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Zhang Z, Zhang Z, Holmer L, Topper TP, Pan B, Li G. Evolution and diversity of biomineralized columnar architecture in early Cambrian phosphatic-shelled brachiopods. eLife 2024; 12:RP88855. [PMID: 38597930 PMCID: PMC11006422 DOI: 10.7554/elife.88855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Biologically-controlled mineralization producing organic-inorganic composites (hard skeletons) by metazoan biomineralizers has been an evolutionary innovation since the earliest Cambrian. Among them, linguliform brachiopods are one of the key invertebrates that secrete calcium phosphate minerals to build their shells. One of the most distinct shell structures is the organo-phosphatic cylindrical column exclusive to phosphatic-shelled brachiopods, including both crown and stem groups. However, the complexity, diversity, and biomineralization processes of these microscopic columns are far from clear in brachiopod ancestors. Here, exquisitely well-preserved columnar shell ultrastructures are reported for the first time in the earliest eoobolids Latusobolus xiaoyangbaensis gen. et sp. nov. and Eoobolus acutulus sp. nov. from the Cambrian Series 2 Shuijingtuo Formation of South China. The hierarchical shell architectures, epithelial cell moulds, and the shape and size of cylindrical columns are scrutinised in these new species. Their calcium phosphate-based biomineralized shells are mainly composed of stacked sandwich columnar units. The secretion and construction of the stacked sandwich model of columnar architecture, which played a significant role in the evolution of linguliforms, is highly biologically controlled and organic-matrix mediated. Furthermore, a continuous transformation of anatomic features resulting from the growth of diverse columnar shells is revealed between Eoobolidae, Lingulellotretidae, and Acrotretida, shedding new light on the evolutionary growth and adaptive innovation of biomineralized columnar architecture among early phosphatic-shelled brachiopods during the Cambrian explosion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, Australia
| | - Zhifei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Early Life & Environments, Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lars Holmer
- Institute of Earth Sciences, Palaeobiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Timothy P Topper
- State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Early Life & Environments, Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
- Department of Palaeobiology, Swedish Museum of Natural History Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bing Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Guoxiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
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A seminal perspective on the role of chondroitin sulfate in biomineralization. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 310:120738. [PMID: 36925258 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is an important extracellular matrix component of mineralized tissues. It participates in biomineralization, osteoblast differentiation and promotes bone tissue repair in vitro. However, the mechanism in which CS functions is unclear. Accordingly, an in-depth investigation of how CS participates in mineralization was conducted in the present study. Chondroitin sulfate was found to directly induce intrafibrillar mineralization of the collagen matrix. The mineralization outcome was dependent on whether CS remained free in the extracellular matrix or bound to core proteins; mineralization only occurred when CS existed in a free state. The efficacy of mineralization appeared to increase with ascending CS concentration. This discovery spurred the authors to identify the cause of heterotopic ossification in the Achilles tendon. Chondroitin sulfate appeared to be a therapeutic target for the management of diseases associated with heterotopic calcification. A broader perspective was presented on the applications of CS in tissue engineering.
