar G, Liu F, Tschierske C. A columnar liquid quasicrystal with a honeycomb structure that consists of triangular, square and trapezoidal cells. Nat Chem 2023; 15:625-632. [PMID: 36959511 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01166-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Quasicrystals are intriguing structures that have long-range positional correlations but no periodicity in real space, and typically with rotational symmetries that are 'forbidden' in conventional periodic crystals. Here, we present a two-dimensional columnar liquid quasicrystal with dodecagonal symmetry. Unlike previous dodecagonal quasicrystals based on random tiling, a honeycomb structure based on a strictly quasiperiodic tessellation of tiles is observed. The structure consists of dodecagonal clusters made up of triangular, square and trapezoidal cells that are optimal for local packing. To maximize the presence of such dodecagonal clusters, the system abandons periodicity but adopts a quasiperiodic structure that follows strict packing rules. The stability of random-tiling dodecagonal quasicrystals is often attributed to the entropy of disordering when strict tiling rules are broken, at the sacrifice of the long-range positional order. However, our results demonstrate that quasicrystal stability may rest on energy minimization alone, or with only minimal entropic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangbing Zeng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sheffield University, Sheffield, UK.
| | - Benjamin Glettner
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Ute Baumeister
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Bin Chen
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Goran Ungar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sheffield University, Sheffield, UK
- Shaanxi International Research Centre for Soft Matter, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behaviour of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Feng Liu
- Shaanxi International Research Centre for Soft Matter, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behaviour of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Carsten Tschierske
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cai X, Hauche S, Poppe S, Cao Y, Zhang L, Huang C, Tschierske C, Liu F. Network Phases with Multiple-Junction Geometries at the Gyroid-Diamond Transition. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:1000-1010. [PMID: 36603102 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A novel phase sequence for the transition from the double diamond to the double gyroid cubic phases via two non-cubic intermediate phases, an orthorhombic Fmmm (O69) phase and a hexagonal P63/m (H176) phase, is reported for specifically designed bolapolyphiles composed of a linear rod-like bistolane core with sticky glycerol ends and two branched central and two linear peripheral side chains. These liquid crystalline (LC) phases represent members of a new class of unicontinuous network phases, formed by longitudinal rod bundles with polar spheres acting as junctions and the alkyl chains forming the continuum around them. In contrast to previously known bicontinuous cubic networks, they combine different junctions with different angles in a common structure, and one of them even represents a triple network instead of the usually found double networks. This provides new perspectives for the design of soft network phases with enhanced structural complexity, inspiring the search for new supramolecular networks, nano-particle arrays, and photonic band-gap materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Cai
- Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behaviors of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
| | - Sebastian Hauche
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Kur-Mother Str. 2, Halle (Saale) 06120, Germany
| | - Silvio Poppe
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Kur-Mother Str. 2, Halle (Saale) 06120, Germany
| | - Yu Cao
- Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behaviors of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China.,MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
| | - Chang Huang
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
| | - Carsten Tschierske
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Kur-Mother Str. 2, Halle (Saale) 06120, Germany
| | - Feng Liu
- Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behaviors of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China.,Instrumental Analysis Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chen C, Poppe M, Poppe S, Wagner M, Tschierske C, Liu F. Tetrahedral Liquid-Crystalline Networks: An A15-Like Frank-Kasper Phase Based on Rod-Packing. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202203447. [PMID: 35470526 PMCID: PMC9321821 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202203447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The Pm 3 ‾ n cubic and other low-symmetry Frank-Kasper phases are known to be formed by soft spheres, ranging from metals to block copolymer micelles and colloidal nanoparticles. Here, we report a series of X-shaped polyphiles composed of sticky rods and two non-symmetric branched side-chains, which self-assemble into the first example of a cubic liquid-crystalline phase representing a tetrahedral network of rods with a Pm 3 ‾ n lattice. It is the topological dual to the Weaire-Phelan foam, being the Voronoi tessellation of the A15 sphere packing, from which this network is obtained by Delaunay triangulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changlong Chen
- Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft MatterState Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behaviour of MaterialsXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
| | - Marco Poppe
- Department of ChemistryMartin Luther University Halle-WittenbergKurt-Mothes Str. 206120Halle/SaaleGermany
| | - Silvio Poppe
- Department of ChemistryMartin Luther University Halle-WittenbergKurt-Mothes Str. 206120Halle/SaaleGermany
| | - Matthias Wagner
- Department of ChemistryMartin Luther University Halle-WittenbergKurt-Mothes Str. 206120Halle/SaaleGermany
| | - Carsten Tschierske
- Department of ChemistryMartin Luther University Halle-WittenbergKurt-Mothes Str. 206120Halle/SaaleGermany
| | - Feng Liu
- Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft MatterState Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behaviour of MaterialsXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chen C, Poppe M, Poppe S, Wagner M, Tschierske C, Liu F. Tetrahedral Liquid‐Crystalline Networks: An A15‐Like Frank–Kasper Phase Based on Rod‐Packing. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202203447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Changlong Chen
- Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behaviour of Materials Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 P. R. China
| | - Marco Poppe
- Department of Chemistry Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Kurt-Mothes Str. 2 06120 Halle/Saale Germany
| | - Silvio Poppe
- Department of Chemistry Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Kurt-Mothes Str. 2 06120 Halle/Saale Germany
| | - Matthias Wagner
- Department of Chemistry Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Kurt-Mothes Str. 2 06120 Halle/Saale Germany
| | - Carsten Tschierske
- Department of Chemistry Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Kurt-Mothes Str. 2 06120 Halle/Saale Germany
| | - Feng Liu
- Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behaviour of Materials Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chang Q, Ma T, Ding W, Zhang L, Cheng X. Thiophene-benzothiadiazole based donor–acceptor–donor (D-A-D) bolaamphiphiles, self-assembly and photophysical properties. Supramol Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10610278.2021.1959036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Chang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resources, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Research & Development Center for Natural Products, Yunnan University, Kunming, PR China
