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Linklater D, Vailionis A, Ryu M, Kamegaki S, Morikawa J, Mu H, Smith D, Maasoumi P, Ford R, Katkus T, Blamires S, Kondo T, Nishijima Y, Moraru D, Shribak M, O'Connor A, Ivanova EP, Ng SH, Masuda H, Juodkazis S. Structure and Optical Anisotropy of Spider Scales and Silk: The Use of Chromaticity and Azimuth Colors to Optically Characterize Complex Biological Structures. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:1894. [PMID: 37368324 DOI: 10.3390/nano13121894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we give an overview of several less explored structural and optical characterization techniques useful for biomaterials. New insights into the structure of natural fibers such as spider silk can be gained with minimal sample preparation. Electromagnetic radiation (EMR) over a broad range of wavelengths (from X-ray to THz) provides information of the structure of the material at correspondingly different length scales (nm-to-mm). When the sample features, such as the alignment of certain fibers, cannot be characterized optically, polarization analysis of the optical images can provide further information on feature alignment. The 3D complexity of biological samples necessitates that there be feature measurements and characterization over a large range of length scales. We discuss the issue of characterizing complex shapes by analysis of the link between the color and structure of spider scales and silk. For example, it is shown that the green-blue color of a spider scale is dominated by the chitin slab's Fabry-Pérot-type reflectivity rather than the surface nanostructure. The use of a chromaticity plot simplifies complex spectra and enables quantification of the apparent colors. All the experimental data presented herein are used to support the discussion on the structure-color link in the characterization of materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denver Linklater
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Melbourne University, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Arturas Vailionis
- Stanford Nano Shared Facilities, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-4088, USA
| | - Meguya Ryu
- National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 3, 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba 305-8563, Japan
| | - Shuji Kamegaki
- CREST-JST and School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Junko Morikawa
- CREST-JST and School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
- WRH Program International Research Frontiers Initiative (IRFI), Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Haoran Mu
- Optical Sciences Centre (OSC), ARC Training Centre in Surface Engineering for Advanced Materials (SEAM), School of Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia
| | - Daniel Smith
- Optical Sciences Centre (OSC), ARC Training Centre in Surface Engineering for Advanced Materials (SEAM), School of Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia
| | - Pegah Maasoumi
- Optical Sciences Centre (OSC), ARC Training Centre in Surface Engineering for Advanced Materials (SEAM), School of Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia
| | - Rohan Ford
- Optical Sciences Centre (OSC), ARC Training Centre in Surface Engineering for Advanced Materials (SEAM), School of Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia
| | - Tomas Katkus
- Optical Sciences Centre (OSC), ARC Training Centre in Surface Engineering for Advanced Materials (SEAM), School of Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia
| | - Sean Blamires
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- School of Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Toshiaki Kondo
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Aichi University of Technology, Gamagori 443-0047, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Nishijima
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Institute of Advanced Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Daniel Moraru
- Research Institute of Electronics, Shizuoka University, Johoku 3-5-1, Hamamatsu 432-8011, Japan
| | - Michael Shribak
- Marine Biological Laboratory, University of Chicago, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Andrea O'Connor
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Melbourne University, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Elena P Ivanova
- College of STEM, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Soon Hock Ng
- Optical Sciences Centre (OSC), ARC Training Centre in Surface Engineering for Advanced Materials (SEAM), School of Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia
| | - Hideki Masuda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Saulius Juodkazis
- WRH Program International Research Frontiers Initiative (IRFI), Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
- Optical Sciences Centre (OSC), ARC Training Centre in Surface Engineering for Advanced Materials (SEAM), School of Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia
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Zhong J, Song Z, Zhang L, Li X, He Q, Lu Y, Kariko S, Shaw P, Liu L, Ye F, Li L, Shuai J. Assembly of Guanine Crystals as a Low-Polarizing Broadband Multilayer Reflector in a Spider, Phoroncidia rubroargentea. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:32982-32993. [PMID: 35834638 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c09546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The diminishing of the polarization effect is important in the applications of dielectric multilayer reflectors in many optical systems, such as low-loss broadband waveguides, optical fibers, and LEDs. Low-polarizing broadband reflections were identified from birefringent-guanine-crystal-based multilayer reflectors in the skins of some fish. Previous models for these intriguing natural optical phenomena suggested the combined action of two populations of guanine crystals with an orthogonal low-refractive-index optic axis. Here we report a novel realization of polarization-insensitive broadband reflectivity in a spider, Phoroncidia rubroargentea, based solely on the type of guanine crystals with the low-refractive-index optic axis normal to the crystal plates. We examined the three-dimensional structure of the guanine assembly in the spider and performed finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) optical modeling of the guanine-based multilayer reflector. Comparative modeling studies reveal that the biological selection of the guanine crystal type and specific spatial arrangement work synergistically to optimize the polarization-insensitive broadband reflection. This study demonstrates the importance of both crystallographic characteristics and 3D arrangement of guanine crystals in understanding relevant natural optical effects and also provides new insights into similar broadband, low-polarizing reflections in biological optical systems. Learning from relevant biofunctional assembly of guanine crystals could promote the bioinspired design of nonpolarizing dielectric multilayer reflectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjin Zhong
- Department of Physics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), and Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325001, China
| | - Zhengyong Song
- Department of Electronic Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Long Zhang
- Department of Physics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Physics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Qingzu He
- Department of Physics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Yuer Lu
