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Thomas DHN, Kjernsmo K, Scott-Samuel NE, Whitney HM, Cuthill IC. Interactions between color and gloss in iridescent camouflage. Behav Ecol 2023; 34:751-758. [PMID: 37744171 PMCID: PMC10516679 DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arad050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Iridescence is a taxonomically widespread form of structural coloration that produces often intense hues that change with the angle of viewing. Its role as a signal has been investigated in multiple species, but recently, and counter-intuitively, it has been shown that it can function as camouflage. However, the property of iridescence that reduces detectability is, as yet, unclear. As viewing angle changes, iridescent objects change not only in hue but also in intensity, and many iridescent animals are also shiny or glossy; these "specular reflections," both from the target and background, have been implicated in crypsis. Here, we present a field experiment with natural avian predators that separate the relative contributions of color and gloss to the "survival" of iridescent and non-iridescent beetle-like targets. Consistent with previous research, we found that iridescent coloration, and high gloss of the leaves on which targets were placed, enhance survival. However, glossy targets survived less well than matt. We interpret the results in terms of signal-to-noise ratio: specular reflections from the background reduce detectability by increasing visual noise. While a specular reflection from the target attracts attention, a changeable color reduces the signal because, we suggest, normally, the color of an object is a stable feature for detection and identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan H N Thomas
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Karin Kjernsmo
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Nicholas E Scott-Samuel
- School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, 12a Priory Road, Bristol BS8 1TU, UK
| | - Heather M Whitney
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Innes C Cuthill
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
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2
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Shiwen L, Morimoto T, Harris JM, Smithson HE. Task-dependent extraction of information from videos of iridescent and glossy samples. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2023; 40:A160-A168. [PMID: 37133033 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.479795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We present an exploratory study on iridescence that revealed systematic differences in the perceptual clustering of glossy and iridescent samples that was driven by instructions to focus on either the material or the color properties of the samples. Participants' similarity ratings of pairs of video stimuli, showing the samples from multiple views, were analyzed using multidimensional scaling (MDS), and differences between the MDS solutions for the two tasks were consistent with flexible weighting of information from different views of the samples. These findings point to ecological implications for how viewers perceive and interact with the color-changing properties of iridescent objects.
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3
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Jeon DJ, Ji S, Lee E, Kang J, Kim J, D'Alba L, Manceau M, Shawkey MD, Yeo JS. How keratin cortex thickness affects iridescent feather colours. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:220786. [PMID: 36686555 PMCID: PMC9832292 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.220786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The bright, saturated iridescent colours of feathers are commonly produced by single and multi-layers of nanostructured melanin granules (melanosomes), air and keratin matrices, surrounded by an outer keratin cortex of varying thicknesses. The role of the keratin cortex in colour production remains unclear, despite its potential to act as a thin film or absorbing layer. We use electron microscopy, optical simulations and oxygen plasma-mediated experimental cortex removal to show that differences in keratin cortex thickness play a significant role in producing colours. The results indicate that keratin cortex thickness determines the position of the major reflectance peak (hue) from nanostructured melanosomes of common pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) feathers. Specifically, the common pheasant has appropriate keratin cortex thickness to produce blue and green structural colours. This finding identifies a general principle of structural colour production and sheds light on the processes that shaped the evolution of brilliant iridescent colours in the common pheasant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deok-Jin Jeon
- School of Integrated Technology, Yonsei Institute of Convergence Technology, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungmuk Ji
- School of Integrated Technology, Yonsei Institute of Convergence Technology, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunok Lee
- Department of Research Planning, National Institute of Ecology, Chungcheongnam-do 33657, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihun Kang
- School of Integrated Technology, Yonsei Institute of Convergence Technology, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyeong Kim
- Ecological Technology Research Team, Division of Ecological Applications Research, National Institute of Ecology, Chungcheongnam-do 33657, Republic of Korea
| | - Liliana D'Alba
- Evolution and Optics of Nanostructures Group, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ledeganckstraat 35, Ghent 9000, Belgium
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, Leiden 2333 CR, The Netherlands
| | - Marie Manceau
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, CNRS UMR7241, INSERM U1050, Collège de France, Paris Sciences et Lettres University, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Matthew D. Shawkey
- Evolution and Optics of Nanostructures Group, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ledeganckstraat 35, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Jong-Souk Yeo
- School of Integrated Technology, Yonsei Institute of Convergence Technology, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
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4
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Historical and social forces in the Iridescent Life Course: key life events and experiences of transgender older adults. AGEING & SOCIETY 2022. [DOI: 10.1017/s0144686x22000563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The lives of transgender older adults are rarely examined, and little is known about the critical life events and experiences of this population. Informed by the Iridescent Life Course, this study investigates how intersectionality, fluidity, context and power impact the life events and experiences of trans older adults by generation and gender. Utilising 2014 data from the National Health, Aging, and Sexuality/Gender Study: Aging with Pride (National Institutes of Health/National Institute on Aging funded), a national sample of LGBTQ+ individuals 50 years and older, living in the United States of America, were analysed to examine life events of 205 transgender older adults, including identity development, work, bias, kin relationships, social and community engagement, health and wellbeing. Ordinary least-squares regressions and logistics regressions are used to compare the life events between the generations then test the interaction effect of gender. Pride Generation more openly disclose their identities and are more likely to be employed and married compared to the Silenced Generation, who have more military service, higher rates of retirement, fewer same-sex marriages and more different-sex marriages. Invisible Generation, the oldest group, are more likely retired, have more children and are more likely engaged in the community compared to the Silenced Generation, who experienced more discrimination. Applying the Iridescent Life Course is instrumental in understanding older trans adults' lives through intersecting identities of both generation and gender. These insights have the potential to create a greater appreciation of how historical events shape differing generations of transgender people, creating an opportunity to link generations together.
