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Koukouviti E, Soulis D, Economou A, Kokkinos C. Wooden Tongue Depressor Multiplex Saliva Biosensor Fabricated via Diode Laser Engraving. Anal Chem 2023; 95:6765-6768. [PMID: 37079776 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c01211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Since wood is a renewable, biodegradable naturally occurring material, the development of conductive patterns on wood substrates is a new and innovative chapter in sustainable electronics and sensors. Herein, we describe the first wooden (bio)sensing device fabricated via diode laser-induced graphitization. For this purpose, a wooden tongue depressor (WTD) is laser-treated and converted to an electrochemical multiplex biosensing device for oral fluid analysis. A low-cost laser engraver, equipped with a low-power (0.5 W) diode laser, programmably irradiates the surface of the WTD, forming two mini electrochemical cells (e-cells). The two e-cells consist of four graphite electrodes: two working electrodes, a common counter, and a common reference electrode. The two e-cells are spatially separated via programmable pen-plotting, using a commercial hydrophobic marker pen. Proof-of-principle for biosensing is demonstrated for the simultaneous determination of glucose and nitrite in artificial saliva. This wooden electrochemical biodevice is an easy-to-fabricate disposable point-of-care chip with a wide scope of applicability to other bioassays, while it paves the way for the low-cost and straightforward production of wooden electrochemical platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Koukouviti
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, 157 71, Greece
| | - Dionysios Soulis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, 157 71, Greece
| | - Anastasios Economou
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, 157 71, Greece
| | - Christos Kokkinos
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, 157 71, Greece
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Schubert M, Panzarasa G, Burgert I. Sustainability in Wood Products: A New Perspective for Handling Natural Diversity. Chem Rev 2023; 123:1889-1924. [PMID: 36535040 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Wood is a renewable resource with excellent qualities and the potential to become a key element of a future bioeconomy. The increasing environmental awareness and drive to achieve sustainability is leading to a resurgence of research on wood materials. Nevertheless, the global climate changes and associated consequences will soon challenge the wood-value chains in several regions (e.g., central Europe). To cope with these challenges, it is necessary to rethink the current practice of wood sourcing and transformation. The goal of this review is to address the intrinsic natural diversity of wood, from its origin to its technological consequences for the present and future manufacturing of wood products. So far, industrial processes have been optimized to repress the variability of wood properties, enabling more efficient processing and production of reliable products. However, the need to preserve biodiversity and the impact of climate change on forests call for new wood processing techniques and green chemistry protocols for wood modification as enabling factors necessary for managing a more diverse wood provision in the future. This article discusses the past developments that have resulted in the current wood value chains and provides a perspective about how natural variability could be turned into an asset for making truly sustainable wood products. After briefly introducing the chemical and structural complexity of wood, the methods conventionally adopted for industrial homogenization and modification of wood are discussed in relation to their evolution toward increased sustainability. Finally, a perspective is given on technological potentials of machine learning techniques and of novel functional wood materials. Here the main message is that through a combination of sustainable forestry, adherence to green chemistry principles and adapted processes based on machine learning, the wood industry could not only overcome current challenges but also thrive in the near future despite the awaiting challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Schubert
- WoodTec Group, Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Guido Panzarasa
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ingo Burgert
- WoodTec Group, Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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Tschannen C, Shalbafan A, Thoemen H. Development of an Electrically Conductive MDF Panel-Evaluation of Carbon Content and Resin Type. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15040912. [PMID: 36850197 PMCID: PMC9960823 DOI: 10.3390/polym15040912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Electronics in furniture and construction materials, in particular technologies which allow for a flexible and cable-free connection of electronics in such materials, are gaining broader interest. This study shows a further development of a concept to obtain highly conductive medium-density fibreboard panels (MDF) for furniture application. MDF were produced using two mixing processes (wet and dry) for wood and carbon fibres to investigate the effects of resin type (urea formaldehyde (UF) and polymeric methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (pMDI)) and carbon fibre content on their mechanical, physical, and electrical properties. Overall, wet mixed fibres showed better electrical but reduced mechanical properties. Modulus of elasticity (MOE) and bending strength (MOR) values of 3500 MPa and 35 MPa, respectively, and internal bond (IB) values of 0.45 to 0.65 MPa with electrical conductivities of up to 230 S/m were achieved. The technology has been successfully implemented in a demonstration object showing the application in a small piece of furniture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christof Tschannen