| | - Tao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resources, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Research & Development Center for Natural Products, Yunnan University, Kunming, PR China
| | - Wei Ding
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resources, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Research & Development Center for Natural Products, Yunnan University, Kunming, PR China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sun YW, Chen ZQ, Zhu YL, Li ZW, Lu ZY, Sun ZY. Intercluster Exchange-Stabilized Novel Complex Colloidal χ c Phase. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:8872-8881. [PMID: 34498873 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c01916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Designing complex cluster crystals with a specific function using simple colloidal building blocks remains a challenge in materials science. Herein, we propose a conceptually new design strategy for constructing complex cluster crystals via hierarchical self-assembly of simple soft Janus colloids. A novel and previously unreported colloidal cluster-χ (χc) phase, which resembles the essential structural features of α-manganese but at a larger length scale, is obtained through molecular dynamics simulations. The formation of the χc phase undergoes a remarkable two-step self-assembly process, that is, the self-assembly of clusters with specific size dispersity from Janus colloids, followed by the highly ordered organization of these clusters. More importantly, the dynamic exchange of particles between these clusters plays a critical role in stabilizing the χc phase. Such a conceptual design framework based on intercluster exchange has the potential to effectively construct novel complex cluster crystals by hierarchical self-assembly of colloidal building blocks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Zi-Qin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - You-Liang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Zhan-Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Zhong-Yuan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
| | - Zhao-Yan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Alaasar M, Schmidt JC, Cai X, Liu F, Tschierske C. Controlling liquid and liquid crystalline network formation by core-fluorination of hydrogen bonded supramolecular polycatenars. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.115870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
12
|
Zhang D, Liu Y, Gao H, Yan Q, Cheng X. Self-assembly of bistriazole BDT based bolaamphiphiles into SmA phase and helical organogels. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
13
|
Poppe M, Chen C, Liu F, Poppe S, Tschierske C. Emergence of uniform tilt and π-stacking in triangular liquid crystalline honeycombs. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:6526-6529. [PMID: 34105554 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02556b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synclinic tilted organization of specifically designed polyphilic oligo(p-phenylene ethynylene) rods in cylindrical shells around triangular prismatic cells on the <5 nm scale leads to a new kind of liquid crystalline honeycomb composed of helical shells with alternating helix sense. Core fluorination at the outer ring modifies the core-core interactions, thus resulting in triangular arrays with face-to-face π-stacking along the honeycomb.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Poppe
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, 06120 Halle, Germany.
| | - Changlong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behaviour of Materials, Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China.
| | - Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behaviour of Materials, Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China.
| | - Silvio Poppe
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, 06120 Halle, Germany.
| | - Carsten Tschierske
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, 06120 Halle, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Poppe M, Chen C, Poppe S, Kerzig C, Liu F, Tschierske C. Different Modes of Deformation of Soft Triangular Honeycombs at the Sub-5 nm Scale. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2005070. [PMID: 33063389 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202005070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Patterning on the sub-5 nm length scale is a contemporary challenge for further miniaturization of microelectronic circuits. Here, the first soft self-assembled triangular patterns are reported showing transitions between regular and two different kinds of isosceles (acute and obtuse angled) triangles on this length scale, formed by liquid crystalline honeycombs of polyphilic block molecules involving a fluorinated oligo(para-phenylene ethynylene) core. The type of formed triangular pattern depends on the degree and position of fluorination and on temperature. They are the first soft honeycombs combining tilted and nontilted organizations in a uniform nanostructure, where the tilted molecules in only one or two sides of the triangular prismatic cells dominate the shape and the size of the morphology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Poppe
- Department of Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes Str. 2, Halle/Saale, D-06108, Germany
| | - Changlong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behaviour of Materials, Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Silvio Poppe
- Department of Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes Str. 2, Halle/Saale, D-06108, Germany
| | - Christoph Kerzig
- Department of Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes Str. 2, Halle/Saale, D-06108, Germany
| | - Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behaviour of Materials, Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Carsten Tschierske
- Department of Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes Str. 2, Halle/Saale, D-06108, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Poppe S, Cheng X, Chen C, Zeng X, Zhang RB, Liu F, Ungar G, Tschierske C. Liquid Organic Frameworks: The Single-Network “Plumber’s Nightmare” Bicontinuous Cubic Liquid Crystal. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:3296-3300. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b11073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Poppe
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Straße 2, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Xiaohong Cheng
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Straße 2, 06120 Halle, Germany
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resources, Chemistry Department, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People’s Republic of China
| | - Changlong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behaviour of Materials, Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangbing Zeng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, U.K
| | - Rui-bin Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, U.K
| | - Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behaviour of Materials, Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Goran Ungar
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behaviour of Materials, Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, U.K
| | - Carsten Tschierske
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Straße 2, 06120 Halle, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Scholte A, Hauche S, Wagner M, Prehm M, Poppe S, Chen C, Liu F, Zeng X, Ungar G, Tschierske C. A self-assembled liquid crystal honeycomb of highly stretched (3-1-1)-hexagons. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 56:62-65. [PMID: 31799978 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc08502e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new liquid crystalline honeycomb phase is reported, containing highly stretched giant hexagonal cells with two opposing walls spanned by three consecutive end-to-end H-bonded rods, the (3-1-1) hexagons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Scholte
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Straße 2, 06120 Halle, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Hauche
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Straße 2, 06120 Halle, Germany.
