1
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Wood T, Sorakivi T, Ayres P, Adamatzky A. Exploring discrete space-time models for information transfer: Analogies from mycelial networks to the cosmic web. Biosystems 2024; 243:105278. [PMID: 39053645 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2024.105278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Fungal mycelium networks are large scale biological networks along which nutrients, metabolites flow. Recently, we discovered a rich spectrum of electrical activity in mycelium networks, including action-potential spikes and trains of spikes. Reasoning by analogy with animals and plants, where travelling patterns of electrical activity perform integrative and communicative mechanisms, we speculated that waves of electrical activity transfer information in mycelium networks. Using a new discrete space-time model with emergent radial spanning-tree topology, hypothetically comparable mycelial morphology and physically comparable information transfer, we provide physical arguments for the use of such a model, and by considering growing mycelium network by analogy with growing network of matter in the cosmic web, we develop mathematical models and theoretical concepts to characterise the parameters of the information transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommy Wood
- Unconventional Computing Lab, UWE, Bristol, UK.
| | | | - Phil Ayres
- The Centre for Information Technology and Architecture, Royal Danish Academy, Copenhagen, Denmark
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2
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Fukasawa Y, Akai D, Takehi T, Osada Y. Electrical integrity and week-long oscillation in fungal mycelia. Sci Rep 2024; 14:15601. [PMID: 38971913 PMCID: PMC11227530 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-66223-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The electrical potential of the mycelia of a cord-forming wood decay fungus, Pholiota brunnescens, was monitored for over 100 days on a plain agar plate during the colonization onto a wood bait. Causality analyses of the electrical potential at different locations of the mycelium revealed a clear and stable causal relationship with the directional flow of the electrical potential from the hyphae at the bait location to other parts of the mycelium. However, this causality disappeared after 60 days of incubation, coinciding with the onset of slow electrical oscillation at the bait location, which occurred over one week per oscillation cycle. We speculated that the hyphae that initially colonized the bait may act as a temporary activity center, which generates electrical signals to other parts of the mycelium, thereby facilitating the colonization of the entire mycelial body to the bait. The week-long electrical oscillation represents the longest oscillation period ever recorded in fungi and warrants further investigation to elucidate its function and stability in response to environmental stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fukasawa
- Laboratory of Forest Ecology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 232-3 Yomogida, Naruko, Osaki, Miyagi, 989-6711, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Akai
- National Institute of Technology, Nagaoka College, 888 Nishi-Katakaimachi, Nagaoka, Niigata, 940-0817, Japan
- Faculty of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Takayuki Takehi
- National Institute of Technology, Nagaoka College, 888 Nishi-Katakaimachi, Nagaoka, Niigata, 940-0817, Japan
| | - Yutaka Osada
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
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3
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Mougkogiannis P, Adamatzky A. On interaction of proteinoids with simulated neural networks. Biosystems 2024; 237:105175. [PMID: 38460836 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2024.105175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Proteinoid-neuron networks combine biological neurons with spiking proteinoid microspheres, which are generated by thermal condensation of amino acids. Complex and dynamic spiking patterns in response to varied stimuli make these networks suitable for unconventional computing. This research examines the interaction of proteinoid-neuron networks with function-generator-artificial neural networks (ANN) that may create distinct electrical waveforms. Function-generator- artificial neural network (ANN) stimulates and modulates proteinoid-neuron network spiking activity and synchronisation to encode and decode information. We employ function-generator-ANN to study proteinoid-neuron network nonlinear dynamics and chaos and optimise their performance and energy efficiency. Function-generator-ANN improves proteinoid-neuron networks' computational capacities and robustness and creates unique hybrid systems with electrical devices. We address the benefits as well as the drawbacks of employing proteinoid-neuron networks for unconventional computing with function-generator-ANN.
