1
|
Yu X, Huang Y, Tao Y, Fan L, Zhang Y. Mitochondria-targetable small molecule fluorescent probes for the detection of cancer-associated biomarkers: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1289:342060. [PMID: 38245195 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.342060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Cancer represents a global threat to human health, and effective strategies for improved cancer early diagnosis and treatment are urgently needed. The detection of tumor biomarkers has been one of the important auxiliary means for tumor screening and diagnosis. Mitochondria are crucial subcellular organelles that produce most chemical energy used by cells, control metabolic processes, and maintain cell function. Evidence suggests the close involvement of mitochondria with cancer development. As a consequence, the identification of cancer-associated biomarker expression levels in mitochondria holds significant importance in the diagnosis of early-stage diseases and the monitoring of therapy efficacy. Small-molecule fluorescent probes are effective for the identification and visualization of bioactive entities within biological systems, owing to their heightened sensitivity, expeditious non-invasive analysis and real-time detection capacities. The design principles and sensing mechanisms of mitochondrial targeted fluorescent probes are summarized in this review. Additionally, the biomedical applications of these probes for detecting cancer-associated biomarkers are highlighted. The limitations and challenges of fluorescent probes in vivo are also considered and some future perspectives are provided. This review is expected to provide valuable insights for the future development of novel fluorescent probes for clinical imaging, thereby contributing to the advancement of cancer diagnosis and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yu
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin, 132022, PR China
| | - Yunong Huang
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin, 132022, PR China
| | - Yunqi Tao
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin, 132022, PR China
| | - Li Fan
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, PR China.
| | - Yuewei Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin, 132022, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Goshisht MK, Tripathi N, Patra GK, Chaskar M. Organelle-targeting ratiometric fluorescent probes: design principles, detection mechanisms, bio-applications, and challenges. Chem Sci 2023; 14:5842-5871. [PMID: 37293660 PMCID: PMC10246671 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01036h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological species, including reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive sulfur species (RSS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), F-, Pd2+, Cu2+, Hg2+, and others, are crucial for the healthy functioning of cells in living organisms. However, their aberrant concentration can result in various serious diseases. Therefore, it is essential to monitor biological species in cellular organelles such as the cell membrane, mitochondria, lysosome, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and nucleus. Among various fluorescent probes for species detection within the organelles, ratiometric fluorescent probes have drawn special attention as a potential way to get beyond the drawbacks of intensity-based probes. This method depends on measuring the intensity change of two emission bands (caused by an analyte), which produces an efficient internal referencing that increases the detection's sensitivity. This review article discusses the literature publications (from 2015 to 2022) on organelle-targeting ratiometric fluorescent probes, the general strategies, the detecting mechanisms, the broad scope, and the challenges currently faced by fluorescent probes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar Goshisht
- Department of Chemistry, Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Green Bay 2420 Nicolet Drive Green Bay WI 54311-7001 USA
- Department of Chemistry, Government Naveen College Tokapal Bastar Chhattisgarh 494442 India
| | - Neetu Tripathi
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar Punjab 143005 India
| | - Goutam Kumar Patra
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya Bilaspur Chhattisgarh 495009 India
| | - Manohar Chaskar
- Department of Technology, Savitribai Phule Pune University Ganeshkhind Pune 411007 India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Montali C, Abbruzzetti S, Franzen A, Casini G, Bruno S, Delcanale P, Burgstaller S, Ramadani-Muja J, Malli R, Gensch T, Viappiani C. Nitric Oxide Sensing by a Blue Fluorescent Protein. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:2229. [PMID: 36421416 PMCID: PMC9686608 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11112229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
S-Nitrosylation of cysteine residues is an important molecular mechanism for dynamic, post-translational regulation of several proteins, providing a ubiquitous redox regulation. Cys residues are present in several fluorescent proteins (FP), including members of the family of Aequorea victoria Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP)-derived FPs, where two highly conserved cysteine residues contribute to a favorable environment for the autocatalytic chromophore formation reaction. The effect of nitric oxide on the fluorescence properties of FPs has not been investigated thus far, despite the tremendous role FPs have played for 25 years as tools in cell biology. We have examined the response to nitric oxide of fluorescence emission by the blue-emitting fluorescent protein mTagBFP2. To our surprise, upon exposure to micromolar concentrations of nitric oxide, we observed a roughly 30% reduction in fluorescence quantum yield and lifetime. Recovery of fluorescence emission is observed after treatment with Na-dithionite. Experiments on related fluorescent proteins from different families show similar nitric oxide sensitivity of their fluorescence. We correlate the effect with S-nitrosylation of Cys residues. Mutation of Cys residues in mTagBFP2 removes its nitric oxide sensitivity. Similarly, fluorescent proteins devoid of Cys residues are insensitive to nitric oxide. We finally show that mTagBFP2 can sense exogenously generated nitric oxide when expressed in a living mammalian cell. We propose mTagBFP2 as the starting point for a new class of genetically encoded nitric oxide sensors based on fluorescence lifetime imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Montali
- Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche, Fisiche e Informatiche, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 7A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Stefania Abbruzzetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche, Fisiche e Informatiche, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 7A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Arne Franzen
- Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-1: Molecular and Cellular Physiology), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Leo-Brandt-Straße, D-52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Giorgia Casini
- Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-1: Molecular and Cellular Physiology), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Leo-Brandt-Straße, D-52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Stefano Bruno
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 23/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Pietro Delcanale
- Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche, Fisiche e Informatiche, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 7A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Sandra Burgstaller
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/6, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Jeta Ramadani-Muja
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/6, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Roland Malli
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/6, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Gensch
- Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-1: Molecular and Cellular Physiology), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Leo-Brandt-Straße, D-52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Cristiano Viappiani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche, Fisiche e Informatiche, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 7A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Dao NV, Ercole F, Li Y, Davis TP, Kaminskas LM, Sloan EK, Quinn JF, Whittaker MR. Nitroxide-functional PEGylated nanostars arrest cellular oxidative stress and exhibit preferential accumulation in co-cultured breast cancer cells. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:7805-7820. [PMID: 34586131 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb00812a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The limited application of traditional antioxidants to reducing elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is potentially due to their lack of stability and biocompatibility when tested in a biological milieu. For instance, the poor biological antioxidant performance of small molecular nitroxides arises from their limited diffusion across cell membranes and their significant side effects when applied at high doses. Herein, we describe the use of nanostructured carriers to improve the antioxidant activity of a typical nitroxide derivative, (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl (TEMPO). Polymers with star-shaped structures were synthesised and were further conjugated to TEMPO moieties via amide linkages. The TEMPO-loaded stars have small hydrodynamic sizes (<20 nm), and are better tolerated by cells than free TEMPO in a breast cancer-fibroblast co-culture, a system exhibiting elevated ROS levels. At a well-tolerated concentration, the polymer with the highest TEMPO-loading capacity successfully downregulated ROS production in co-cultured cells (a significant decrease of up to 50% vs. basal ROS levels), which was accompanied by a specific reduction in superoxide anion generation in the mitochondria. In contrast, the equivalent concentration of free TEMPO did not achieve the same outcome. Further investigation showed that the TEMPO-conjugated star polymers can be recycled inside the cells, thus providing longer term scavenging activity. Cell association studies demonstrated that the polymers can be taken up by both cell types in the co-culture, and are found to co-locate with the mitochondria. Interestingly the stars exhibited preferential mitochodria targeting in the co-cultured cancer cells compared to accompanying fibroblasts. The data suggest the potential of TEMPO-conjugated star polymers to arrest oxidative stress for various applications in cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nam V Dao
- Australian Research Council - Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia. .,Department of Physical Chemistry and Physics, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam
| | - Francesca Ercole
- Australian Research Council - Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
| | - Yuhuan Li
- Australian Research Council - Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia. .,Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Thomas P Davis
- Australian Research Council - Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia. .,Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Lisa M Kaminskas
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Erica K Sloan
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.,Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Division of Surgery, Melbournem, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - John F Quinn
- Australian Research Council - Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia. .,Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Michael R Whittaker