| | - Matthias Wagner
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Straße 2, 06120 Halle, Germany.
| | - Marko Prehm
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Straße 2, 06120 Halle, Germany.
| | - Silvio Poppe
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Straße 2, 06120 Halle, Germany.
| | - Changlong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behaviour of Materials, Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China.
| | - Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behaviour of Materials, Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China.
| | - Xiangbing Zeng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK.
| | - Goran Ungar
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behaviour of Materials, Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China. and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK.
| | - Carsten Tschierske
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Straße 2, 06120 Halle, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Li Y, Fan F, Wang J, Cseh L, Xue M, Zeng X, Ungar G. New Type of Columnar Liquid Crystal Superlattice in Double‐Taper Ionic Minidendrons. Chemistry 2019; 25:13739-13747. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201902639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ya‐Xin Li
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of Sheffield Sheffield S1 3JD UK
| | - Fang‐Fang Fan
- Department of PhysicsZhejiang Sci-Tech University Hangzhou 310018 P.R. China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of PhysicsZhejiang Sci-Tech University Hangzhou 310018 P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of MaterialsSchool of MaterialsXi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 P.R. China
| | - Liliana Cseh
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of MaterialsSchool of MaterialsXi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 P.R. China
- Romanian Academy, “Coriolan Dragulescu” Institute of Chemistry Timisoara 300223 Romania
| | - Min Xue
- Department of PhysicsZhejiang Sci-Tech University Hangzhou 310018 P.R. China
| | - Xiang‐Bing Zeng
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of Sheffield Sheffield S1 3JD UK
| | - Goran Ungar
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of MaterialsSchool of MaterialsXi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Nürnberger C, Lu H, Zeng X, Liu F, Ungar G, Hahn H, Lang H, Prehm M, Tschierske C. Soft self-assembled sub-5 nm scale chessboard and snub-square tilings with oligo(para-phenyleneethynylene) rods. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:4154-4157. [PMID: 30809626 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc00494g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
X-Shaped bolapolyphiles, comprising a linear polyaromatic core with glycerol groups at each end and two chemically different and incompatible chains, fixed to it at opposite sides, were synthesized and found to self-assemble into honeycomb-type liquid crystalline phases with square symmetry. The polyaromatic π-conjugated rods form the cell walls and the resulting prismatic cells of sub-5 nm size are alternatively filled with perfluorocarbon (RF) and the carbosilane chains (RSi). The resulting structures can be represented as either a two-colour snub-square tiling with triangular and square cells or as a chessboard tiling of squares.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Constance Nürnberger
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Straße 2, 06120 Halle, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lechner BD, Biehl P, Ebert H, Werner S, Meister A, Hause G, Bacia K, Tschierske C, Blume A. Controlling the Miscibility of X-Shaped Bolapolyphiles in Lipid Membranes by Varying the Chemical Structure and Size of the Polyphile Polar Headgroup. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:10861-10871. [PMID: 30407826 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b08582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bolaamphiphiles are well-known naturally occurring structures that can increase the thermal and mechanical stability of the phospholipid membrane by incorporation in a transmembrane manner. Modifications of bolaamphiphiles to introduce particular structural elements such as a conjugated aromatic backbone and lateral side chains in the hydrophobic region lead to bolapolyphiles (BPs). We investigated the ability of BPs to form lyotropic phases in water. The BPs had an identical backbone and side chains, but different headgroup structures, leading to different abilities to act as hydrogen bond donors and acceptors. BPs with hydrophilic headgroups capable of acting as hydrogen bond donors as well as acceptors did not form lyotropic phases and were insoluble in water, independent of whether the polar groups were small or large. The extended lipophilic core structure and the multiple intermolecular hydrogen bonds between the headgroups prevented the formation of well-hydrated lyotropic aggregates. A BP with two large hydrophilic headgroups of several ethylene oxide moieties terminated by methyl groups formed sheet- and vesicle-like aggregates in water. These headgroups act only as hydrogen bond acceptors and cannot form hydrogen bonds in the absence of water. The miscibility of BPs with vesicles of 1,2-dipalmitoyl- sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) in water and the resulting aggregate structures were also investigated. For BPs with headgroups acting as donors and acceptors of hydrogen bonds, macroscopic phase separation occurred in the mixed membranes, and two different membrane domains, a DPPC-rich one containing only little polyphile and a BP-rich one containing varying amounts of lipid, were formed. For headgroups without the ability to act as hydrogen bond donors, small BP aggregates were formed that were homogeneously distributed over the membrane. The lateral organization of BPs in lipid membranes can thus be controlled by the nature of the BP headgroup.