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4
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Phillips N, Remedios SW, Nikolaidou A, Baracskai Z, Adamatzky A. No ultrasounds detected from fungi when dehydrated. ULTRASONICS 2023; 135:107111. [PMID: 37598499 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2023.107111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Many organisms (including certain plant species) can be observed to emit sounds, potentially signifying threat alerts. Sensitivity to such sounds and vibrations may also play an important role in the lives of fungi. In this work, we explore the potential of ultrasound activity in dehydrating fungi, and discover that several species of fungi do not emit sounds (detectable with conventional instrumentation) in the frequency range of 10kHz to 210kHz upon dehydration. Over 5 terabytes of ultrasound recordings were collected and analysed. We conjecture that fungi interact via non-sound means, such as electrical or chemical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Phillips
- Unconventional Computing Laboratory, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK.
| | - Samuel W Remedios
- Department of Computer Science, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anna Nikolaidou
- Unconventional Computing Laboratory, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
| | - Zlatko Baracskai
- Unconventional Computing Laboratory, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
| | - Andrew Adamatzky
- Unconventional Computing Laboratory, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
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5
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Fukasawa Y, Akai D, Ushio M, Takehi T. Electrical potentials in the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria bicolor after a rainfall event. FUNGAL ECOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2023.101229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
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6
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Bongard J, Levin M. There's Plenty of Room Right Here: Biological Systems as Evolved, Overloaded, Multi-Scale Machines. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:110. [PMID: 36975340 PMCID: PMC10046700 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8010110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The applicability of computational models to the biological world is an active topic of debate. We argue that a useful path forward results from abandoning hard boundaries between categories and adopting an observer-dependent, pragmatic view. Such a view dissolves the contingent dichotomies driven by human cognitive biases (e.g., a tendency to oversimplify) and prior technological limitations in favor of a more continuous view, necessitated by the study of evolution, developmental biology, and intelligent machines. Form and function are tightly entwined in nature, and in some cases, in robotics as well. Thus, efforts to re-shape living systems for biomedical or bioengineering purposes require prediction and control of their function at multiple scales. This is challenging for many reasons, one of which is that living systems perform multiple functions in the same place at the same time. We refer to this as "polycomputing"-the ability of the same substrate to simultaneously compute different things, and make those computational results available to different observers. This ability is an important way in which living things are a kind of computer, but not the familiar, linear, deterministic kind; rather, living things are computers in the broad sense of their computational materials, as reported in the rapidly growing physical computing literature. We argue that an observer-centered framework for the computations performed by evolved and designed systems will improve the understanding of mesoscale events, as it has already done at quantum and relativistic scales. To develop our understanding of how life performs polycomputing, and how it can be convinced to alter one or more of those functions, we can first create technologies that polycompute and learn how to alter their functions. Here, we review examples of biological and technological polycomputing, and develop the idea that the overloading of different functions on the same hardware is an important design principle that helps to understand and build both evolved and designed systems. Learning to hack existing polycomputing substrates, as well as to evolve and design new ones, will have massive impacts on regenerative medicine, robotics, and computer engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Bongard
- Department of Computer Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Michael Levin
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, 200 Boston Ave., Suite 4600, Medford, MA 02155, USA
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Clawson WP, Levin M. Endless forms most beautiful 2.0: teleonomy and the bioengineering of chimaeric and synthetic organisms. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blac073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The rich variety of biological forms and behaviours results from one evolutionary history on Earth, via frozen accidents and selection in specific environments. This ubiquitous baggage in natural, familiar model species obscures the plasticity and swarm intelligence of cellular collectives. Significant gaps exist in our understanding of the origin of anatomical novelty, of the relationship between genome and form, and of strategies for control of large-scale structure and function in regenerative medicine and bioengineering. Analysis of living forms that have never existed before is necessary to reveal deep design principles of life as it can be. We briefly review existing examples of chimaeras, cyborgs, hybrots and other beings along the spectrum containing evolved and designed systems. To drive experimental progress in multicellular synthetic morphology, we propose teleonomic (goal-seeking, problem-solving) behaviour in diverse problem spaces as a powerful invariant across possible beings regardless of composition or origin. Cybernetic perspectives on chimaeric morphogenesis erase artificial distinctions established by past limitations of technology and imagination. We suggest that a multi-scale competency architecture facilitates evolution of robust problem-solving, living machines. Creation and analysis of novel living forms will be an essential testbed for the emerging field of diverse intelligence, with numerous implications across regenerative medicine, robotics and ethics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Levin