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Agbaje OBA, George SC, Zhang Z, Brock GA, Holmer LE. Characterization of organophosphatic brachiopod shells: spectroscopic assessment of collagen matrix and biomineral components. RSC Adv 2020; 10:38456-38467. [PMID: 35517531 PMCID: PMC9057340 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07523j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The shells of linguloid brachiopods such as Lingula and Discinisca are inorganic-organic nanocomposites with a mineral phase of calcium phosphate (Ca-phosphate). Collagen, the main extracellular matrix in Ca-phosphatic vertebrate skeletons, has not previously been clearly resolved at the molecular level in organophosphatic brachiopods. Here, modern and recently-alive linguliform brachiopod shells of Lingula and Discinisca have been studied by microRaman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission gun scanning electron microscopy, and thermal gravimetric analysis. For the first time, biomineralized collagen matrix and Ca-phosphate components were simultaneously identified, showing that the collagen matrix is an important moiety in organophosphatic brachiopod shells, in addition to prevalent chitin. Stabilized nanosized apatitic biominerals (up to ∼50 nm) permeate the framework of organic fibrils. There is a ∼2.5-fold higher wt% of carbonate (CO3 2-) in Lingula versus Discinisca shells. Both microRaman spectroscopy and infrared spectra show transient amorphous Ca-phosphate and octacalcium phosphate components. For the first time, trivalent moieties at ∼1660 cm-1 and divalent moieties at ∼1690 cm-1 in the amide I spectral region were identified. These are related to collagen cross-links that are abundant in mineralized tissues, and could be important features in the biostructural and mechanical properties of Ca-phosphate shell biominerals. This work provides a critical new understanding of organophosphatic brachiopod shells, which are some of the earliest examples of biomineralization in still-living animals that appeared in the Cambrian radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwatoosin B A Agbaje
- Department of Earth Sciences, Palaeobiology, Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden .,Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and MQ Marine Research Centre, Macquarie University Sydney Australia.,Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University Sydney Australia
| | - Simon C George
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and MQ Marine Research Centre, Macquarie University Sydney Australia
| | - Zhifei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Early Life & Environments, Department of Geology, Northwest University Xi'an 710069 China
| | - Glenn A Brock
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University Sydney Australia.,State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Early Life & Environments, Department of Geology, Northwest University Xi'an 710069 China
| | - Lars E Holmer
- Department of Earth Sciences, Palaeobiology, Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden .,State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Early Life & Environments, Department of Geology, Northwest University Xi'an 710069 China
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Iline-Vul T, Nanda R, Mateos B, Hazan S, Matlahov I, Perelshtein I, Keinan-Adamsky K, Althoff-Ospelt G, Konrat R, Goobes G. Osteopontin regulates biomimetic calcium phosphate crystallization from disordered mineral layers covering apatite crystallites. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15722. [PMID: 32973201 PMCID: PMC7518277 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72786-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Details of apatite formation and development in bone below the nanometer scale remain enigmatic. Regulation of mineralization was shown to be governed by the activity of non-collagenous proteins with many bone diseases stemming from improper activity of these proteins. Apatite crystal growth inhibition or enhancement is thought to involve direct interaction of these proteins with exposed faces of apatite crystals. However, experimental evidence of the molecular binding events that occur and that allow these proteins to exert their functions are lacking. Moreover, recent high-resolution measurements of apatite crystallites in bone have shown that individual crystallites are covered by a persistent layer of amorphous calcium phosphate. It is therefore unclear whether non-collagenous proteins can interact with the faces of the mineral crystallites directly and what are the consequences of the presence of a disordered mineral layer to their functionality. In this work, the regulatory effect of recombinant osteopontin on biomimetic apatite is shown to produce platelet-shaped apatite crystallites with disordered layers coating them. The protein is also shown to regulate the content and properties of the disordered mineral phase (and sublayers within it). Through solid-state NMR atomic carbon-phosphorous distance measurements, the protein is shown to be located in the disordered phases, reaching out to interact with the surfaces of the crystals only through very few sidechains. These observations suggest that non-phosphorylated osteopontin acts as regulator of the coating mineral layers and exerts its effect on apatite crystal growth processes mostly from afar with a limited number of contact points with the crystal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taly Iline-Vul
- Department of Chemistry, Bar Ilan University, 5290002, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Raju Nanda
- Department of Chemistry, Bar Ilan University, 5290002, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Borja Mateos
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Computational and Structural Biology, University of Vienna, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Shani Hazan
- Department of Chemistry, Bar Ilan University, 5290002, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Irina Matlahov
- Department of Chemistry, Bar Ilan University, 5290002, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Ilana Perelshtein
- Department of Chemistry, Bar Ilan University, 5290002, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | | | | | - Robert Konrat
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Computational and Structural Biology, University of Vienna, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gil Goobes
- Department of Chemistry, Bar Ilan University, 5290002, Ramat Gan, Israel.