Collapse
|
20
|
Prehm M, Enders C, Mang X, Zeng X, Liu F, Ungar G, Baumeister U, Tschierske C. Lamellar Liquid Crystals of In-Plane Lying Rod-Like Mesogens with Designer Side-Chains: The Case of Sliding versus Locked Layers. Chemistry 2018; 24:16072-16084. [PMID: 29939440 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The dimensionality of self-assembled nanostructures plays an essential role for their properties and applications. Herein, an understanding of the transition from weakly to strongly coupled layers in soft matter systems is provided involving in-plane organized π-conjugated rods. For this purpose, bolaamphiphilic triblock molecules consisting of a rigid biphenyl core, polar glycerol groups at the ends, and a branched (swallow-tail) or linear alkyl or semiperfluoroalkyl chain in lateral position have been synthesized and investigated. Besides weakly coupled lamellar isotropic (LamIso ), lamellar nematic (LamN ) and sliding lamellar smectic phases (LamSm ), a sequence of three distinct types of strongly coupled (correlated) lamellar smectic phases with either centered (c2mm) or non-centered rectangular (p2mm) lattice and an intermediate oblique lattices (p2) were observed depending on chain length, chain branching and degree of chain fluorination. This new sequence is explained by the strengthening of the layer coupling and the competition between energetic packing constraints and the entropic contribution of either longitudinal or tangential fluctuations. This example of directed side chain engineering of small generic model compounds provides general clues for morphological design of two-dimensional and three-dimensionally coupled lamellar systems involving larger π-conjugated molecular rods and molecular or supramolecular polymers, being of actual interest in organic electronics and nanotechnology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marko Prehm
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str.2, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Claudia Enders
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str.2, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Xiaobin Mang
- Department of Engineering Materials, University of Sheffield, Robert Hadfield Building Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - Xiangbing Zeng
- Department of Engineering Materials, University of Sheffield, Robert Hadfield Building Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Goran Ungar
- Department of Engineering Materials, University of Sheffield, Robert Hadfield Building Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK.,Department of Physics, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Xiasha College Park, Hangzhou, 310018, P. R. China
| | - Ute Baumeister
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str.2, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Carsten Tschierske
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str.2, 06120, Halle, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Liu F, Tang P, Zhang H, Yang Y. Archimedean Tiling Patterns Self-Assembled from X-Shaped Rod–Coil Copolymers with Hydrogen Bonds. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Faqiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ping Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hongdong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yuliang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ali MO, Pociecha D, Wojciechowski J, Novozhilova I, Friedli AC, Kaszyński P. Highly quadrupolar derivatives of the [closo-B10H10]2- anion: Investigation of liquid crystalline polymorphism in an homologous series of 1,10-bis(4-alkoxypyridinium) zwitterions. J Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
23
|
Lehmann A, Prehm M, Chen C, Liu F, Zeng X, Ungar G, Tschierske C. Transition between tangential and co-axial liquid crystalline honeycombs in the self-assembly of Y-shaped bolapolyphiles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:12306-12309. [PMID: 30277230 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc06281a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A new liquid crystalline honeycomb with an organization of π-conjugated rods parallel to the honeycomb cells is formed by molecular self-assembly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Lehmann
- Department of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2
- 06120 Halle
- Germany
| | - Marko Prehm
- Department of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2
- 06120 Halle
- Germany
| | - Changlong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials
- Xi’an Jiaotong University
- Xi’an 710049
- P. R. China
| | - Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials
- Xi’an Jiaotong University
- Xi’an 710049
- P. R. China
| | - Xiangbing Zeng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Sheffield University
- Sheffield S1 3JD
- UK
| | - Goran Ungar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Sheffield University
- Sheffield S1 3JD
- UK
| | - Carsten Tschierske
- Department of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2
- 06120 Halle
- Germany
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Huang M, Yue K, Wang J, Hsu CH, Wang L, Cheng SZD. Frank-Kasper and related quasicrystal spherical phases in macromolecules. Sci China Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-017-9140-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
25
|
Sun Y, Padmanabhan P, Misra M, Escobedo FA. Molecular dynamics simulation of thermotropic bolaamphiphiles with a swallow-tail lateral chain: formation of cubic network phases. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:8542-8555. [PMID: 29095474 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm01819c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
T-shaped bolaamphiphiles (TBA) with a swallow-tail lateral chain have been found to provide a fertile platform to produce complex liquid crystalline phases that are accessible through changes of temperature and lateral chain length and design. In this work, we use molecular simulations of a simple coarse-grained model to map out the phase behavior of this type of molecules. This model is based on the premise that the crucial details of the fluid structure stem from close range repulsions and the strong directional forces typical of hydrogen bonds. Our simulations confirm that TBAs exhibit a rich phase behavior upon increasing the length of their lateral chain. The simulations detect a double gyroid phase and an axial-bundle columnar phase which bear some structural resemblance to those found in the experiment. In addition, simulations predict two cocontinuous phases with 3D-periodicity: the "single" diamond and the "single" plumber's nightmare phase. Our analysis of energetic and entropic contributions to the free energy of phases formed by TBA with either swallow-tail or linear side-chains suggest that the 3D-periodic network phases formed by the former are stabilized by the large conformation entropy of the side-chains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Sun