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University , Medford, MA , USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University , Boston, MA , USA
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8
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Beasley AE, Abdelouahab MS, Lozi R, Tsompanas MA, Powell AL, Adamatzky A. Mem-fractive properties of mushrooms. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2022; 16:066026. [PMID: 34624868 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/ac2e0c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Memristors close the loop forI-Vcharacteristics of the traditional, passive, semi-conductor devices. A memristor is a physical realisation of the material implication and thus is a universal logical element. Memristors are getting particular interest in the field of bioelectronics. Electrical properties of living substrates are not binary and there is nearly a continuous transitions from being non-memristive to mem-fractive (exhibiting a combination of passive memory) to ideally memristive. In laboratory experiments we show that living oyster mushroomsPleurotus ostreatusexhibit mem-fractive properties. We offer a piece-wise polynomial approximation of theI-Vbehaviour of the oyster mushrooms. We also report spiking activity, oscillations in conduced current of the oyster mushrooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander E Beasley
- Unconventional Computing Laboratory, UWE, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Centre for Engineering Research, University of Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammed-Salah Abdelouahab
- Laboratory of Mathematics and Their Interactions, University Centre Abdelhafid Boussouf, Mila 43000, Algeria
| | - René Lozi
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, LJAD, Nice, France
| | | | - Anna L Powell
- Unconventional Computing Laboratory, UWE, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Adamatzky
- Unconventional Computing Laboratory, UWE, Bristol, United Kingdom
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9
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Adamatzky A, Gandia A. Living mycelium composites discern weights via patterns of electrical activity. JOURNAL OF BIORESOURCES AND BIOPRODUCTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jobab.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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10
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Delgado Corrales B, Kaiser R, Nerlich P, Agraviador A, Sherry A. BioMateriOME: To understand microbe-material interactions within sustainable, living architectures. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2022; 122:77-126. [PMID: 37085194 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BioMateriOME evolved from a prototyping process which was informed from discussions between a team of designers, architects and microbiologists, when considering constructing with biomaterials or human cohabitation with novel living materials in the built environment. The prototype has two elements (i) BioMateriOME-Public (BMP), an interactive public materials library, and (ii) BioMateriOME-eXperimental (BMX), a replicated materials library for rigorous microbiome experimentation. The prototype was installed into the OME, a unique experimental living house, in order to (1) gain insights into society's perceptions of living materials, and (2) perform a comparative analysis of indoor surface microbiome development on novel biomaterials in contrast to conventional indoor surfaces, respectively. This review summarizes the BioMateriOME prototype and its use as a tool in combining microbiology, design, architecture and social science. The use of microbiology and biological components in the fabrication of biomaterials is provided, together with an appreciation of the microbial communities common to conventional indoor surfaces, and how these communities may change in response to the implementation of living materials in our homes. Societal perceptions of microbiomes and biomaterials, are considered within the framework of healthy architecture. Finally, features of architectural design with microbes in mind are introduced, with the possibility of codifying microbial surveillance into design and construction benchmarks, standards and regulations toward healthier buildings and their occupants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Delgado Corrales
- Hub for Biotechnology in the Built Environment, Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Romy Kaiser
- Hub for Biotechnology in the Built Environment, School of Architecture, Planning and Landscape, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Paula Nerlich
- Hub for Biotechnology in the Built Environment, School of Architecture, Planning and Landscape, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Armand Agraviador
- Hub for Biotechnology in the Built Environment, School of Architecture, Planning and Landscape, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Angela Sherry
- Hub for Biotechnology in the Built Environment, Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
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11