- Australian Research Council - Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mailloux RJ. An update on methods and approaches for interrogating mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production. Redox Biol 2021; 45:102044. [PMID: 34157640 PMCID: PMC8220584 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The chief ROS formed by mitochondria are superoxide (O2·−) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Superoxide is converted rapidly to H2O2 and therefore the latter is the chief ROS emitted by mitochondria into the cell. Once considered an unavoidable by-product of aerobic respiration, H2O2 is now regarded as a central mitokine used in mitochondrial redox signaling. However, it has been postulated that O2·− can also serve as a signal in mammalian cells. Progress in understanding the role of mitochondrial H2O2 in signaling is due to significant advances in the development of methods and technologies for its detection. Unfortunately, the development of techniques to selectively measure basal O2·− changes has been met with more significant hurdles due to its short half-life and the lack of specific probes. The development of sensitive techniques for the selective and real time measure of O2·− and H2O2 has come on two fronts: development of genetically encoded fluorescent proteins and small molecule reporters. In 2015, I published a detailed comprehensive review on the state of knowledge for mitochondrial ROS production and how it is controlled, which included an in-depth discussion of the up-to-date methods utilized for the detection of both superoxide (O2·−) and H2O2. In the article, I presented the challenges associated with utilizing these probes and their significance in advancing our collective understanding of ROS signaling. Since then, many other authors in the field of Redox Biology have published articles on the challenges and developments detecting O2·− and H2O2 in various organisms [[1], [2], [3]]. There has been significant advances in this state of knowledge, including the development of novel genetically encoded fluorescent H2O2 probes, several O2·− sensors, and the establishment of a toolkit of inhibitors and substrates for the interrogation of mitochondrial H2O2 production and the antioxidant defenses utilized to maintain the cellular H2O2 steady-state. Here, I provide an update on these methods and their implementation in furthering our understanding of how mitochondria serve as cell ROS stabilizing devices for H2O2 signaling. Details on the toolkit for interrogating the 12 sites for mitochondrial ROS production. Approaches to assess mitochondrial ROS clearance. Novel genetically encoded H2O2 sensors. Small chemical probes for sensitive detection of O2·−.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Mailloux
- The School of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wawi MJ, Bijoux A, Inguimbert N, Mahler C, Wagner S, Marder TB, Ribou AC. Peptide Vectors Carry Pyrene to Cell Organelles Allowing Real-Time Quantification of Free Radicals in Mitochondria by Time-Resolved Fluorescence Microscopy. Chembiochem 2021; 22:1676-1685. [PMID: 33368947 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Real-time quantification of reactive nitrogen and oxygen species (ROS) in cells is of paramount importance as they are essential for cellular functions. Their excessive formation contributes to the dysfunction of cells and organisms, ultimately leading to cell death. As ROS are mostly produced in the mitochondria, we have synthesized a fluorescent probe able to reach this organelle to detect and quantify, in real time, the variation of ROS by time-resolved microfluorimetry. The new probes are based on the long fluorescence lifetime of pyrene butyric acid (PBA). Two PBA isomers, attached at their 1- or 2-positions to a peptide vector to target mitochondria, were compared and were shown to allow the measurement of free radical species and oxygen, but not non-radical species such as H2 O2 .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Jamal Wawi
- Institute of Modeling and Analysis in Geo-environmental and Health (IMAGES_ESPACE-DEV), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Bât. B, 52 avenue P. Alduy, 66860, Perpignan, France.,ESPACE-DEV, UMR 228, Univ. Montpellier, IRD, Univ. Antilles, Univ. Guyane, Univ. Réunion, Maison de la télédétection, 500 rue Jean-François Breton, 34093, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Amandine Bijoux
- Institute of Modeling and Analysis in Geo-environmental and Health (IMAGES_ESPACE-DEV), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Bât. B, 52 avenue P. Alduy, 66860, Perpignan, France
| | - Nicolas Inguimbert
- PSL Université Paris: EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, 58 avenue Paul Alduy, 66860, Perpignan, France
| | - Christoph Mahler
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie and, Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Wagner
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie and, Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Todd B Marder
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie and, Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Anne-Cécile Ribou
- Institute of Modeling and Analysis in Geo-environmental and Health (IMAGES_ESPACE-DEV), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Bât. B, 52 avenue P. Alduy, 66860, Perpignan, France.,ESPACE-DEV, UMR 228, Univ. Montpellier, IRD, Univ. Antilles, Univ. Guyane, Univ. Réunion, Maison de la télédétection, 500 rue Jean-François Breton, 34093, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lippert AR, Dickinson BC, New EJ. Imaging Mitochondrial Hydrogen Peroxide in Living Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2275:127-140. [PMID: 34118035 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1262-0_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) produced from mitochondria is intimately involved in human health and disease, but is challenging to selectively monitor inside living systems. The fluorescent probe MitoPY1 provides a practical tool for imaging mitochondrial H2O2 and has been demonstrated to function in a variety of diverse cell types. In this chapter, we describe the synthetic preparation of the small molecule probe MitoPY1 , methods for validating this probe in vitro and in live cells, and an example procedure for measuring mitochondrial H2O2 in a cell culture model of Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander R Lippert