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Poppe S, Poppe M, Ebert H, Prehm M, Chen C, Liu F, Werner S, Bacia K, Tschierske C. Effects of Lateral and Terminal Chains of X-Shaped Bolapolyphiles with Oligo(phenylene ethynylene) Cores on Self-Assembly Behaviour. Part 1: Transition between Amphiphilic and Polyphilic Self-Assembly in the Bulk. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:E471. [PMID: 30965775 PMCID: PMC6418615 DOI: 10.3390/polym9100471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyphilic self-assembly leads to compartmentalization of space and development of complex structures in soft matter on different length scales, reaching from the morphologies of block copolymers to the liquid crystalline (LC) phases of small molecules. Whereas block copolymers are known to form membranes and interact with phospholipid bilayers, liquid crystals have been less investigated in this respect. Here, series of bolapolyphilic X-shaped molecules were synthesized and investigated with respect to the effect of molecular structural parameters on the formation of LC phases (part 1), and on domain formation in phospholipid bilayer membranes (part 2). The investigated bolapolyphiles are based on a rod-like π-conjugated oligo(phenylene ethynylene) (OPE) core with two glycerol groups being either directly attached or separated by additional ethylene oxide (EO) units to both ends. The X-shape is provided by two lateral alkyl chains attached at opposite sides of the OPE core, being either linear, branched, or semiperfluorinated. In this report, the focus is on the transition from polyphilic (triphilic or tetraphilic) to binary amphiphilic self-assembly. Polyphilic self-assembly, i.e., segregation of all three or four incorporated units into separate nano-compartments, leads to the formation of hexagonal columnar LC phases, representing triangular honeycombs. A continuous transition from the well-defined triangular honeycomb structures to simple hexagonal columnar phases, dominated by the arrangement of polar columns on a hexagonal lattice in a mixed continuum formed by the lipophilic chains and the OPE rods, i.e., to amphiphilic self-assembly, was observed by reducing the length and volume of the lateral alkyl chains. A similar transition was found upon increasing the length of the EO units involved in the polar groups. If the lateral alkyl chains are enlarged or replaced by semiperfluorinated chains, then the segregation of lateral chains and rod-like cores is retained, even for enlarged polar groups, i.e., the transition from polyphilic to amphiphilic self-assembly is suppressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Poppe
- Department of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes Str. 2, 06120 Halle, Germany.
| | - Marco Poppe
- Department of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes Str. 2, 06120 Halle, Germany.
| | - Helgard Ebert
- Department of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes Str. 2, 06120 Halle, Germany.
| | - Marko Prehm
- Department of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes Str. 2, 06120 Halle, Germany.
| | - Changlong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Stefan Werner
- Department of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes Str. 3, 06120 Halle, Germany.
| | - Kirsten Bacia
- Department of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes Str. 3, 06120 Halle, Germany.
| | - Carsten Tschierske
- Department of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes Str. 2, 06120 Halle, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Poppe M, Chen C, Ebert H, Poppe S, Prehm M, Kerzig C, Liu F, Tschierske C. Transition from nematic to gyroid-type cubic soft self-assembly by side-chain engineering of π-conjugated sticky rods. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:4381-4392. [PMID: 28573294 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm00793k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A sequence of liquid crystalline phases, involving cybotactic nematics, a lamellar phase, bicontinuous cubics and triangular honeycombs, was observed for oligo(phenylene ethynylene) based X-shaped bolapolyphiles with two long lateral alkyl chains and sticky ends provided by glycerol groups. In the cubic phase with Ia3[combining macron]d lattice - which is tailored by alkyl chain engineering - the aromatic cores are organized on the gyroid minimal surface in 3D curved layers of almost parallel aligned π-conjugated rods. It is shown that this type of cubic phase is a general mode of soft self-assembly of X-shaped bolapolyphiles at the cross-over from the (long or short range) lamellar to the triangular honeycomb-like organization. Cubic phase formation is found only in a narrow range with respect to temperature and chain-length for the non-fluorinated compounds and in much wider ranges for related core-fluorinated molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Poppe
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes Str. 2, D-06120 Halle/Saale, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Zeng X, Prehm M, Ungar G, Tschierske C, Liu F. Formation of a Double Diamond Cubic Phase by Thermotropic Liquid Crystalline Self-Assembly of Bundled Bolaamphiphiles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:8324-7. [PMID: 27270840 PMCID: PMC5089568 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201602734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A quaternary amphiphile with swallow-tail side groups displays a new bicontinuous thermotropic cubic phase with symmetry Pn3‾ m and formed by two interpenetrating networks where cylindrical segments are linked by H bonds at tetrahedral junctions. Each network segment contains two bundles, each containing 12 rod-like mesogens, lying along the segment axis. This assembly leads to the first thermotropic structure of the "double diamond" type. A quantitative geometric model is proposed to explain the occurrence of this rare phase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangbing Zeng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - Marko Prehm
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University, Halle-Wittenberg, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Goran Ungar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK.
- Department of Physics, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, 310018, Hangzhou, P.R. China.
| | - Carsten Tschierske
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University, Halle-Wittenberg, 06120, Halle, Germany.
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK.