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Ospina-Rozo L, Roberts A, Stuart-Fox D. A generalized approach to characterize optical properties of natural objects. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blac064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
To understand the diversity of ways in which natural materials interact with light, it is important to consider how their reflectance changes with the angle of illumination or viewing and to consider wavelengths beyond the visible. Efforts to characterize these optical properties, however, have been hampered by heterogeneity in measurement techniques, parameters and terminology. Here, we propose a standardized set of measurements, parameters and terminology to describe the optical properties of natural objects based on spectrometry, including angle-dependent effects, such as iridescence and specularity. We select a set of existing measurements and parameters that are generalizable to any wavelength range and spectral shape, and we highlight which subsets of measures are relevant to different biological questions. As a case study, we have applied these measures to 30 species of Christmas beetles, in which we observed previously unrealized diversity in visible and near-infrared reflectance. As expected, reflection of short wavelengths was associated with high spectral purity and angle dependence. In contrast to simple, artificial structures, iridescence and specularity were not strongly correlated, highlighting the complexity and modularity of natural materials. Species did not cluster according to spectral parameters or genus, suggesting high lability of optical properties. The proposed standardization of measures and parameters will improve our understanding of biological adaptations for manipulating light by facilitating the systematic comparison of complex optical properties, such as glossy or metallic appearances and visible or near-infrared iridescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ospina-Rozo
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne , VIC 3010 , Australia
| | - Ann Roberts
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, School of Physics, University of Melbourne , VIC 3010 , Australia
| | - Devi Stuart-Fox
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne , VIC 3010 , Australia
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Cao X, Du Y, Guo Y, Hu G, Zhang M, Wang L, Zhou J, Gao Q, Fischer P, Wang J, Stavrakis S, deMello A. Replicating the Cynandra opis Butterfly's Structural Color for Bioinspired Bigrating Color Filters. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2109161. [PMID: 34981865 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202109161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Multilayer grating structures, such as those found on the wings of the butterfly Cynandra opis, are able to interact with light to generate structural coloration. When illuminated and viewed at defined angles, such structural color is characterized by exceptional purity and brightness. To provide further insight into the mechanism of structural coloration, two-photon laser lithography is used to fabricate bioinspired bigrating nanostructures, whose optical properties may be controlled by variation of the height and period of the grating features. Through the use of both spectral measurements and finite-element method simulations, herein specific feature dimensions are identified that due to the combined effects of multilayer interference and diffraction generate excellent spectral characteristics and high color purity over the entire visible range. Additionally, it is demonstrated that variation of feature period and/or height plays a central role in controlling both hue and purity. Importantly, such tuneable bigrating structures are of significant utility in color filtering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobao Cao
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland
- Guangzhou Lab, International Bio Island, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ying Du
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland
- College of Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Liuhe Rd 288 Xihu, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China
| | - Yujia Guo
- College of Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Liuhe Rd 288 Xihu, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China
| | - Guohang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Materials for High Power Laser, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- College of Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Liuhe Rd 288 Xihu, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China
| | - Lu Wang
- College of Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Liuhe Rd 288 Xihu, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China
| | - Jiangtao Zhou
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Schmelzbergstrasse 7, Zürich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Quan Gao
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Peter Fischer
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Schmelzbergstrasse 7, Zürich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, Laura-Hezner-Weg 7, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Stavros Stavrakis
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Andrew deMello
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland
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7
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Robledo-Ospina LE, Rao D. Dangerous visions: a review of visual antipredator strategies in spiders. Evol Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-022-10156-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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8
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Goldsen KF, Jen S, Clark T, Kim HJ, Jung H, Goldsen J. Historical and generational forces in the Iridescent Life Course of bisexual women, men, and gender diverse older adults. SEXUALITIES 2022; 25:132-156. [PMID: 35444486 PMCID: PMC9017398 DOI: 10.1177/1363460720947313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Little is known about the life course of bisexual older adults. This study examines life events and experiences of bisexuals by generation: Pride Generation, born 1950-1964; Silenced Generation, born 1935-1949; and Invisible Generation, born 1934 or earlier, as well as by gender among women, men, and gender diverse older adults. Methods Aging with Pride: National Health, Aging, and Sexuality/Gender Study is the first national longitudinal study of LGBTQ older adults in the US. We utilize the Iridescent Life Course to examine the life events and life course experiences of bisexual older adults (N = 216) using 2014 survey data. The Iridescent Life Course frames this study for comparing generational and gender differences in five key areas: identity development; work; kin and social relationships; bias-related experiences; and physical and mental health. Findings The Invisible Generation, the oldest generation, compared to the two younger generations, reports significant risks related to social relationships, the lowest levels of openly disclosing, and fewer bias-related experiences. They also demonstrate important signs of resilience and better mental health. Bisexual men and gender diverse older adults report higher rates of bias-related experiences and fewer social resources than bisexual women. Conclusion Based on the Iridescent Life Course, we document important differences in the heterogeneity and intersectionality in bisexual lives, particularly for those in late life and those gender diverse. It is essential to document the distinct nature of bisexuals' life course, as it provides both historical and contemporary insights into aging and the reframing of future research.