- Institute for Materials and Wood Technology, Bern University of Applied Sciences (BFH), CH-2500 Biel, Switzerland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-32-344-02-62
| | - Ali Shalbafan
- Department of Wood and Paper Science and Technology, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor P.O. Box 46414-356, Iran
| | - Heiko Thoemen
- Institute for Materials and Wood Technology, Bern University of Applied Sciences (BFH), CH-2500 Biel, Switzerland
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Sustainable wood electronics by iron-catalyzed laser-induced graphitization for large-scale applications. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3680. [PMID: 35760793 PMCID: PMC9237073 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31283-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecologically friendly wood electronics will help alleviating the shortcomings of state-of-art cellulose-based “green electronics”. Here we introduce iron-catalyzed laser-induced graphitization (IC-LIG) as an innovative approach for engraving large-scale electrically conductive structures on wood with very high quality and efficiency, overcoming the limitations of conventional LIG including high ablation, thermal damages, need for multiple lasing steps, use of fire retardants and inert atmospheres. An aqueous bio-based coating, inspired by historical iron-gall ink, protects wood from laser ablation and thermal damage while promoting efficient graphitization and smoothening substrate irregularities. Large-scale (100 cm2), highly conductive (≥2500 S m−1) and homogeneous surface areas are engraved single-step in ambient atmosphere with a conventional CO2 laser, even on very thin (∼450 µm) wood veneers. We demonstrate the validity of our approach by turning wood into highly durable strain sensors, flexible electrodes, capacitive touch panels and an electroluminescent LIG-based device. Ecologically friendly wood electronics will help alleviating the shortcomings of state-of-art cellulose-based green electronics. Here, the authors introduce iron-catalyzed laser-induced graphitization (IC-LIG) as an innovative approach for engraving large-scale electrically conductive structures on wood with high quality and efficiency.
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5
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Potential of Commercial Wood-Based Materials as PCB Substrate. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15072679. [PMID: 35408011 PMCID: PMC9000880 DOI: 10.3390/ma15072679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
In our research on sustainable solutions for printed electronics, we are moving towards renewable materials in applications, which can be very challenging from the performance perspective, such as printed circuit boards (PCB). In this article, we examine the potential suitability of wood-based materials, such as cardboard and veneer, as substrate materials for biodegradable solutions instead of the commonly used glass-fiber reinforced epoxy. Our substrate materials were coated with fire retardant materials for improved fire resistance and screen printed with conductive silver ink. The print quality, electrical conductivity, fire performance and biodegradation were evaluated. It was concluded that if the PCB application allows manufacturing using screen printing instead of an etching process, there is the potential for these materials to act as substrates in, e.g., environmental analytics applications.
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Abstract
Wood modification is now widely recognized as offering enhanced properties of wood and overcoming issues such as dimensional instability and biodegradability which affect natural wood. Typical wood modification systems use chemical modification, impregnation modification or thermal modification, and these vary in the properties achieved. As control and understanding of the wood modification systems has progressed, further opportunities have arisen to add extra functionalities to the modified wood. These include UV stabilisation, fire retardancy, or enhanced suitability for paints and coatings. Thus, wood may become a multi-functional material through a series of modifications, treatments or reactions, to create a high-performance material with previously impossible properties. In this paper we review systems that combine the well-established wood modification procedures with secondary techniques or modifications to deliver emerging technologies with multi-functionality. The new applications targeted using this additional functionality are diverse and range from increased electrical conductivity, creation of sensors or responsive materials, improvement of wellbeing in the built environment, and enhanced fire and flame protection. We identified two parallel and connected themes: (1) the functionalisation of modified timber and (2) the modification of timber to provide (multi)-functionality. A wide range of nanotechnology concepts have been harnessed by this new generation of wood modifications and wood treatments. As this field is rapidly expanding, we also include within the review trends from current research in order to gauge the state of the art, and likely direction of travel of the industry.