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P.R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Zeng X, Prehm M, Ungar G, Tschierske C, Liu F. Formation of a Double Diamond Cubic Phase by Thermotropic Liquid Crystalline Self‐Assembly of Bundled Bolaamphiphiles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201602734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangbing Zeng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Sheffield Sheffield S1 3JD UK
| | - Marko Prehm
- Institute of Chemistry Martin Luther University, Halle-Wittenberg 06120 Halle Germany
| | - Goran Ungar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Sheffield Sheffield S1 3JD UK
- Department of Physics Zhejiang Sci-Tech University 310018 Hangzhou P.R. China
| | - Carsten Tschierske
- Institute of Chemistry Martin Luther University, Halle-Wittenberg 06120 Halle Germany
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Sheffield Sheffield S1 3JD UK
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Goossens K, Lava K, Bielawski CW, Binnemans K. Ionic Liquid Crystals: Versatile Materials. Chem Rev 2016; 116:4643-807. [PMID: 27088310 DOI: 10.1021/cr400334b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 426] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This Review covers the recent developments (2005-2015) in the design, synthesis, characterization, and application of thermotropic ionic liquid crystals. It was designed to give a comprehensive overview of the "state-of-the-art" in the field. The discussion is focused on low molar mass and dendrimeric thermotropic ionic mesogens, as well as selected metal-containing compounds (metallomesogens), but some references to polymeric and/or lyotropic ionic liquid crystals and particularly to ionic liquids will also be provided. Although zwitterionic and mesoionic mesogens are also treated to some extent, emphasis will be directed toward liquid-crystalline materials consisting of organic cations and organic/inorganic anions that are not covalently bound but interact via electrostatic and other noncovalent interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karel Goossens
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F, P.O. Box 2404, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Kathleen Lava
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F, P.O. Box 2404, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium.,Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University , Krijgslaan 281 S4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christopher W Bielawski
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemistry and Department of Energy Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea
| | - Koen Binnemans
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F, P.O. Box 2404, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Poppe S, Lehmann A, Scholte A, Prehm M, Zeng X, Ungar G, Tschierske C. Zeolite-like liquid crystals. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8637. [PMID: 26486751 PMCID: PMC4639914 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Zeolites represent inorganic solid-state materials with porous structures of fascinating complexity. Recently, significant progress was made by reticular synthesis of related organic solid-state materials, such as metal-organic or covalent organic frameworks. Herein we go a step further and report the first example of a fluid honeycomb mimicking a zeolitic framework. In this unique self-assembled liquid crystalline structure, transverse-lying π-conjugated rod-like molecules form pentagonal channels, encircling larger octagonal channels, a structural motif also found in some zeolites. Additional bundles of coaxial molecules penetrate the centres of the larger channels, unreachable by chains attached to the honeycomb framework. This creates a unique fluid hybrid structure combining positive and negative anisotropies, providing the potential for tuning the directionality of anisotropic optical, electrical and magnetic properties. This work also demonstrates a new approach to complex soft-matter self-assembly, by using frustration between space filling and the entropic penalty of chain extension. Zeolites with regular porous structures are widely used as gas adsorbents and scaffolding for catalysts. Poppe et al. report a liquid crystal with zeolite-like structure by self-assembly of polyphilic molecules with π-conjugated rod-like cores into a honeycomb formed by pentagonal/octagonal channels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Poppe
- Institute of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes Strasse 2, D-06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Anne Lehmann
- Institute of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes Strasse 2, D-06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Alexander Scholte
- Institute of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes Strasse 2, D-06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Marko Prehm
- Institute of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes Strasse 2, D-06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Xiangbing Zeng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
| | - Goran Ungar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK.,Department of Physics, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Xiasha College Park, 310018 Hangzhou, China
| | - Carsten Tschierske
- Institute of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes Strasse 2, D-06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Wöhrle T, Wurzbach I, Kirres J, Kostidou A, Kapernaum N, Litterscheidt J, Haenle JC, Staffeld P, Baro A, Giesselmann F, Laschat S. Discotic Liquid Crystals. Chem Rev 2015; 116:1139-241. [PMID: 26483267 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 423] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Wöhrle
- Institut für Organische Chemie, and ‡Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Iris Wurzbach
- Institut für Organische Chemie, and ‡Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jochen Kirres
- Institut für Organische Chemie, and ‡Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Antonia Kostidou
- Institut für Organische Chemie, and ‡Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Nadia Kapernaum
- Institut für Organische Chemie, and ‡Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Juri Litterscheidt
- Institut für Organische Chemie, and ‡Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Johannes Christian Haenle
- Institut für Organische Chemie, and ‡Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Peter Staffeld
- Institut für Organische Chemie, and ‡Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Angelika Baro
- Institut für Organische Chemie, and ‡Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Frank Giesselmann
- Institut für Organische Chemie, and ‡Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sabine Laschat
- Institut für Organische Chemie, and ‡Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Yi SB, Gao HF, Li Q, Ye YF, Wu N, Cheng XH. Synthesis and self-assembly behavior of 2,5-diphenylethynyl thiophene based bolaamphiphiles. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2015.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
34
|