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9
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Stuart-Fox D, Ospina-Rozo L, Ng L, Franklin AM. The Paradox of Iridescent Signals. Trends Ecol Evol 2020; 36:187-195. [PMID: 33168152 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2020.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Signals reliably convey information to a receiver. To be reliable, differences between individuals in signal properties must be consistent and easily perceived and evaluated by receivers. Iridescent objects are often striking and vivid, but their appearance can change dramatically with viewing geometry and illumination. The changeable nature of iridescent surfaces creates a paradox: how can they be reliable signals? We contend that iridescent color patches can be reliable signals only if accompanied by specific adaptations to enhance reliability, such as structures and behaviors that limit perceived hue shift or enhance and control directionality. We highlight the challenges of studying iridescence and key considerations for the evaluation of its adaptive significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devi Stuart-Fox
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Laura Ospina-Rozo
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Leslie Ng
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Amanda M Franklin
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
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10
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Schröder-Turk GE. Quo vadis biophotonics? Wearing serendipity and slow science as a badge of pride, and embracing biology. Faraday Discuss 2020; 223:307-323. [PMID: 33034598 DOI: 10.1039/d0fd00108b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This article is a reflection on the themes of the Faraday Discussion meeting on 'Biological and bio-inspired optics' held from 20 to 22 July 2020. It is a personal perspective on the nature of this field as a broad and interdisciplinary field that has led to a sound understanding of the material properties of biological nanostructured and optical materials. The article describes how the nature of the field and the themes of the conference are reflected in particular in work on the 3D bicontinuous biophotonic nanostructures known as single gyroids and in bicontinuous structures more broadly. Such single gyroid materials are found for example in the butterfly Thecla opisena, where the questions of biophotonic response, of bio-inspired optics, of the relationship between structure and function, and of the relationship between natural and synthetic realisations are closely interlinked. This multitude of facets of research on single gyroid structures reflects the beauty of the broader field of biophotonics, namely as a field that lives through embracing the serendipitous discovery of the biophotonic marvels that nature offers to us as seeds for in-depth analysis and understanding. The meandering nature of its discoveries, and the need to accept the slowness that comes from exploration of intellectually new or foreign territory, mean that the field shares some traits with biological evolution itself. Looking into the future, I consider that a closer engagement with living tissue and with the biological questions of function and formation, rather than with the materials science of biological materials, will help ensure the continuing great success of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerd E Schröder-Turk
- Murdoch University, College of Science, Health, Engineering & Education, 90 South St, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia.