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Fritzsching KJ, Duan P, Alberts EM, Tibabuzo Perdomo AM, Kenny P, Wilker JJ, Schmidt-Rohr K. Silk-Like Protein with Persistent Radicals Identified in Oyster Adhesive by Solid-State NMR. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2019; 2:2840-2852. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keith J. Fritzsching
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02453, United States
| | - Pu Duan
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02453, United States
| | | | | | - Paul Kenny
- Baruch Marine Field Laboratory, University of South Carolina, P.O. Box 1630, Georgetown, South Carolina 29442, United States
| | | | - Klaus Schmidt-Rohr
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02453, United States
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Agbaje OBA, Ben Shir I, Zax DB, Schmidt A, Jacob DE. Biomacromolecules within bivalve shells: Is chitin abundant? Acta Biomater 2018; 80:176-187. [PMID: 30217589 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Bivalve shells are inorganic-organic nanocomposites whose material properties outperform their purely inorganic mineral counterparts. Most typically the inorganic phase is a polymorph of CaCO3, while the organic phase contains biopolymers which have been presumed to be chitin and/or proteins. Identifying the biopolymer phase is therefore a crucial step in improving our understanding of design principles relevant to biominerals. In this work we study seven shells; four are examples of nacroprismatic shells (Alathyria jacksoni, Pinctada maxima, Hyriopsis cumingii and Cucumerunio novaehollandiae), one homogeneous (Arctica islandica), and two are crossed lamellar (Callista kingii, Tridacna gigas). Both intact shells, their organic extracts as isolated after decalcification in acid, and the periostracum overlay have been studied by solid-state CP-MAS NMR, FTIR, SEM and chemical analysis. In none of the shells examined in this work do we find a significant contribution to the organic fraction from chitin or its derivatives despite popular models of bivalve biomineralization which assume abundant chitin in the organic fraction of mollusk bivalve shells. In each of the nacroprismatic extracts the 13C NMR spectra represent similar proteinaceous material, Ala and Gly-rich and primarily organized as β-sheets. A different, yet highly conserved protein was found in the periostracum covering each of the three nacreous shells studied. The Arctica islandica shells with homogeneous microstructure contained proteins which do not appear to be silk-like, while in the crossed lamellar shells we extracted too little organic matter to characterize. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Hydrophobic macromolecules are structural components within the calcareous inorganic matrix of bivalve shells and are responsible for enhanced materials properties of the biominerals. Prevalent models suggest that chitin is such major hydrophobic component. Contrary to that we show that chitin is rare within the hydrophobic biopolymers which primarily consist of proteinaceous matter with structural motifs as silk-like β-sheets, or others yet to be determined. Recognizing that diverse proteinaceous motifs, devoid of abundant chitin, can yield the optimized mechanical properties of bivalve shells is critical both to understand the mechanistic pathways by which they regulate biomineralization and for the design of novel bioinspired materials.
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TGF beta receptor II interacting protein-1, an intracellular protein has an extracellular role as a modulator of matrix mineralization. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37885. [PMID: 27883077 PMCID: PMC5121659 DOI: 10.1038/srep37885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta receptor II interacting protein 1 (TRIP-1), a predominantly intracellular protein is localized in the ECM of bone. TRIP-1 lacks a signal peptide, therefore, in this study, we provide evidence that intracellular TRIP-1 can be packaged and exported to the ECM via exosomes. Overexpression of TRIP-1 in MC3T3-E1 cells resulted in increased matrix mineralization during differentiation and knockdown resulted in reduced effects. In vivo function of TRIP-1 was studied by an implantation assay performed using TRIP-1 overexpressing and knockdown cells cultured in a 3-dimmensional scaffold. After 4 weeks, the subcutaneous tissues from TRIP-1 overexpressing cells showed higher calcium and phosphate deposits, arranged collagen fibrils and increased expression of Runx2 and alkaline phosphatase. Nucleation studies on demineralized and deproteinized dentin wafer is a powerful tool to determine the functional role of noncollagenous proteins in matrix mineralization. Using this system, we provide evidence that TRIP-1 binds to Type-I collagen and can promote mineralization. Surface plasmon resonance analysis demonstrated that TRIP-1 binds to collagen with KD = 48 μM. SEM and TEM analysis showed that TRIP-1 promoted the nucleation and growth of calcium phosphate mineral aggregates. Taken together, we provide mechanistic insights of this intracellular protein in matrix mineralization.