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Drug Discovery, Design, and Delivery (CD4), Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Bryan C Dickinson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Elizabeth J New
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Oladimeji O, Akinyelu J, Singh M. Nanomedicines for Subcellular Targeting: The Mitochondrial Perspective. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:5480-5509. [PMID: 31763965 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666191125092111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the past decade, there has been a surge in the number of mitochondrialactive therapeutics for conditions ranging from cancer to aging. Subcellular targeting interventions can modulate adverse intracellular processes unique to the compartments within the cell. However, there is a dearth of reviews focusing on mitochondrial nano-delivery, and this review seeks to fill this gap with regards to nanotherapeutics of the mitochondria. METHODS Besides its potential for a higher therapeutic index than targeting at the tissue and cell levels, subcellular targeting takes into account the limitations of systemic drug administration and significantly improves pharmacokinetics. Hence, an extensive literature review was undertaken and salient information was compiled in this review. RESULTS From literature, it was evident that nanoparticles with their tunable physicochemical properties have shown potential for efficient therapeutic delivery, with several nanomedicines already approved by the FDA and others in clinical trials. However, strategies for the development of nanomedicines for subcellular targeting are still emerging, with an increased understanding of dysfunctional molecular processes advancing the development of treatment modules. For optimal delivery, the design of an ideal carrier for subcellular delivery must consider the features of the diseased microenvironment. The functional and structural features of the mitochondria in the diseased state are highlighted and potential nano-delivery interventions for treatment and diagnosis are discussed. CONCLUSION This review provides an insight into recent advances in subcellular targeting, with a focus on en route barriers to subcellular targeting. The impact of mitochondrial dysfunction in the aetiology of certain diseases is highlighted, and potential therapeutic sites are identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olakunle Oladimeji
- Nano-Gene and Drug Delivery Group, Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban, South Africa
| | - Jude Akinyelu
- Nano-Gene and Drug Delivery Group, Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban, South Africa
| | - Moganavelli Singh
- Nano-Gene and Drug Delivery Group, Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Trinh N, Jolliffe KA, New EJ. Dual-Functionalisation of Fluorophores for the Preparation of Targeted and Selective Probes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:20290-20301. [PMID: 32662086 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202007673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A key current challenge in biological research is the elucidation of the that roles chemicals and chemical reactions play in cellular function and dysfunction. Of the available cellular imaging techniques, fluorescence imaging offers a balance between sensitivity and resolution, enabling the cost-effective and rapid visualisation of model biological systems. Importantly, the use of responsive fluorescent probes in conjunction with ever-advancing microscopy and flow cytometry techniques enables the visualisation, with high spatiotemporal resolution, of both specific chemical species and chemical reactions in living cells. Ideal responsive fluorescent probes are those that contain a fluorophore tethered to both a sensing unit, to ensure selectivity of response, and a targeting group, to control the sub-cellular localisation of the probe. To date, probes that are both targeted and selective are relatively rare and most localised probes are discovered serendipitously rather than by design. A challenge in this field is therefore the identification of suitable fluorophore scaffolds that can be readily attached to both sensing and targeting groups. Here we review current strategies for dual-functionalisation of fluorophores, highlighting key examples of targeted, responsive probes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Trinh
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Sydney, Australia
| | - Katrina A Jolliffe
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Sydney, Australia.,The University of Sydney Nano Institute (Sydney Nano), The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Sydney, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Sydney, Australia
| | - Elizabeth J New
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Sydney, Australia.,The University of Sydney Nano Institute (Sydney Nano), The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Sydney, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Trinh N, Jolliffe KA, New EJ. Duale Funktionalisierung von Fluorophoren für die Konstruktion zielgerichteter und selektiver Fluoreszenz‐Sensoren. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202007673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Trinh
- School of Chemistry The University of Sydney NSW 2006 Sydney Australien
| | - Katrina A. Jolliffe
- School of Chemistry The University of Sydney NSW 2006 Sydney Australien
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute (Sydney Nano) The University of Sydney NSW 2006 Sydney Australien