Werner S, Ebert H, Lechner BD, Lange F, Achilles A, Bärenwald R, Poppe S, Blume A, Saalwächter K, Tschierske C, Bacia K. Dendritic domains with hexagonal symmetry formed by x-shaped bolapolyphiles in lipid membranes. Chemistry 2015; 21:8840-50. [PMID: 25940233 PMCID: PMC4517157 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201405994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A novel class of bolapolyphile (BP) molecules are shown to integrate into phospholipid bilayers and self-assemble into unique sixfold symmetric domains of snowflake-like dendritic shapes. The BPs comprise three philicities: a lipophilic, rigid, π-π stacking core; two flexible lipophilic side chains; and two hydrophilic, hydrogen-bonding head groups. Confocal microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, XRD, and solid-state NMR spectroscopy confirm BP-rich domains with transmembrane-oriented BPs and three to four lipid molecules per BP. Both species remain well organized even above the main 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine transition. The BP molecules only dissolve in the fluid membrane above 70 °C. Structural variations of the BP demonstrate that head-group hydrogen bonding is a prerequisite for domain formation. Independent of the head group, the BPs reduce membrane corrugation. In conclusion, the BPs form nanofilaments by π stacking of aromatic cores, which reduce membrane corrugation and possibly fuse into a hexagonal network in the dendritic domains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Werner
- Institut für Chemie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg06120 Halle (Saale) (Germany) E-mail:
- ZIK HALOmem, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg06120 Halle (Saale) (Germany)
| | - Helgard Ebert
- Institut für Chemie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg06120 Halle (Saale) (Germany) E-mail:
| | - Bob-Dan Lechner
- Institut für Chemie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg06120 Halle (Saale) (Germany) E-mail:
| | - Frank Lange
- Institut für Physik - NMR, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg06120 Halle (Saale) (Germany)
| | - Anja Achilles
- Institut für Physik - NMR, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg06120 Halle (Saale) (Germany)
| | - Ruth Bärenwald
- Institut für Physik - NMR, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg06120 Halle (Saale) (Germany)
| | - Silvio Poppe
- Institut für Chemie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg06120 Halle (Saale) (Germany) E-mail:
| | - Alfred Blume
- Institut für Chemie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg06120 Halle (Saale) (Germany) E-mail:
| | - Kay Saalwächter
- Institut für Physik - NMR, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg06120 Halle (Saale) (Germany)
| | - Carsten Tschierske
- Institut für Chemie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg06120 Halle (Saale) (Germany) E-mail:
| | - Kirsten Bacia
- Institut für Chemie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg06120 Halle (Saale) (Germany) E-mail:
- ZIK HALOmem, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg06120 Halle (Saale) (Germany)
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Partridge BE, Leowanawat P, Aqad E, Imam MR, Sun HJ, Peterca M, Heiney PA, Graf R, Spiess HW, Zeng X, Ungar G, Percec V. Increasing 3D Supramolecular Order by Decreasing Molecular Order. A Comparative Study of Helical Assemblies of Dendronized Nonchlorinated and Tetrachlorinated Perylene Bisimides. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:5210-24. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b02147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin E. Partridge
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Pawaret Leowanawat
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Emad Aqad
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Mohammad R. Imam
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Hao-Jan Sun
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6396, United States
| | - Mihai Peterca
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Paul A. Heiney
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6396, United States
| | - Robert Graf
- Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Hans W. Spiess
- Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Xiangbing Zeng
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
| | - Goran Ungar
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
- Department
of Physics, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Virgil Percec
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Lechner BD, Ebert H, Prehm M, Werner S, Meister A, Hause G, Beerlink A, Saalwächter K, Bacia K, Tschierske C, Blume A. Temperature-dependent in-plane structure formation of an X-shaped bolapolyphile within lipid bilayers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:2839-2850. [PMID: 25695502 DOI: 10.1021/la504903d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Polyphilic compound B12 is an X-shaped molecule with a stiff aromatic core, flexible aliphatic side chains, and hydrophilic end groups. Forming a thermotropic triangular honeycomb phase in the bulk between 177 and 182 °C but no lyotropic phases, it is designed to fit into DPPC or DMPC lipid bilayers, in which it phase separates at room temperature, as observed in giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) by fluorescence microscopy. TEM investigations of bilayer aggregates support the incorporation of B12 into intact membranes. The temperature-dependent behavior of the mixed samples was followed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), FT-IR spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, and X-ray scattering. DSC results support in-membrane phase separation, where a reduced main transition and new B12-related transitions indicate the incorporation of lipids into the B12-rich phase. The phase separation was confirmed by X-ray scattering, where two different lamellar repeat distances are visible over a wide temperature range. Polarized ATR-FTIR and fluorescence anisotropy experiments support the transmembrane orientation of B12, and FT-IR spectra further prove a stepwise "melting" of the lipid chains. The data suggest that in the B12-rich domains the DPPC chains are still rigid and the B12 molecules interact with each other via π-π interactions. All results obtained at temperatures above 75 °C confirm the formation of a single, homogeneously mixed phase with freely mobile B12 molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bob-Dan Lechner
- Institut für Chemie - Physikalische Chemie and ‡Institut für Chemie - Organische Chemie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg , D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Gao H, Cheng H, Liu Q, Xiao Y, Prehm M, Cheng X, Tschierske C. Tolane-based bent bolaamphiphiles forming liquid crystalline hexagonal honeycombs with trigonal symmetry. NEW J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4nj01855a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent bent bolaamphiphiles self-assemble into non-centrosymmetric honeycombs with p3m1 symmetry, which can be solvent-stabilized to form lyotropic LC phases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongfei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resources
- Chemistry Department
- Yunnan University
- Kunming
- P. R. China
| | - Huifang Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resources
- Chemistry Department
- Yunnan University
- Kunming
- P. R. China
| | - Qijing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resources
- Chemistry Department
- Yunnan University
- Kunming
- P. R. China
| | - Yulong Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resources
- Chemistry Department
- Yunnan University
- Kunming
- P. R. China
| | - Marko Prehm
- Institute of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry
- Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg
- 06120 Halle/Saale
- Germany
| | - Xiaohong Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resources
- Chemistry Department
- Yunnan University
- Kunming
- P. R. China
| | - Carsten Tschierske
- Institute of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry
- Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg
- 06120 Halle/Saale
- Germany