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Dorozhkin SV. Calcium orthophosphates (CaPO 4): occurrence and properties. Prog Biomater 2015; 5:9-70. [PMID: 27471662 PMCID: PMC4943586 DOI: 10.1007/s40204-015-0045-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The present overview is intended to point the readers' attention to the important subject of calcium orthophosphates (CaPO4). This type of materials is of the special significance for the human beings because they represent the inorganic part of major normal (bones, teeth and antlers) and pathological (i.e., those appearing due to various diseases) calcified tissues of mammals. For example, atherosclerosis results in blood vessel blockage caused by a solid composite of cholesterol with CaPO4, while dental caries and osteoporosis mean a partial decalcification of teeth and bones, respectively, that results in replacement of a less soluble and harder biological apatite by more soluble and softer calcium hydrogenorthophosphates. Therefore, the processes of both normal and pathological calcifications are just an in vivo crystallization of CaPO4. Similarly, dental caries and osteoporosis might be considered as in vivo dissolution of CaPO4. In addition, natural CaPO4 are the major source of phosphorus, which is used to produce agricultural fertilizers, detergents and various phosphorus-containing chemicals. Thus, there is a great significance of CaPO4 for the humankind and, in this paper, an overview on the current knowledge on this subject is provided.
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Bonhomme C, Gervais C, Laurencin D. Recent NMR developments applied to organic-inorganic materials. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2014; 77:1-48. [PMID: 24411829 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this contribution, the latest developments in solid state NMR are presented in the field of organic-inorganic (O/I) materials (or hybrid materials). Such materials involve mineral and organic (including polymeric and biological) components, and can exhibit complex O/I interfaces. Hybrids are currently a major topic of research in nanoscience, and solid state NMR is obviously a pertinent spectroscopic tool of investigation. Its versatility allows the detailed description of the structure and texture of such complex materials. The article is divided in two main parts: in the first one, recent NMR methodological/instrumental developments are presented in connection with hybrid materials. In the second part, an exhaustive overview of the major classes of O/I materials and their NMR characterization is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bonhomme
- Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, UMR CNRS 7574, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 06, Collège de France, 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France.
| | - Christel Gervais
- Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, UMR CNRS 7574, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 06, Collège de France, 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Danielle Laurencin
- Institut Charles Gerhardt de Montpellier, UMR5253, CNRS UM2 UM1 ENSCM, CC1701, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
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Reid DG, Mason MJ, Chan BKK, Duer MJ. Characterization of the phosphatic mineral of the barnacle Ibla cumingi at atomic level by solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance: comparison with other phosphatic biominerals. J R Soc Interface 2012; 9:1510-6. [PMID: 22298816 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2011.0895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ibliform barnacles are among the few invertebrate animals harnessing calcium phosphate to construct hard tissue. The (31)P solid-state NMR (SSNMR) signal from the shell plates of Ibla cumingi (Iblidae) is broader than that of bone, and shifted by ca 1 ppm to low frequency. (1)H-(31)P heteronuclear correlation (HETCOR) experiments show a continuum of different phosphorus/phosphate atomic environments, close to hydrogen populations with resonance frequencies between ca 10 and 20 ppm. Associated (1)H and (31)P chemical shifts argue the coexistence of weakly (high (31)P frequency, low (1)H frequency) to more strongly (lower (31)P frequency, higher (1)H frequency) hydrogen-bonded hydrogen phosphate-like molecular/ionic species. There is no resolved signal from discrete OH(-) ions. (13)C SSNMR shows chitin, protein and other organic biomolecules but, unlike bone, there are no significant atomic scale organic matrix-mineral contacts. The poorly ordered hydrogen phosphate-like iblid mineral is strikingly different, structurally and compositionally, from both vertebrate bone mineral and the more crystalline fluoroapatite of the linguliform brachiopods. It probably represents a previously poorly characterized calcium phosphate biomineral, the evolution of which may have reflected either the chemical conditions of ancestral seas or the mechanical advantages of phosphatic biomineralization over a calcium carbonate equivalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Reid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
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