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science The University of Sydney NSW 2006 Sydney Australien
| | - Elizabeth J. New
- School of Chemistry The University of Sydney NSW 2006 Sydney Australien
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute (Sydney Nano) The University of Sydney NSW 2006 Sydney Australien
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science The University of Sydney NSW 2006 Sydney Australien
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mahmoud AM, Morrow JP, Pizzi D, Azizah AM, Davis TP, Tabor RF, Kempe K. Tuning Cellular Interactions of Carboxylic Acid-Side-Chain-Containing Polyacrylates: The Role of Cyanine Dye Label and Side-Chain Type. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:3007-3016. [PMID: 32598140 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cellular uptake and intracellular targeting to specific organelles are key events in the cellular processing of nanomaterials. Herein, we perform a detailed structure-property relationship study on carboxylic acid-side-chain-bearing polyacrylates to provide design criteria for the manipulation of their cellular interactions. Redox-initiated reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RRAFT) polymerization of three tert-butyl-protected N-acylated amino ester-based acrylate monomers of different substitutions and degrees of polymerization (DPs) yielded defined and pH-responsive carboxylic acid-side-chain polymers upon deprotection (N-acetyl, DP 1: P(M1); N-propionyl, DP 1: P(E1), DP 2: P(E2)). Flow cytometry studies revealed time-dependent cell association with P(E2) > P(E1) > P(M1) at any given time point. Importantly, the type of cyanine dye used for labeling was found to significantly influence the cellular processing of the polymers. Changing the dye from Cy5 to its sulfonated version sulfoCy5 resulted in a much lower cellular association. Moreover, Cy5-labeled polymers were targeted to mitochondria, while sulfoCy5 modification caused a significant change in the cellular fate of polymers toward lysosome trafficking. This study highlights the importance of selecting a suitable dye but also demonstrates the possibilities for the rational design of organelle-specific targeting of carboxylated polyacrylates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayaat M Mahmoud
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science & Technology, and Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Joshua P Morrow
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science & Technology, and Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - David Pizzi
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science & Technology, and Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Ailsa M Azizah
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science & Technology, and Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Thomas P Davis
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science & Technology, and Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.,Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Rico F Tabor
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Kristian Kempe
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science & Technology, and Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.,Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial biogenesis are potential therapeutic targets for abdominal aortic aneurysm. Clin Sci (Lond) 2020; 133:2023-2028. [PMID: 31654572 DOI: 10.1042/cs20190648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria are crucial organelles for cell homeostasis and alterations of these organelles have been implicated in cardiovascular disease. However, their roles in abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) pathogenesis remain largely unknown. In a recent issue of Clinical Science, Navas-Madronal et al. ((2019), 133(13), 1421-1438) reported that enhanced ER stress and dysregulation of mitochondrial biogenesis are associated with AAA pathogenesis in humans. The authors also proposed that disruption in oxysterols network such as an elevated concentration of 7-ketocholestyerol in plasma is a causative factor for AAA progression. Their findings highlight new insights into the underlying mechanism of AAA progression through ER stress and dysregulation of mitochondrial biogenesis. Here, we will discuss the background, significance of the study, and future directions.
Collapse
|
13
|
Geng Y, Zhong Y, Zhou Q, Chen S, Piao Y, Yin W, Lu H, Shen Y. A neutral water-soluble mitochondria-targeting polymer. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:10015-10018. [PMID: 31378791 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc04291a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We report the first neutral and water-soluble polymer capable of strong mitochondrial targeting in vitro and in vivo, zwitterionic poly[2-(N-oxide-N,N-diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate] (OPDEA). OPDEA is quickly internalized via macropinocytosis by various cancer cells and transferred into the mitochondria, which slightly lowers the mitochondrial membrane potential as determined by the JC-1 assay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Geng