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11
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Morfeq H, Jany B, Morfeq A, Mahmood S, Boucenna W, Milazzo S. Polychromasia capsulare in Fuchs heterochromic iridocyclitis: case report and literature review. Can J Ophthalmol 2020; 55:e215-e216. [PMID: 32822659 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjo.2020.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hussein Morfeq
- Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | | | - Ahmed Morfeq
- Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Suha Mahmood
- Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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12
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Barrera-Patiño CP, Vollet-Filho JD, Teixeira-Rosa RG, Quiroz HP, Dussan A, Inada NM, Bagnato VS, Rey-González RR. Photonic effects in natural nanostructures on Morpho cypris and Greta oto butterfly wings. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5786. [PMID: 32238903 PMCID: PMC7113256 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62770-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Photonic crystals are some of the more spectacular realizations that periodic arrays can change the behavior of electromagnetic waves. In nature, so-called structural colors appear in insects and even plants. Some species create beautiful color patterns as part of biological behavior such as reproduction or defense mechanisms as a form of biomimetics. The interaction between light and matter occurs at the surface, producing diffraction, interference and reflectance, and light transmission is possible under suitable conditions. In particular, there are two Colombian butterflies, Morpho cypris and Greta oto, that exhibit iridescence phenomena on their wings, and in this work, we relate these phenomena to the photonic effect. The experimental and theoretical approaches of the optical response visible region were studied to understand the underlying mechanism behind the light-matter interaction on the wings of these Colombian butterflies. Our results can guide the design of novel devices that use iridescence as angular filters or even for cosmetic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Barrera-Patiño
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Bogotá, Departamento de Física, Grupo de Óptica e Información Cuántica, Ciudad Universitaria, Ed. 405 Of. 207, Bogotá, D.C., C.P. 111321, Colombia. .,Sao Carlos Institute of Physics - University of Sao Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São-carlense, nº 400, Parque Arnold Schimidt - CEP 13566-590, São Carlos - São Paulo - Brazil., São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - J D Vollet-Filho
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics - University of Sao Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São-carlense, nº 400, Parque Arnold Schimidt - CEP 13566-590, São Carlos - São Paulo - Brazil., São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - R G Teixeira-Rosa
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics - University of Sao Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São-carlense, nº 400, Parque Arnold Schimidt - CEP 13566-590, São Carlos - São Paulo - Brazil., São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - H P Quiroz
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá, Departamento de Física, Grupo de Materiales Nanoestructurados y sus Aplicaciones, Ciudad Universitaria Ed. 404 Lab. 121C, Bogotá, D.C., C.P. 111321, Colombia
| | - A Dussan
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá, Departamento de Física, Grupo de Materiales Nanoestructurados y sus Aplicaciones, Ciudad Universitaria Ed. 404 Lab. 121C, Bogotá, D.C., C.P. 111321, Colombia
| | - N M Inada
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics - University of Sao Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São-carlense, nº 400, Parque Arnold Schimidt - CEP 13566-590, São Carlos - São Paulo - Brazil., São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - V S Bagnato
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics - University of Sao Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São-carlense, nº 400, Parque Arnold Schimidt - CEP 13566-590, São Carlos - São Paulo - Brazil., São Carlos, SP, Brazil.,Hagler Institute for Advanced Study, Texas A&M University, 400 Bizzell St, College Station, TX, 77843, United States of America
| | - R R Rey-González
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Bogotá, Departamento de Física, Grupo de Óptica e Información Cuántica, Ciudad Universitaria, Ed. 405 Of. 207, Bogotá, D.C., C.P. 111321, Colombia
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13
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Ren J, Wang Y, Yao Y, Wang Y, Fei X, Qi P, Lin S, Kaplan DL, Buehler MJ, Ling S. Biological Material Interfaces as Inspiration for Mechanical and Optical Material Designs. Chem Rev 2019; 119:12279-12336. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ren
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Yuan Yao
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yang Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Xiang Fei
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, International Joint Laboratory for Advanced Fiber and Low-Dimension Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Ping Qi
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Shihui Lin
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - David L. Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Markus J. Buehler
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Shengjie Ling
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, China
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14
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Lertvachirapaiboon C, Pienpinijtham P, Wongravee K, Ekgasit S. Optical Properties of Individual Aragonite Plates from Nacre. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201801566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chutiparn Lertvachirapaiboon
- Graduate School of Science and Technology; Niigata University 8050 Ikarashi 2-nocho, Nishi-ku; Niigata 950-2181 Japan
| | - Prompong Pienpinijtham
- Sensor Research Unit, Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University 254 Phaya Thai Road, Patumwan; Bangkok 10330 Thailand
| | - Kanet Wongravee
- Sensor Research Unit, Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University 254 Phaya Thai Road, Patumwan; Bangkok 10330 Thailand
| | - Sanong Ekgasit
- Sensor Research Unit, Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University 254 Phaya Thai Road, Patumwan; Bangkok 10330 Thailand
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15
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Badiane A, Pérez i de Lanuza G, García‐Custodio MDC, Carazo P, Font E. Colour patch size and measurement error using reflectance spectrophotometry. Methods Ecol Evol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Badiane
- Department of Biological Sciences Macquarie University Sydney NSW 2109 Australia
- Ethology Lab Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology University of Valencia Valencia APDO 22085, 46071 Spain
| | - Guillem Pérez i de Lanuza
- CIBIO, Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, InBIO, University of Porto, Institute of Agrarian Sciences of Vairão R. Padre Armando Quintas 4485‐661 Vairão Portugal
| | - María del Carmen García‐Custodio
- Ethology Lab Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology University of Valencia Valencia APDO 22085, 46071 Spain
| | - Pau Carazo
- Ethology Lab Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology University of Valencia Valencia APDO 22085, 46071 Spain
| | - Enrique Font
- Ethology Lab Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology University of Valencia Valencia APDO 22085, 46071 Spain
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Akkaynak D, Siemann LA, Barbosa A, Mäthger LM. Changeable camouflage: how well can flounder resemble the colour and spatial scale of substrates in their natural habitats? ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2017; 4:160824. [PMID: 28405370 PMCID: PMC5383827 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.160824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Flounder change colour and pattern for camouflage. We used a spectrometer to measure reflectance spectra and a digital camera to capture body patterns of two flounder species camouflaged on four natural backgrounds of different spatial scale (sand, small gravel, large gravel and rocks). We quantified the degree of spectral match between flounder and background relative to the situation of perfect camouflage in which flounder and background were assumed to have identical spectral distribution. Computations were carried out for three biologically relevant observers: monochromatic squid, dichromatic crab and trichromatic guitarfish. Our computations present a new approach to analysing datasets with multiple spectra that have large variance. Furthermore, to investigate the spatial match between flounder and background, images of flounder patterns were analysed using a custom program originally developed to study cuttlefish camouflage. Our results show that all flounder and background spectra fall within the same colour gamut and that, in terms of different observer visual systems, flounder matched most substrates in luminance and colour contrast. Flounder matched the spatial scales of all substrates except for rocks. We discuss findings in terms of flounder biology; furthermore, we discuss our methodology in light of hyperspectral technologies that combine high-resolution spectral and spatial imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derya Akkaynak