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Hou Y, Bolat S, Bornet A, Romanyuk YE, Guo H, Moreno-García P, Zelocualtecatl Montiel I, Lai Z, Müller U, Grozovski V, Broekmann P. Photonic Curing: Activation and Stabilization of Metal Membrane Catalysts (MMCs) for the Electrochemical Reduction of CO2. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b03664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Hou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - Sami Bolat
- Laboratory of Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa—Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
| | - Aline Bornet
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - Yaroslav E. Romanyuk
- Laboratory of Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa—Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
| | - Huizhang Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, Bern 3012, Switzerland
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, Stefano-Franscini-Platz 3, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Pavel Moreno-García
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | | | - Zhiqiang Lai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - Ulrich Müller
- Nanoscale Materials Science, Empa—Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
| | - Vitali Grozovski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - Peter Broekmann
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, Bern 3012, Switzerland
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Wang M, Li R, Chen G, Zhou S, Feng X, Chen Y, He M, Liu D, Song T, Qi H. Highly Stretchable, Transparent, and Conductive Wood Fabricated by in Situ Photopolymerization with Polymerizable Deep Eutectic Solvents. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:14313-14321. [PMID: 30915834 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b00728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The rational design of high-performance, flexible, transparent, electrically conducting sensor attracts considerable attention. However, these designed devices predominantly utilize glass and plastic substrates, which are expensive and not environmentally friendly. Here, novel transparent and conductive woods (TCWs) were fabricated by using renewable wood substrates and low-cost conductive polymers. Polymerizable deep eutectic solvents (PDES), acrylic-acid (AA)/choline chloride (ChCl), were used as backfilling agents and in situ photopolymerized in the delignified wood, which endowed the materials with high transparency (transmittance of 90%), good stretchability (strain up to 80%), and high electrical conductivity (0.16 S m-1). The retained cellulose orientation and strong interactions between the cellulose-rich template and poly(PDES) endow TCWs with excellent mechanical properties. Moreover, TCWs exhibited excellent sensing behaviors to strain/touch, even at low strain. Therefore, these materials can be used to detect weak pressure such as human being's subtle bending-release activities. This work provides a new route to fabricate functional composite materials and devices which have promising potential for electronics applications in flexible displays, tactile skin sensors, and other fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , China
| | - Renai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , China
| | - Guixian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , China
| | - Shenghui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , China
| | - Xiao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , China
| | - Yian Chen
- Leibniz Inst Polymerforsch Dresden eV IPF , Dresden 01069 , Germany
| | - Minghui He
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , China
| | - Detao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , China
| | - Tao Song
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , China
| | - Haisong Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Green Fine Chemicals , Guangzhou 510640 , China
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Lah NAC, Trigueros S. Synthesis and modelling of the mechanical properties of Ag, Au and Cu nanowires. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2019; 20:225-261. [PMID: 30956731 PMCID: PMC6442207 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2019.1585145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The recent interest to nanotechnology aims not only at device miniaturisation, but also at understanding the effects of quantised structure in materials of reduced dimensions, which exhibit different properties from their bulk counterparts. In particular, quantised metal nanowires made of silver, gold or copper have attracted much attention owing to their unique intrinsic and extrinsic length-dependent mechanical properties. Here we review the current state of art and developments in these nanowires from synthesis to mechanical properties, which make them leading contenders for next-generation nanoelectromechanical systems. We also present theories of interatomic interaction in metallic nanowires, as well as challenges in their synthesis and simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Akmal Che Lah
- Innovative Manufacturing, Mechatronics and Sports Lab (iMAMS), Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Pekan, Malaysia
- CONTACT Nurul Akmal Che Lah
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Hydrophobicity and Photocatalytic Activity of a Wood Surface Coated with a Fe 3+-Doped SiO₂/TiO₂ Film. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11122594. [PMID: 30572674 PMCID: PMC6316678 DOI: 10.3390/ma11122594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A Fe3+-doped SiO₂/TiO₂ composite film (Fe3+-doped STCF) was prepared on a wood surface via a sol⁻gel method to improve its photocatalytic activity and hydrophobicity. The structure of the composite film was analyzed by Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The photocatalytic activity toward degradation of methyl orange and its hydrophobic nature were investigated. The results showed that the composite film was anatase TiO₂ crystal form, and the addition of Fe3+ ions and SiO₂ enhanced the diffraction peaks for the anatase crystal form. The photocatalytic activity of the wood coated with the composite film was enhanced. The highest degradation percentage was at 1 wt % Fe3+ (40.37%), and the degradation ability of the wood towards methyl orange solution was further improved under acidic conditions. In addition, the composite film was hydrophobic, and the hydrophobic property was enhanced as the immersion time in the sol increased. The wood surface coated with Fe3+-doped STCF exhibited strong hydrophobicity and photocatalytic activity, which could effectively prevent moisture from adhering to the surface and degrade organic pollutants; thus, the modified wood surface had good self-cleaning function.
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