- Center for Bionanoengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mahmoud AM, de Jongh PAJM, Briere S, Chen M, Nowell CJ, Johnston APR, Davis TP, Haddleton DM, Kempe K. Carboxylated Cy5-Labeled Comb Polymers Passively Diffuse the Cell Membrane and Target Mitochondria. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:31302-31310. [PMID: 31369228 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b09395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A detailed understanding of the cellular uptake and trafficking of nanomaterials is essential for the design of "smart" intracellular drug delivery vehicles. Typically, cellular interactions can be tailored by endowing materials with specific properties, for example, through the introduction of charges or targeting groups. In this study, water-soluble carboxylated N-acylated poly(amino ester)-based comb polymers of different degree of polymerization and side-chain modification were synthesized via a combination of spontaneous zwitterionic copolymerization and redox-initiated reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer polymerization and fully characterized by 1H NMR spectroscopy and size exclusion chromatography. The comb polymers showed no cell toxicity against NIH/3T3 and N27 cell lines nor hemolysis. Detailed cellular association and uptake studies by flow cytometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) revealed that the carboxylated polymers were capable of passively diffusing cell membranes and targeting mitochondria. The interplay of pendant carboxylic acids of the comb polymers and the Cy5-label was identified as major driving force for this behavior, which was demonstrated to be applicable in NIH/3T3 and N27 cell lines. Blocking of the carboxylic acids through modification with 2-methoxyethylamine and poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) or replacement of the dye label with a different dye (e.g., fluorescein) resulted in an alteration of the cellular uptake mechanism toward endocytosis as demonstrated by CLSM. In contrast, partial modification of the carboxylic acid groups allowed to retain the cellular interaction, hence, rendering these comb polymers a highly functional mitochondria targeted carrier platform for future drug delivery applications and imaging purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - David M Haddleton
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL , United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sun J, Li X, Cao J, Sun Q, Zhang Y, Wang X, Wu T, Hu X, Feng F. Mitochondria Targeting Fluorescent Probes Based on through Bond‐Energy Transfer for Mutually Imaging Signaling Molecules H
2
S and H
2
O
2. Chemistry 2019; 25:9164-9169. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201900959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Sun
- Department of Polymer Science & EngineeringNanjing University Jiangsu Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Polymer Science & EngineeringNanjing University Jiangsu Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Jia Cao
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Institute of Theoretical and Computational ChemistryNanjing University Jiangsu Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Qi Sun
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic ChemistryJiangxi Science and Technology Normal University Jiangxi Nanchang 330013 P. R. China
| | - Yajie Zhang
- Department of Polymer Science & EngineeringNanjing University Jiangsu Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Xuewei Wang
- Department of Polymer Science & EngineeringNanjing University Jiangsu Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Tiantian Wu
- Department of Polymer Science & EngineeringNanjing University Jiangsu Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Xiantao Hu
- Department of Polymer Science & EngineeringNanjing University Jiangsu Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Fude Feng
- Department of Polymer Science & EngineeringNanjing University Jiangsu Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
The availability of electrons to biological systems underpins the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) that powers living cells. It is little wonder, therefore, that the sufficiency of electron supply is critical to cellular health. Considering mitochondrial redox activity alone, a lack of oxygen (hypoxia) leads to impaired production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the major energy currency of the cell, whereas excess oxygen (hyperoxia) is associated with elevated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from the interaction of oxygen with electrons that have leaked from the ETC. Furthermore, the redox proteome, which describes the reversible and irreversible redox modifications of proteins, controls many aspects of biological structure and function. Indeed, many major diseases, including cancer and diabetes, are now termed "redox diseases", spurring much interest in the measurement and monitoring of redox states and redox-active species within biological systems. In this Account, we describe recent efforts to develop magnetic resonance (MR) and fluorescence imaging probes for studying redox biology. These two classes of molecular imaging tools have proved to be invaluable in supplementing the structural information that is traditionally provided by MRI and fluorescence microscopy, respectively, with highly sensitive chemical information. Importantly, the study of biological redox processes requires sensors that operate at biologically relevant reduction potentials, which can be achieved by the use of bioinspired redox-sensitive groups. Since oxidation-reduction reactions are so crucial to modulating cellular function and yet also have the potential to damage cellular structures, biological systems have developed highly sophisticated ways to regulate and sense redox changes. There is therefore a plethora of diverse chemical structures in cells with biologically relevant reduction potentials, from transition metals to organic molecules to proteins. These chemical groups can be harnessed in the development of exogenous molecular imaging agents that are well-tuned to biological redox events. To date, small-molecule redox-sensitive tools for oxidative stress and hypoxia have been inspired from four classes of cellular regulators. The redox-sensitive groups found in redox cofactors, such as flavins and nicotinamides, can be used as reversible switches in both fluorescent and MR probes. Enzyme substrates that undergo redox processing within the cell can be modified to provide fluorescence or MR readout while maintaining their selectivity. Redox-active first-row transition metals are central to biological homeostasis, and their marked electronic and magnetic changes upon oxidation/reduction have been used to develop MR sensors. Finally, redox-sensitive amino acids, particularly cysteine, can be utilized in both fluorescent and MR sensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amandeep Kaur
- Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Elizabeth J. New
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Fang H, Chen Y, Shi X, Bai Y, Chen Z, Han Z, Zhang Y, He W, Guo Z. Tuning lipophilicity for optimizing the H2S sensing performance of coumarin–merocyanine derivatives. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj03846a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a series of coumarin-merocyanine derivatives with different lipophilicities were synthesized to investigate the relationship between structural lipophilicity and reactivity as well as mitochondrial targeting ability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongbao Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry Coordination Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Yuncong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry Coordination Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Xiangchao Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry Coordination Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Yang Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry Coordination Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Zhongyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry Coordination Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Zhong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry Coordination Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Yuming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry Coordination Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Weijiang He
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry Coordination Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Zijian Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry Coordination Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing
- China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zielonka J, Kalyanaraman B. Small-molecule luminescent probes for the detection of cellular oxidizing and nitrating species. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 128:3-22. [PMID: 29567392 PMCID: PMC6146080 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been implicated in both pathogenic cellular damage events and physiological cellular redox signaling and regulation. To unravel the biological role of ROS, it is very important to be able to detect and identify the species involved. In this review, we introduce the reader to the methods of detection of ROS using luminescent (fluorescent, chemiluminescent, and bioluminescent) probes and discuss typical limitations of those probes. We review the most widely used probes, state-of-the-art assays, and the new, promising approaches for rigorous detection and identification of superoxide radical anion, hydrogen peroxide, and peroxynitrite. The combination of real-time monitoring of the dynamics of ROS in cells and the identification of the specific products formed from the probes will reveal the role of specific types of ROS in cellular function and dysfunction. Understanding the molecular mechanisms involving ROS may help with the development of new therapeutics for several diseases involving dysregulated cellular redox status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Zielonka
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States; Free Radical Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States; Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States.
| | - Balaraman Kalyanaraman
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States; Free Radical Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States; Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Soboleva T, Esquer HJ, Anderson SN, Berreau LM, Benninghoff AD. Mitochondrial-Localized Versus Cytosolic Intracellular CO-Releasing Organic PhotoCORMs: Evaluation of CO Effects Using Bioenergetics. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:2220-2228. [PMID: 29932318 PMCID: PMC6117112 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
While interactions between carbon monoxide (CO) and mitochondria have been previously studied, the methods used to deliver CO (gas or CO-releasing metal carbonyl compounds) lack subcellular targeting and/or controlled delivery. Thus, the effective concentration needed to produce changes in mitochondrial bioenergetics is yet to be fully defined. To evaluate the influence of mitochondrial-targeted versus intracellularly released CO on mitochondrial oxygen consumption rates, we developed and characterized flavonol-based CO donor compounds that differ at their site of release. These molecules are metal-free, visible light triggered CO donors (photoCORMs) that quantitatively release CO and are trackable in cells via confocal microscopy. Our studies indicate that at a concentration of 10 μM, the mitochondrial-localized and cytosolic CO-releasing compounds are similarly effective in terms of decreasing ATP production, maximal respiration, and the reserve capacity of A549 cells. This concentration is the lowest to impart changes in mitochondrial bioenergetics for any CO-releasing molecule (CORM) reported to date. The results reported herein demonstrate the feasibility of using a structurally tunable organic photoCORM framework for comparative intracellular studies of the biological effects of carbon monoxide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Soboleva
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-0300, United States
| | - Hector J. Esquer
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-4815, United States
| | - Stacey N. Anderson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-0300, United States
| | - Lisa M. Berreau
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-0300, United States
| | - Abby D. Benninghoff
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-4815, United States