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Bell Center, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Oceanography and Applied Ocean Science, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Liese A. Siemann
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Bell Center, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
- Coonamessett Farm Foundation, 277 Hatchville Road, East Falmouth, MA 02536, USA
| | - Alexandra Barbosa
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Bell Center, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Lydia M. Mäthger
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Bell Center, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
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17
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Liu P, Guo X, Nan F, Duan Y, Zhang J. Modifying Mechanical, Optical Properties and Thermal Processability of Iridescent Cellulose Nanocrystal Films Using Ionic Liquid. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:3085-3092. [PMID: 28026934 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b12953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Iridescent films formed from the self-assembly of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are brittle and difficult to handle or integrate within an industrial process. Here we present a simple approach to prepare iridescent CNC films with tunable pliability and coloration through the addition of ionic liquids (ILs) of 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (AmimCl) as plasticizers. By using the undried CNC film as a filter membrane and ILs solution as a leaching liquid, it was found that the filtration process made ILs uniformly interpenetrate into CNC film due to the strong ionic interaction between CNC and AmimCl. Unexpectedly, the filtration process also gave rise to partial desulfurization of CNC film, which is conducive to the improvement of thermal stability. Benefiting from the improved thermal stability and the dissolving capacity of AmimCl for cellulose at high temperature, the incorporated ILs enable the cholesteric CNC film to be further toughened via a hot-pressing treatment. This study demonstrates that ionic liquids have great potential to modify the mechanical, optical properties as well as the thermal stability of iridescent CNC films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology , Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Xin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology , Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Fuchun Nan
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology , Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Yongxin Duan
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology , Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Jianming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology , Qingdao 266042, China
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Abstract
Interference coloration, in which the perceived colour varies predictably with the angle of illumination or observation, is extremely widespread across animal groups. However, despite considerable advances in our understanding of the mechanistic basis of interference coloration in animals, we still have a poor understanding of its function. Here, I show, using avian predators hunting dynamic virtual prey, that the presence of interference coloration can significantly reduce a predator's attack success. Predators required more pecks to successfully catch interference-coloured prey compared with otherwise identical prey items that lacked interference coloration, and attacks against prey with interference colours were less accurate, suggesting that changes in colour or brightness caused by prey movement hindered a predator's ability to pinpoint their exact location. The pronounced anti-predator benefits of interference coloration may explain why it has evolved independently so many times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Pike
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9EZ, UK School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Riseholme Park, Lincoln LN2 2LG, UK
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19
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Sun J, Wu W, Ling M, Bhushan B, Tong J. A dynamic nanoindentation technique to investigate the nanomechanical properties of a colored beetle. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra14687b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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20
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Jordan TM, Partridge JC, Roberts NW. Disordered animal multilayer reflectors and the localization of light. J R Soc Interface 2015; 11:20140948. [PMID: 25339688 PMCID: PMC4223918 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2014.0948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multilayer optical reflectors constructed from 'stacks' of alternating layers of high and low refractive index dielectric materials are present in many animals. For example, stacks of guanine crystals with cytoplasm gaps occur within the skin and scales of fish, and stacks of protein platelets with cytoplasm gaps occur within the iridophores of cephalopods. Common to all these animal multilayer reflectors are different degrees of random variation in the thicknesses of the individual layers in the stack, ranging from highly periodic structures to strongly disordered systems. However, previous discussions of the optical effects of such thickness disorder have been made without quantitative reference to the propagation of light within the reflector. Here, we demonstrate that Anderson localization provides a general theoretical framework to explain the common coherent interference and optical properties of these biological reflectors. Firstly, we illustrate how the localization length enables the spectral properties of the reflections from more weakly disordered 'coloured' and more strongly disordered 'silvery' reflectors to be explained by the same physical process. Secondly, we show how the polarization properties of reflection can be controlled within guanine-cytoplasm reflectors, with an interplay of birefringence and thickness disorder explaining the origin of broadband polarization-insensitive reflectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Jordan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK Bristol Centre for Complexity Sciences, University of Bristol, Queens Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TR, UK
| | - J C Partridge
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK School of Animal Biology and the Oceans Institute, Faculty of Science, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway (M317), Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - N W Roberts
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
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Lertvachirapaiboon C, Parnklang T, Pienpinijtham P, Wongravee K, Thammacharoen C, Ekgasit S. Selective colors reflection from stratified aragonite calcium carbonate plates of mollusk shells. J Struct Biol 2015; 191:184-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2015.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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Abstract
The marine world is incredibly rich in brilliant and intense colours. Photonic structures are found in many different species and provide extremely complex optical responses that cannot be achieved solely by pigments. In this study we examine the cuticular structure of the red alga Chondrus crispus (Irish Moss) using anatomical and optical approaches. We experimentally measure the optical response of the multilayer structure in the cuticle. Using finite-difference time-domain modelling, we demonstrate conclusively for the first time that the dimensions and organisation of lamellae are responsible for the blue structural colouration on the surface of the fronds. Comparison of material along the apical-basal axis of the frond demonstrates that structural colour is confined to the tips of the thalli and show definitively that a lack of structural colour elsewhere corresponds with a reduction in the number of lamellae and the regularity of their ordering. Moreover, by studying the optical response for different hydration conditions, we demonstrate that the cuticular structure is highly porous and that the presence of water plays a critical role in its ability to act as a structural light reflector.