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Dehshibi MM, Chiolerio A, Nikolaidou A, Mayne R, Gandia A, Ashtari-Majlan M, Adamatzky A. Stimulating Fungi Pleurotus ostreatus with Hydrocortisone. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:3718-3726. [PMID: 34309374 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fungi cells can sense extracellular signals via reception, transduction, and response mechanisms, allowing them to communicate with their host and adapt to their environment. They feature effective regulatory protein expressions that enhance and regulate their response and adaptation to various triggers such as stress, hormones, physical stimuli such as light, and host factors. In our recent studies, we have shown that Pleurotus oyster fungi generate electrical potential impulses in the form of spike events in response to their exposure to environmental, mechanical, and chemical triggers, suggesting that the nature of stimuli may be deduced from the fungal electrical responses. In this study, we explored the communication protocols of fungi as reporters of human chemical secretions such as hormones, addressing whether fungi can sense human signals. We exposed Pleurotus oyster fungi to hydrocortisone, which was directly applied to the surface of a fungal-colonized hemp shavings substrate, and recorded the electrical activity of the fungi. Hydrocortisone is a medicinal hormone replacement that is similar to the natural stress hormone cortisol. Changes in cortisol levels released by the body indicate the presence of disease and can have a detrimental effect on physiological process regulation. The response of fungi to hydrocortisone was also explored further using X-rays to reveal changes in the fungi tissue, where receiving hydrocortisone by the substrate can inhibit the flow of calcium and, as a result, reduce its physiological changes. This research could open the way for future studies on adaptive fungal wearables capable of detecting human physiological states and biosensors built of living fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessandro Chiolerio
- Unconventional Computing Laboratory, UWE, Bristol, U.K.,Center for Sustainable Future Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Torino, Italy
| | - Anna Nikolaidou
- Unconventional Computing Laboratory, UWE, Bristol, U.K.,Department of Architecture, UWE, Bristol, U.K
| | - Richard Mayne
- Unconventional Computing Laboratory, UWE, Bristol, U.K
| | - Antoni Gandia
- Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology, CSIC-UPV, Valencia, Spain.,Mogu S.r.l., Inarzo, Italy
| | - Mona Ashtari-Majlan
- Department of Computer Science, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
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12
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Wagner D, Heider D, Hattab G. Mushroom data creation, curation, and simulation to support classification tasks. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8134. [PMID: 33854157 PMCID: PMC8046754 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87602-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Predicting if a set of mushrooms is edible or not corresponds to the task of classifying them into two groups—edible or poisonous—on the basis of a classification rule. To support this binary task, we have collected the largest and most comprehensive attribute based data available. In this work, we detail the creation, curation and simulation of a data set for binary classification. Thanks to natural language processing, the primary data are based on a text book for mushroom identification and contain 173 species from 23 families. While the secondary data comprise simulated or hypothetical entries that are structurally comparable to the 1987 data, it serves as pilot data for classification tasks. We evaluated different machine learning algorithms, namely, naive Bayes, logistic regression, and linear discriminant analysis (LDA), and random forests (RF). We found that the RF provided the best results with a five-fold Cross-Validation accuracy and F2-score of 1.0 (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\sigma =0$$\end{document}σ=0), respectively. The results of our pilot are conclusive and indicate that our data were not linearly separable. Unlike the 1987 data which showed good results using a linear decision boundary with the LDA. Our data set contains 23 families and is the largest available. We further provide a fully reproducible workflow and provide the data under the FAIR principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Wagner
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Marburg, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Dominik Heider
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Marburg, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Georges Hattab
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Marburg, 35043, Marburg, Germany.
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13
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Przyczyna D, Suchecki M, Adamatzky A, Szaciłowski K. Towards Embedded Computation with Building Materials. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14071724. [PMID: 33807438 PMCID: PMC8038044 DOI: 10.3390/ma14071724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
We present results showing the capability of concrete-based information processing substrate in the signal classification task in accordance with in materio computing paradigm. As the Reservoir Computing is a suitable model for describing embedded in materio computation, we propose that this type of presented basic construction unit can be used as a source for “reservoir of states” necessary for simple tuning of the readout layer. We present an electrical characterization of the set of samples with different additive concentrations followed by a dynamical analysis of selected specimens showing fingerprints of memfractive properties. As part of dynamic analysis, several fractal dimensions and entropy parameters for the output signal were analyzed to explore the richness of the reservoir configuration space. In addition, to investigate the chaotic nature and self-affinity of the signal, Lyapunov exponents and Detrended Fluctuation Analysis exponents were calculated. Moreover, on the basis of obtained parameters, classification of the signal waveform shapes can be performed in scenarios explicitly tuned for a given device terminal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawid Przyczyna
- Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland;
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
- Correspondence: (D.P.); (K.S.)
