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Analysis of the response of the cell membrane of Saccharomyces cerevisiae during the detoxification of common lignocellulosic inhibitors. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6853. [PMID: 33767301 PMCID: PMC7994549 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86135-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Gaining an in-depth understanding of the response of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to the different inhibitors generated during the pretreatment of lignocellulosic material is driving the development of new strains with higher inhibitor tolerances. The objective of this study is to assess, using flow cytometry, how three common inhibitors (vanillin, furfural, and acetic acid) affect the membrane potential, the membrane permeability and the concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during the different fermentations. The membrane potential decreased during the detoxification phase and reflected on the different mechanisms of the toxicity of the inhibitors. While vanillin and furfural caused a metabolic inhibition and a gradual depolarization, acetic acid toxicity was related to fast acidification of the cytosol, causing an immediate depolarization. In the absence of acetic acid, ethanol increased membrane permeability, indicating a possible acquired tolerance to ethanol due to an adaptive response to acetic acid. The intracellular ROS concentration also increased in the presence of the inhibitors, indicating oxidative stress. Measuring these features with flow cytometry allows a real-time assessment of the stress of a cell culture, which can be used in the development of new yeast strains and to design new propagation strategies to pre-adapt the cell cultures to the inhibitors.
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Motey GA, Johansen PG, Owusu-Kwarteng J, Ofori LA, Obiri-Danso K, Siegumfeldt H, Larsen N, Jespersen L. Probiotic potential of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Kluyveromyces marxianus isolated from West African spontaneously fermented cereal and milk products. Yeast 2020; 37:403-412. [PMID: 32678933 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The yeast species Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Kluyveromyces marxianus are associated with fermentation of West African indigenous foods. The aim of this study was to characterize potential probiotic properties of S. cerevisiae and K. marxianus isolates from the West African milk products lait caillé and nunu and a cereal-based product mawè. The strains (14 in total) were identified by 26S rRNA gene sequencing and characterized for survival at gastrointestinal stress (bile salts and low pH) and adhesion to Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells. Selected yeast isolates were tested for their effect on the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), using the intestinal epithelial cell line Caco-2 and for maintenance of intracellular pH (pHi ) during perfusion with gastrointestinal pH (3.5 and 6.5). All tested yeasts were able to grow in bile salts in a strain-dependent manner, exhibiting a maximum specific growth rate (μmax ) of 0.58-1.50 h-1 . At pH 2.5, slow growth was observed for the isolates from mawè (μmax of 0.06-0.80 h-1 ), whereas growth of yeasts from other sources was mostly inhibited. Yeast adhesion to Caco-2 cells was strain specific and varied between 8.0% and 36.2%. Selected strains of S. cerevisiae and K. marxianus were able to maintain the pHi homeostasis at gastrointestinal pH and to increase TEER across the Caco-2 monolayers, indicating their potential to improve intestinal barrier functions. Based on overall results, strains of K. marxianus and S. cerevisiae from mawè exhibited the highest probiotic potential and might be recommended for further development as starter cultures in West African fermented products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Adzo Motey
- Department of Applied Biology, University for Development Studies, Navrongo, Ghana
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | | | - James Owusu-Kwarteng
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Energy and Natural Resources, Sunyani, Ghana
| | - Linda Aurelia Ofori
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Kwasi Obiri-Danso
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Henrik Siegumfeldt
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Nadja Larsen
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Lene Jespersen
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Saldi S, Driscoll D, Kuksin D, Chan LLY. Image-Based Cytometric Analysis of Fluorescent Viability and Vitality Staining Methods for Ale and Lager Fermentation Yeast. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1094/asbcj-2014-1015-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Saldi
- Department of Technology R&D, Nexcelom Bioscience LLC., Lawrence, MA 01843
| | - Dan Driscoll
- Avery Brewing Company, 5763 Arapahoe Ave. Ste. E, Boulder, CO 80303
| | - Dmitry Kuksin
- Department of Technology R&D, Nexcelom Bioscience LLC., Lawrence, MA 01843
| | - Leo Li-Ying Chan
- Department of Technology R&D, Nexcelom Bioscience LLC., Lawrence, MA 01843