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23
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Schlesinger M, Hamad WY, MacLachlan MJ. Optically tunable chiral nematic mesoporous cellulose films. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:4686-94. [PMID: 25972020 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm00745c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Demand for sustainable functional materials has never been larger. The introduction of functionality into pure cellulose might be one step forward in this field as it is one of the most abundant natural biopolymers. In this paper, we demonstrate a straightforward and scalable way to produce iridescent, mesoporous cellulose membranes with tunable colors and porosity. Concomitant assembly of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and condensation of silica precursors results in CNC-silica composites with chiral nematic structures and tunable optical properties. Removal of the stabilizing silica matrix by alkaline or acid treatment gives access to novel chiral nematic mesoporous cellulose (CNMC) films. Importantly, the optical properties and the mesoporosity can be controlled by either varying the silica-to-CNC ratio, or by varying the substrate used during the evaporation-induced self-assembly process. In order to introduce additional functionality, CNMC has been used to stabilize gold nanoparticles with three different concentrations by wet impregnation. These materials are stable in water and can potentially function in sensors, tissue engineering or functional membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maik Schlesinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada.
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Bardet R, Belgacem N, Bras J. Flexibility and color monitoring of cellulose nanocrystal iridescent solid films using anionic or neutral polymers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:4010-8. [PMID: 25552332 DOI: 10.1021/am506786t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
One property of sulfated cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) is their ability to self-assemble from a concentrated suspension under specific drying conditions into an iridescent film. Such colored films are very brittle, which makes them difficult to handle or integrate within an industrial process. The goal of this study is (i) to produce flexible films using neutral poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and (ii) to modulate their coloration using an anionic polyacrylate (PAAS). The first part is dedicated to studying the physicochemical interactions of the two polymers with CNCs using techniques such as zeta potential measurements, dynamic light scattering (DLS), quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Iridescent solid films were then produced and characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and UV-visible spectroscopy. The mechanical and thermal properties of films incorporating CNC were measured to evaluate improvements in flexibility. The addition of 10 wt % of PEG makes these films much more flexible (with a doubling of the elongation), with the coloration being preserved and the temperature of degradation increasing by almost 35 °C. Up to 160 μmol/gCNC PAAS can be added to tune the coloration of the CNC films by producing a more narrow, stronger coloration in the visible spectrum (higher absorption) with a well-pronounced fingerprint texture.