| | - Maciej Suchecki
- Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland;
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Andrew Adamatzky
- Department of Computer Science and Creative Technologies, Unconventional Computing Lab, University of the West of England, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK;
| | - Konrad Szaciłowski
- Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland;
- Correspondence: (D.P.); (K.S.)
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14
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Dehshibi MM, Adamatzky A. Electrical activity of fungi: Spikes detection and complexity analysis. Biosystems 2021; 203:104373. [PMID: 33577948 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2021.104373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Oyster fungi Pleurotus djamor generate actin potential like spikes of electrical potential. The trains of spikes might manifest propagation of growing mycelium in a substrate, transportation of nutrients and metabolites and communication processes in the mycelium network. The spiking activity of the mycelium networks is highly variable compared to neural activity and therefore can not be analysed by standard tools from neuroscience. We propose original techniques for detecting and classifying the spiking activity of fungi. Using these techniques, we analyse the information-theoretic complexity of the fungal electrical activity. The results can pave ways for future research on sensorial fusion and decision making of fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mahdi Dehshibi
- Department of Computer Science, Multimedia and Telecommunications, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain; Unconventional Computing Laboratory, University of the West England, Bristol, UK.
| | - Andrew Adamatzky
- Unconventional Computing Laboratory, University of the West England, Bristol, UK.
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15
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Giannakis K, Theocharopoulou G, Papalitsas C, Fanarioti S, Andronikos T. Particular Biomolecular Processes as Computing Paradigms. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1194:225-238. [PMID: 32468538 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-32622-7_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
The research on alternative computation paradigms has been initiated mainly because of the apparent limits induced by the nature of the materials and the methods used in current computing technologies. Due to the above observation, various bio-inspired computing methods have already been proposed and studied, both in practice and theory. In this paper, a review of such models is outlined with emphasis on biomolecular forms of computing. In addition, a novel biomolecular model of computation based on P systems is proposed inspired by the structure of mitochondria, namely, the mitochondria P systems and automata.
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16
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Reinforcement learning in synthetic gene circuits. Biochem Soc Trans 2020; 48:1637-1643. [PMID: 32756895 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic gene circuits allow programming in DNA the expression of a phenotype at a given environmental condition. The recent integration of memory systems with gene circuits opens the door to their adaptation to new conditions and their re-programming. This lays the foundation to emulate neuromorphic behaviour and solve complex problems similarly to artificial neural networks. Cellular products such as DNA or proteins can be used to store memory in both digital and analog formats, allowing cells to be turned into living computing devices able to record information regarding their previous states. In particular, synthetic gene circuits with memory can be engineered into living systems to allow their adaptation through reinforcement learning. The development of gene circuits able to adapt through reinforcement learning moves Sciences towards the ambitious goal: the bottom-up creation of a fully fledged living artificial intelligence.
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18
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Abstract
Computation is a useful concept far beyond the disciplinary boundaries of computer science. Perhaps the most important class of natural computers can be found in biological systems that perform computation on multiple levels. From molecular and cellular information processing networks to ecologies, economies and brains, life computes. Despite ubiquitous agreement on this fact going back as far as von Neumann automata and McCulloch–Pitts neural nets, we so far lack principles to understand rigorously how computation is done in living, or active, matter. What is the ultimate nature of natural computation that has evolved, and how can we use these principles to engineer intelligent technologies and biological tissues?
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Chu
- School of Computing, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NF, UK
| | - Mikhail Prokopenko
- Centre for Complex Systems, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - J. Christian J. Ray
- Center for Computational Biology, Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
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