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Rosenthal K, Oehling V, Dusny C, Schmid A. Beyond the bulk: disclosing the life of single microbial cells. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2017; 41:751-780. [PMID: 29029257 PMCID: PMC5812503 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fux044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial single cell analysis has led to discoveries that are beyond what can be resolved with population-based studies. It provides a pristine view of the mechanisms that organize cellular physiology, unbiased by population heterogeneity or uncontrollable environmental impacts. A holistic description of cellular functions at the single cell level requires analytical concepts beyond the miniaturization of existing technologies, defined but uncontrolled by the biological system itself. This review provides an overview of the latest advances in single cell technologies and demonstrates their potential. Opportunities and limitations of single cell microbiology are discussed using selected application-related examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Rosenthal
- Department Solar Materials, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany
- Laboratory of Chemical Biotechnology, Department of Biochemical & Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Verena Oehling
- Department Solar Materials, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany
- Laboratory of Chemical Biotechnology, Department of Biochemical & Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Christian Dusny
- Department Solar Materials, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Schmid
- Department Solar Materials, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany
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Fossati E, Narcross L, Ekins A, Falgueyret JP, Martin VJJ. Synthesis of Morphinan Alkaloids in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124459. [PMID: 25905794 PMCID: PMC4408053 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphinan alkaloids are the most powerful narcotic analgesics currently used to treat moderate to severe and chronic pain. The feasibility of morphinan synthesis in recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae starting from the precursor (R,S)-norlaudanosoline was investigated. Chiral analysis of the reticuline produced by the expression of opium poppy methyltransferases showed strict enantioselectivity for (S)-reticuline starting from (R,S)-norlaudanosoline. In addition, the P. somniferum enzymes salutaridine synthase (PsSAS), salutaridine reductase (PsSAR) and salutaridinol acetyltransferase (PsSAT) were functionally co-expressed in S. cerevisiae and optimization of the pH conditions allowed for productive spontaneous rearrangement of salutaridinol-7-O-acetate and synthesis of thebaine from (R)-reticuline. Finally, we reconstituted a 7-gene pathway for the production of codeine and morphine from (R)-reticuline. Yeast cell feeding assays using (R)-reticuline, salutaridine or codeine as substrates showed that all enzymes were functionally co-expressed in yeast and that activity of salutaridine reductase and codeine-O-demethylase likely limit flux to morphine synthesis. The results of this study describe a significant advance for the synthesis of morphinans in S. cerevisiae and pave the way for their complete synthesis in recombinant microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Fossati
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Lauren Narcross
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Andrew Ekins
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Falgueyret
- Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Vincent J. J. Martin
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Valkonen M, Penttilä M, Benčina M. Intracellular pH responses in the industrially important fungus Trichoderma reesei. Fungal Genet Biol 2014; 70:86-93. [PMID: 25046860 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Preserving an optimal intracellular pH is critical for cell fitness and productivity. The pH homeostasis of the industrially important filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei (Hypocrea jecorina) is largely unexplored. We analyzed the impact of growth conditions on regulation of intracellular pH of the strain Rut-C30 and the strain M106 derived from the Rut-C30 that accumulates L-galactonic acid-from provided galacturonic acid-as a consequence of L-galactonate dehydratase deletion. For live-cell measurements of intracellular pH, we used the genetically encoded ratiometric pH-sensitive fluorescent protein RaVC. Glucose and lactose, used as carbon sources, had specific effects on intracellular pH of T. reesei. The growth in lactose-containing medium extensively acidified cytosol, while intracellular pH of hyphae cultured in a medium with glucose remained at a higher level. The strain M106 maintained higher intracellular pH in the presence of D-galacturonic acid than its parental strain Rut-C30. Acidic external pH caused significant acidification of cytosol. Altogether, the pH homeostasis of T. reesei Rut-C30 strain is sensitive to extracellular pH and the degree of acidification depends on carbon source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Valkonen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo, Finland.