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25
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Dougherty LF, Johnsen S, Caldwell RL, Marshall NJ. A dynamic broadband reflector built from microscopic silica spheres in the 'disco' clam Ctenoides ales. J R Soc Interface 2015; 11:20140407. [PMID: 24966236 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2014.0407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The 'disco' or 'electric' clam Ctenoides ales (Limidae) is the only species of bivalve known to have a behaviourally mediated photic display. This display is so vivid that it has been repeatedly confused for bioluminescence, but it is actually the result of scattered light. The flashing occurs on the mantle lip, where electron microscopy revealed two distinct tissue sides: one highly scattering side that contains dense aggregations of spheres composed of silica, and one highly absorbing side that does not. High-speed video confirmed that the two sides act in concert to alternate between vivid broadband reflectance and strong absorption in the blue region of the spectrum. Optical modelling suggests that the diameter of the spheres is nearly optimal for scattering visible light, especially at shorter wavelengths which predominate in their environment. This simple mechanism produces a striking optical effect that may function as a signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey F Dougherty
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Sönke Johnsen
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Roy L Caldwell
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - N Justin Marshall
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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26
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Pérez i de Lanuza G, Font E. Now you see me, now you don’t: iridescence increases the efficacy of lizard chromatic signals. Naturwissenschaften 2014; 101:831-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00114-014-1224-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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27
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28
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Spinner M, Kovalev A, Gorb SN, Westhoff G. Snake velvet black: hierarchical micro- and nanostructure enhances dark colouration in Bitis rhinoceros. Sci Rep 2013; 3:1846. [PMID: 23677278 PMCID: PMC3655483 DOI: 10.1038/srep01846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The West African Gaboon viper (Bitis rhinoceros) is a master of camouflage due to its colouration pattern. Its skin is geometrically patterned and features black spots that purport an exceptional spatial depth due to their velvety surface texture. Our study shades light on micromorphology, optical characteristics and principles behind such a velvet black appearance. We revealed a unique hierarchical pattern of leaf-like microstructures striated with nanoridges on the snake scales that coincides with the distribution of black colouration. Velvet black sites demonstrate four times lower reflectance and higher absorbance than other scales in the UV-near IR spectral range. The combination of surface structures impeding reflectance and absorbing dark pigments, deposited in the skin material, provides reflecting less than 11% of the light reflected by a polytetrafluoroethylene diffuse reflectance standard in any direction. A view-angle independent black structural colour in snakes is reported here for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Spinner
- Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
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29
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Kientz B, Ducret A, Luke S, Vukusic P, Mignot T, Rosenfeld E. Glitter-like iridescence within the bacteroidetes especially Cellulophaga spp.: optical properties and correlation with gliding motility. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52900. [PMID: 23300811 PMCID: PMC3531331 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Iridescence results from structures that generate color. Iridescence of bacterial colonies has recently been described and illustrated. The glitter-like iridescence class, created especially for a few strains of Cellulophaga lytica, exhibits an intense iridescence under direct illumination. Such color appearance effects were previously associated with other bacteria from the Bacteroidetes phylum, but without clear elucidation and illustration. To this end, we compared various bacterial strains to which the iridescent trait was attributed. All Cellulophaga species and additional Bacteroidetes strains from marine and terrestrial environments were investigated. A selection of bacteria, mostly marine in origin, were found to be iridescent. Although a common pattern of reflected wavelengths was recorded for the species investigated, optical spectroscopy and physical measurements revealed a range of different glitter-like iridescence intensity and color profiles. Importantly, gliding motility was found to be a common feature of all iridescent colonies. Dynamic analyses of “glitter” formation at the edges of C. lytica colonies showed that iridescence was correlated with layer superposition. Both gliding motility, and unknown cell-to-cell communication processes, may be required for the establishment, in time and space, of the necessary periodic structures responsible for the iridescent appearance of Bacteroidetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty Kientz
- UMR 7266 CNRS Littoral Environnement et Sociétés, University of La Rochelle, La Rochelle, France
| | - Adrien Ducret
- UMR 7283 CNRS Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, University of Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Stephen Luke
- School of Physics, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Vukusic
- School of Physics, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Tâm Mignot
- UMR 7283 CNRS Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, University of Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Eric Rosenfeld
- UMR 7266 CNRS Littoral Environnement et Sociétés, University of La Rochelle, La Rochelle, France
- * E-mail:
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30
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Kientz B, Vukusic P, Luke S, Rosenfeld E. Iridescence of a marine bacterium and classification of prokaryotic structural colors. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:2092-9. [PMID: 22267664 PMCID: PMC3302594 DOI: 10.1128/aem.07339-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Iridescence is a property of structural color that is occasionally encountered in higher eukaryotes but that has been poorly documented in the prokaryotic kingdom. In the present work, we describe a marine bacterium, identified as Cellulophaga lytica, isolated from the surface of an anemone, that exhibits bright green iridescent colonies under direct epi-illumination. This phenomenon has not previously been investigated in detail. In this study, color changes of C. lytica colonies were observed at various angles of direct illumination or observation. Its iridescent green appearance was dominant on various growth media. Red and violet colors were also discerned on colony edges. Remarkable C. lytica bacterial iridescence was revealed and characterized using high-resolution optical spectrometry. In addition to this, by culturing other bacterial strains to which various forms of faintly iridescent traits have previously been attributed, we identify four principal appearance characteristics of structural color in prokaryotes. A new general classification of bacterial iridescence is therefore proposed in this study. Furthermore, a specific separate class is described for iridescent C. lytica strains because they exhibit what is so far a unique intense glitter-like iridescence in reflection. C. lytica is the first prokaryote discovered to produce the same sort of intense iridescence under direct illumination as that associated with higher eukaryotes, like some insects and birds. Due to the nature of bacterial biology, cultivation, and ubiquity, this discovery may be of significant interest for both ecological and nanoscience endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty Kientz
- UMR 7266 CNRS-ULR LIENSs, UFR Sciences, Université de La Rochelle, La Rochelle, France
| | - Peter Vukusic
- School of Physics, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Luke
- School of Physics, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Rosenfeld
- UMR 7266 CNRS-ULR LIENSs, UFR Sciences, Université de La Rochelle, La Rochelle, France
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31
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Wilts BD, Michielsen K, Kuipers J, De Raedt H, Stavenga DG. Brilliant camouflage: photonic crystals in the diamond weevil, Entimus imperialis. Proc Biol Sci 2012; 279:2524-30. [PMID: 22378806 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2011.2651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The neotropical diamond weevil, Entimus imperialis, is marked by rows of brilliant spots on the overall black elytra. The spots are concave pits with intricate patterns of structural-coloured scales, consisting of large domains of three-dimensional photonic crystals that have a diamond-type structure. Reflectance spectra measured from individual scale domains perfectly match model spectra, calculated with anatomical data and finite-difference time-domain methods. The reflections of single domains are extremely directional (observed with a point source less than 5°), but the special arrangement of the scales in the concave pits significantly broadens the angular distribution of the reflections. The resulting virtually angle-independent green coloration of the weevil closely approximates the colour of a foliaceous background. While the close-distance colourful shininess of E. imperialis may facilitate intersexual recognition, the diffuse green reflectance of the elytra when seen at long-distance provides cryptic camouflage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodo D Wilts
- Computational Physics, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen 9747AG, The Netherlands.