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Holmila RJ, Vance SA, Chen X, Wu H, Shukla K, Bharadwaj MS, Mims J, Wary Z, Marrs G, Singh R, Molina AJ, Poole LB, King SB, Furdui CM. Mitochondria-targeted Probes for Imaging Protein Sulfenylation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6635. [PMID: 29703899 PMCID: PMC5923234 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24493-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) are essential regulators of cellular signaling, metabolism and epigenetics underlying the pathophysiology of numerous diseases. Despite the critical function of redox regulation in mitochondria, currently there are limited methods available to monitor protein oxidation in this key subcellular organelle. Here, we describe compounds for imaging sulfenylated proteins in mitochondria: DCP-NEt2-Coumarin (DCP-NEt2C) and rhodamine-based DCP-Rho1. Side-by-side comparison studies are presented on the reactivity of DCP-NEt2C and DCP-Rho1 with a model protein sulfenic acid (AhpC-SOH) and mitochondrial localization to identify optimized experimental conditions for labeling and visualization of protein sulfenylation that would be independent of mitochondria membrane potential and would not impact mitochondrial function. These probes are applied to image mitochondrial protein sulfenylation under conditions of serum starvation and in a cell culture model of lung cancer exposed to ionizing radiation and silver nanoparticles, agents serving dual functions as environmental stressors and cancer therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reetta J Holmila
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Stephen A Vance
- Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, 27109, USA
| | - Xiaofei Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Hanzhi Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Kirtikar Shukla
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Manish S Bharadwaj
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Jade Mims
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Zack Wary
- Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, 27109, USA
| | - Glen Marrs
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, 27109, USA
| | - Ravi Singh
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Anthony J Molina
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Leslie B Poole
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - S Bruce King
- Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, 27109, USA
| | - Cristina M Furdui
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Olson KR, Gao Y, Arif F, Arora K, Patel S, DeLeon E, Straub KD. Fluorescence quenching by metal centered porphyrins and poryphyrin enzymes. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2017; 313:R340-R346. [PMID: 28835449 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00202.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence spectroscopy and microscopy have been used extensively to monitor biomolecules, especially reactive oxygen species (ROS) and, more recently, reactive sulfide (RSS) species. Nearly all fluorophores are either excited by or emit light between 450 and 550 nm, which is similar to the absorbance of heme proteins and metal-centered porphyrins. Here we examined the effects of catalase (Cat), reduced and oxidized hemoglobin (Hb and metHb), albumin (alb), manganese (III) tetrakis (4-benzoic acid) porphyrin chloride (MnTBAP), iron protoporphyrin IX (hemin), and copper protoporphyrin IX (CuPPIX) on the fluorescence properties of fluorescein. We also examined the effects of catalase and MnTBAP on fluorophores for ROS (dichlorofluorescein, DCF), polysulfides (3',6'-di(O-thiosalicyl)fluorescein, SSP4), and H2S (7-azido-4-methylcoumarin, AzMC) previously activated by H2O2, a mixed polysulfide (H2Sn, n = 1-7) and H2S, respectively. All except albumin concentration dependently inhibited fluorophore fluorescence and absorbed light between 450 and 550 nm, suggesting that the inhibitory effect was physical not catalytic. Catalase inhibition of fluorescein fluorescence was unaffected by sodium azide, dithiothreitol, diamide, tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP), or iodoacetate, supporting a physical inhibitory mechanism. Catalase and TBAP augmented, then inhibited DCF fluorescence, but only inhibited SSP4 and AzMC fluorescence indicative of a substrate-specific catalytic oxidation of DCF and nonspecific fluorescence inhibition of all three fluorophores. These results suggest caution must be exercised when using any fluorescent tracers in the vicinity of metal-centered porphyrins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth R Olson
- Indiana University School of Medicine-South Bend Center, South Bend, Indiana;
| | - Yan Gao
- Indiana University School of Medicine-South Bend Center, South Bend, Indiana
| | - Faihaan Arif
- Indiana University School of Medicine-South Bend Center, South Bend, Indiana
| | - Kanika Arora
- Indiana University School of Medicine-South Bend Center, South Bend, Indiana
| | - Shivali Patel
- Indiana University School of Medicine-South Bend Center, South Bend, Indiana
| | - Eric DeLeon
- Indiana University School of Medicine-South Bend Center, South Bend, Indiana.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
| | - Karl D Straub
- Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas; and.,Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Murphy MP. Chemical biology of mitochondria. Interface Focus 2017. [DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2017.0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
On 26–28 September 2016, the Theo Murphy (no relation) international scientific meeting on ‘Chemical biology approaches to assessing and modulating mitochondria’ was held at the Kavli Royal Society Centre, Chicheley Hall, Buckinghamshire, UK. Mike Murphy organized the meeting and it was enabled through the Royal Society scientific programme. The purpose of the conference was to bring together biologists, chemists and clinicians to discuss how to apply chemical biology to mitochondria to capitalize on the many new opportunities arising from the recent developments in mitochondrial biology.
Collapse
|