| | - Merja Penttilä
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo, Finland
| | - Mojca Benčina
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Centre of Excellence EN-FIST, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Walker ME, Nguyen TD, Liccioli T, Schmid F, Kalatzis N, Sundstrom JF, Gardner JM, Jiranek V. Genome-wide identification of the Fermentome; genes required for successful and timely completion of wine-like fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:552. [PMID: 24993029 PMCID: PMC4099481 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Wine fermentation is a harsh ecological niche to which wine yeast are well adapted. The initial high osmotic pressure and acidity of grape juice is followed by nutrient depletion and increasing concentrations of ethanol as the fermentation progresses. Yeast’s adaptation to these and many other environmental stresses, enables successful completion of high-sugar fermentations. Earlier transcriptomic and growth studies have tentatively identified genes important for high-sugar fermentation. Whilst useful, such studies did not consider extended growth (>5 days) in a temporally dynamic multi-stressor environment such as that found in many industrial fermentation processes. Here, we identify genes whose deletion has minimal or no effect on growth, but results in failure to achieve timely completion of the fermentation of a chemically defined grape juice with 200 g L−1 total sugar. Results Micro- and laboratory-scale experimental fermentations were conducted to identify 72 clones from ~5,100 homozygous diploid single-gene yeast deletants, which exhibited protracted fermentation in a high-sugar medium. Another 21 clones (related by gene function, but initially eliminated from the screen because of possible growth defects) were also included. Clustering and numerical enrichment of genes annotated to specific Gene Ontology (GO) terms highlighted the vacuole’s role in ion homeostasis and pH regulation, through vacuole acidification. Conclusion We have identified 93 genes whose deletion resulted in the duration of fermentation being at least 20% longer than the wild type. An extreme phenotype, ‘stuck’ fermentation, was also observed when DOA4, NPT1, PLC1, PTK2, SIN3, SSQ1, TPS1, TPS2 or ZAP1 were deleted. These 93 Fermentation Essential Genes (FEG) are required to complete an extended high-sugar (wine-like) fermentation. Their importance is highlighted in our Fermentation Relevant Yeast Genes (FRYG) database, generated from literature and the fermentation-relevant phenotypic characteristics of null mutants described in the Saccharomyces Genome Database. The 93-gene set is collectively referred to as the ‘Fermentome’. The fact that 10 genes highlighted in this study have not previously been linked to fermentation-related stresses, supports our experimental rationale. These findings, together with investigations of the genetic diversity of industrial strains, are crucial for understanding the mechanisms behind yeast’s response and adaptation to stresses imposed during high-sugar fermentations. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-552) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Vladimir Jiranek
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia.
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Yu KK, Li K, Hou JT, Qin HH, Xie YM, Qian CH, Yu XQ. Rhodamine-based lysosome-targeted fluorescence probes: high pH sensitivity and their imaging application in living cells. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra05215c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Two rhodamine-based pH probes were synthesized via the click reaction. Cell imaging experiments demonstrated RhPA was a good lysosome targeting probe in living cells with low cytotoxicity and excellent photostability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang-Kang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Kun Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Ji-Ting Hou
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Hui-Huan Qin
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Mei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy
- West China Hospital
- West China Medical School
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chen-Hui Qian
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Qi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu, P. R. China
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Noninvasive high-throughput single-cell analysis of the intracellular pH of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by ratiometric flow cytometry. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:7179-87. [PMID: 24038689 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02515-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of cells to maintain pH homeostasis in response to environmental changes has elicited interest in basic and applied research and has prompted the development of methods for intracellular pH measurements. Many traditional methods provide information at population level and thus the average values of the studied cell physiological phenomena, excluding the fact that cell cultures are very heterogeneous. Single-cell analysis, on the other hand, offers more detailed insight into population variability, thereby facilitating a considerably deeper understanding of cell physiology. Although microscopy methods can address this issue, they suffer from limitations in terms of the small number of individual cells that can be studied and complicated image processing. We developed a noninvasive high-throughput method that employs flow cytometry to analyze large populations of cells that express pHluorin, a genetically encoded ratiometric fluorescent probe that is sensitive to pH. The method described here enables measurement of the intracellular pH of single cells with high sensitivity and speed, which is a clear improvement compared to previously published methods that either require pretreatment of the cells, measure cell populations, or require complex data analysis. The ratios of fluorescence intensities, which correlate to the intracellular pH, are independent of the expression levels of the pH probe, making the use of transiently or extrachromosomally expressed probes possible. We conducted an experiment on the kinetics of the pH homeostasis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cultures grown to a stationary phase after ethanol or glucose addition and after exposure to weak acid stress and glucose pulse. Minor populations with pH homeostasis behaving differently upon treatments were identified.
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Ullah A, Lopes MI, Brul S, Smits GJ. Intracellular pH homeostasis in Candida glabrata in infection-associated conditions. Microbiology (Reading) 2013; 159:803-813. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.063610-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Azmat Ullah
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbial Food Safety, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Inês Lopes
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbial Food Safety, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stanley Brul
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbial Food Safety, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gertien J. Smits
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbial Food Safety, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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