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32
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Eliason CM, Shawkey MD. Decreased hydrophobicity of iridescent feathers: a potential cost of shiny plumage. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 214:2157-63. [PMID: 21653809 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.055822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Honest advertisement models posit that sexually selected traits are costly to produce, maintain or otherwise bear. Brightly coloured feathers are thought to be classic examples of these models, but evidence for a cost in feathers not coloured by carotenoid pigments is scarce. Unlike pigment-based colours, iridescent feather colours are produced by light scattering in modified feather barbules that are characteristically flattened and twisted towards the feather surface. These modifications increase light reflectance, but also expose more surface area for water adhesion, suggesting a potential trade-off between colour and hydrophobicity. Using light microscopy, spectrometry, contact angle goniometry and self-cleaning experiments, we show that iridescent feathers of mallards, Anas platyrhynchos, are less hydrophobic than adjacent non-iridescent feathers, and that this is primarily caused by differences in barbule microstructure. Furthermore, as a result of this decreased hydrophobicity, iridescent feathers are less efficient at self-cleaning than non-iridescent feathers. Together, these results suggest a previously unforeseen cost of iridescent plumage traits that may help to explain the evolution and distribution of iridescence in birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad M Eliason
- Integrated Bioscience Program, Department of Biology, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA.
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Spectral reflectance properties of iridescent pierid butterfly wings. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2011; 197:693-702. [PMID: 21344203 PMCID: PMC3098971 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-011-0632-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Revised: 02/05/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The wings of most pierid butterflies exhibit a main, pigmentary colouration: white, yellow or orange. The males of many species have in restricted areas of the wing upper sides a distinct structural colouration, which is created by stacks of lamellae in the ridges of the wing scales, resulting in iridescence. The amplitude of the reflectance is proportional to the number of lamellae in the ridge stacks. The angle-dependent peak wavelength of the observed iridescence is in agreement with classical multilayer theory. The iridescence is virtually always in the ultraviolet wavelength range, but some species have a blue-peaking iridescence. The spectral properties of the pigmentary and structural colourations are presumably tuned to the spectral sensitivities of the butterflies' photoreceptors.
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Meadows MG, Morehouse NI, Rutowski RL, Douglas JM, McGraw KJ. Quantifying iridescent coloration in animals: a method for improving repeatability. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-010-1135-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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35
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Stavenga DG, Leertouwer HL, Marshall NJ, Osorio D. Dramatic colour changes in a bird of paradise caused by uniquely structured breast feather barbules. Proc Biol Sci 2010; 278:2098-104. [PMID: 21159676 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2010.2293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The breast-plate plumage of male Lawes' parotia (Parotia lawesii) produces dramatic colour changes when this bird of paradise displays on its forest-floor lek. We show that this effect is achieved not solely by the iridescence--that is an angular-dependent spectral shift of the reflected light--which is inherent in structural coloration, but is based on a unique anatomical modification of the breast-feather barbule. The barbules have a segmental structure, and in common with many other iridescent feathers, they contain stacked melanin rodlets surrounded by a keratin film. The unique property of the parotia barbules is their boomerang-like cross section. This allows each barbule to work as three coloured mirrors: a yellow-orange reflector in the plane of the feather, and two symmetrically positioned bluish reflectors at respective angles of about 30°. Movement during the parotia's courtship displays thereby achieves much larger and more abrupt colour changes than is possible with ordinary iridescent plumage. To our knowledge, this is the first example of multiple thin film or multi-layer reflectors incorporated in a single structure (engineered or biological). It nicely illustrates how subtle modification of the basic feather structure can achieve novel visual effects. The fact that the parotia's breast feathers seem to be specifically adapted to give much stronger colour changes than normal structural coloration implies that colour change is important in their courtship display.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doekele G Stavenga
- Department of Neurobiophysics, University of Groningen, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
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36
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Toomey MB, Butler MW, Meadows MG, Taylor LA, Fokidis HB, McGraw KJ. A novel method for quantifying the glossiness of animals. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-010-0926-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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