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Escobedo FA. Engineering entropy in soft matter: the bad, the ugly and the good. SOFT MATTER 2014; 10:8388-8400. [PMID: 25164392 DOI: 10.1039/c4sm01646g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The role of entropic interactions, often subtle and sometimes crucial, on the structure and properties of soft matter has a well-recognized place in the classic and modern scientific literature. However, the lessons learned from many of those studies do not always form part of the standard arsenal of strategies that are taught or used for de novo studies relevant to the engineering of new materials. Fortunately, a growing number of examples exist where entropic effects have been designed a priori to achieve a desired or new outcome. This tutorial review describes some recent such examples, selected to illustrate the potential benefits of a more pro-active approach to harnessing the often overlooked power of entropy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando A Escobedo
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14953, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Geese K, Prehm M, Tschierske C. Modulated SmAbphases formed by anchor shaped liquid crystalline molecules. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:9903-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc03059a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
40
|
Tschierske C. Entwicklung struktureller Komplexität durch Selbstorganisation in flüssigkristallinen Systemen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201300872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
41
|
Tschierske C. Development of structural complexity by liquid-crystal self-assembly. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:8828-78. [PMID: 23934786 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201300872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the liquid-crystalline state of matter 125 years ago, this field has developed into a scientific area with many facets. This Review presents recent developments in the molecular design and self-assembly of liquid crystals. The focus is on new exciting soft-matter structures distinct from the usually observed nematic, smectic, and columnar phases. These new structures have enhanced complexity, including multicompartment and cellular structures, periodic and quasiperiodic arrays of spheres, and new emergent properties, such as ferroelctricity and spontaneous achiral symmetry-breaking. Comparisons are made with developments in related fields, such as self-assembled monolayers, multiblock copolymers, and nanoparticle arrays. Measures of structural complexity used herein are the size of the lattice, the number of distinct compartments, the dimensionality, and the logic depth of the resulting supramolecular structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Tschierske
- Institut für Chemie, Organische Chemie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle Saale, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Forman CJ, Fejer SN, Chakrabarti D, Barker PD, Wales DJ. Local frustration determines molecular and macroscopic helix structures. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:7918-28. [PMID: 23724893 DOI: 10.1021/jp4040503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Decorative domains force amyloid fibers to adopt spiral ribbon morphologies, as opposed to the more common twisted ribbon. We model the effect of decorating domains as a perturbation to the relative orientation of β strands in a bilayered extended β-sheet. The model consists of minimal energy assemblies of rigid building blocks containing two anisotropic interacting ellipsoids. The relative orientation of the ellipsoids dictates the morphology of the resulting assembly. Amyloid structures derived from experiment are consistent with our model, and we use magnets to demonstrate that the frustration principle is scale and system independent. In contrast to other models of amyloid, our model isolates the effect of frustration from the fundamental interactions between building blocks to reveal the frustration rather than dependence of morphology on the physical interactions. Consequently, amyloid is viewed as a discrete molecular version of the more general macroscopic frustrated bilayer that is exemplified by Bauhinia seedpods. The model supports the idea that the interactions arising from an arbitrary peptide sequence can support an amyloid structure if a bilayer can form first, which suggests that supplementary protein sequences, such as chaperones or decorative domains, could play a significant role in stabilizing such bilayers and therefore in selecting morphology during nucleation. Our model provides a foundation for exploring the effects of frustration on higher-order superstructural polymorphic assemblies that may exhibit complex functional behavior. Two outstanding examples are the systematic kinking of decorated fibers and the nested frustration of the Bauhinia seedpod.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Forman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Cheng X, Gao H, Tan X, Yang X, Prehm M, Ebert H, Tschierske C. Transition between triangular and square tiling patterns in liquid-crystalline honeycombs formed by tetrathiophene-based bolaamphiphiles. Chem Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc50664a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
|
44
|
Bu W, Gao H, Tan X, Dong X, Cheng X, Prehm M, Tschierske C. A bolaamphiphilic sexithiophene with liquid crystalline triangular honeycomb phase. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:1756-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc38859j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
45
|
Tschierske C. Microsegregation: From Basic Concepts to Complexity in Liquid Crystal Self-Assembly. Isr J Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201200053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
|
46
|
Hyde ST, Schröder-Turk GE. Geometry of interfaces: topological complexity in biology and materials. Interface Focus 2012. [DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2012.0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen T. Hyde
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
| | - Gerd E. Schröder-Turk
- Theoretische Physik, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstrasse 7B, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Kirkensgaard JJK. Striped networks and other hierarchical structures in AmBmCn (2m+n)-miktoarm star terpolymer melts. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2012; 85:031802. [PMID: 22587114 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.85.031802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Using dissipative particle dynamics simulations we give numerical evidence of the formation of "striped" (or AB alternating) diamond and gyroid network structures and other hierarchical morphologies in A(m)B(m)C(n) (2m+n)-miktoarm star terpolymers where the main variable is the ratio x=n/m with m,n being the number of equal length polymer arms of A and B and C, respectively. The formed networks are purely a result of the star topology, as clearly shown by direct comparison with parallel ABC miktoarm star terpolymer simulations with matching overall composition. Progressively changing x, the system adopts the following phase sequence: three-colored lamellae, C spheres embedded in AB lamellae, C spheres decorating AB lamellae, three-colored [6.6.6] tiling, AB striped diamond network, AB striped gyroid network, AB striped hexagonally arranged cylinders, and finally AB striped globular aggregates. The striped gyroid is particularly interesting as it constitutes an inherently chiral structure made from achiral building blocks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Judas Kain Kirkensgaard
- Department of Basic Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|