- Department of Physics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Sarah Kariko
- Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02318, United States
| | - Peter Shaw
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), and Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325001, China
| | - Liyu Liu
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), and Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325001, China
| | - Fangfu Ye
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), and Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325001, China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
| | - Jianwei Shuai
- Department of Physics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), and Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325001, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, and National Institute for Data Science in Health and Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
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Justyn NM, Heine KB, Hood WR, Peteya JA, Vanthournout B, Debruyn G, Shawkey MD, Weaver RJ, Hill GE. A combination of red structural and pigmentary coloration in the eyespot of a copepod. J R Soc Interface 2022; 19:20220169. [PMID: 35611618 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2022.0169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
While the specific mechanisms of colour production in biological systems are diverse, the mechanics of colour production are straightforward and universal. Colour is produced through the selective absorption of light by pigments, the scattering of light by nanostructures or a combination of both. When Tigriopus californicus copepods were fed a carotenoid-limited diet of yeast, their orange-red body coloration became faint, but their eyespots remained unexpectedly bright red. Raman spectroscopy indicated a clear signature of the red carotenoid pigment astaxanthin in eyespots; however, refractive index matching experiments showed that eyespot colour disappeared when placed in ethyl cinnamate, suggesting a structural origin for the red coloration. We used transmission electron microscopy to identify consecutive nanolayers of spherical air pockets that, when modelled as a single thin film layer, possess the correct periodicity to coherently scatter red light. We then performed microspectrophotometry to quantify eyespot coloration and confirmed a distinct colour difference between the eyespot and the body. The observed spectral reflectance from the eyespot matched the reflectance predicted from our models when considering the additional absorption by astaxanthin. Together, this evidence suggests the persistence of red eyespots in copepods is the result of a combination of structural and pigmentary coloration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M Justyn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Kyle B Heine
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Wendy R Hood
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Jennifer A Peteya
- Department of Biology and Integrated Bioscience Program, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA
| | - Bram Vanthournout
- Department of Biology, Evolution and Optics of Nanostructures Group, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gerben Debruyn
- Department of Biology, Evolution and Optics of Nanostructures Group, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Matthew D Shawkey
- Department of Biology, Evolution and Optics of Nanostructures Group, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ryan J Weaver
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Geoffrey E Hill
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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Pan X, Chi H, Luo C, Feng X, Huang Y, Zhang G. A novel metallic silvery color caused by pointillistic mixing of disordered nano-to micro-pixels of iridescent colors. RSC Adv 2022; 12:5534-5539. [PMID: 35425567 PMCID: PMC8982057 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra08573e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Rich iridescent structural colors in nature, such as peacock feathers, butterfly wings, beetle scales, and mollusc nacre, have attracted extensive attention for a long time and they generally result from the interaction between light and periodic structures. However, non-iridescent structural colors, such as silvery structural colors, have received relatively little attention, and they usually result from non-periodic structures. Here, using optical microscopy, fiber-optic spectrometry, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and laser Raman spectroscopy, we investigate the origin of a novel structural color occurring at the edge of a bivalve shell (i.e., an otter shell). We find that: (1) the structural colors are observed to be uniform metallic silvery when viewed with the naked eye; (2) they are surprisingly multicolored with various colorful pixels juxtaposed together when viewed with an optical microscope; (3) each individual pixel shows a single color originating from a periodic, multilayered organic film with definite spacing (d); and (4) different pixels vary significantly in size, shape, and color with different d values (202–387 nm). Finally, we confirm that the macroscopic silvery color results from the pointillistic mixing of nano-to microscale iridescent pixels. We also discuss the special photonic structure responsible for the silvery color. We hope that this work can not only accelerate our comprehension of photonic materials, but also provide new inspiration for the synthesis of silvery white materials. We report a new metallic silvery color caused by nano-to micro-pointillistic mixing of disordered pixels of iridescent colors, which result from a multilayer reflector.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xijin Pan
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Haoyang Chi
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Chunyi Luo
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Xin Feng
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - YongChun Huang
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Gangsheng Zhang
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
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Holmes NP, Griffith MJ, Barr MG, Nicolaidis NC, Bhatia V, Duncan M, McCarroll I, Whiting J, Dastoor PC, Cairney JM. Remote Learning Facilitated by MyScope Explore. MICROSCOPY TODAY 2021; 29:42-48. [PMID: 36511770 PMCID: PMC9728105 DOI: 10.1017/s1551929521001322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In response to the requirements imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, we developed a remote learning undergraduate workshop for 44 students at the University of Newcastle by embedding scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of Maratus (Peacock) spiders into the MyScope Explore environment. The workshop session had two main components: 1) to use the online MyScope Explore tool to virtually image scales with structural color and pigmented color on Maratus spiders; 2) to join a live SEM session via Zoom to image an actual Maratus spider. In previous years, the undergraduate university students attending this annual workshop would enter the Microscopy Facility at the University of Newcastle to image specimens with SEM; however, in 2020 the Microscopy Facility was closed to student visitors, and this virtual activity was developed in order to proceed with the educational event. The program was highly successful and constitutes a platform that can be used in the future by universities for teaching microscopy remotely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie P Holmes
- Australian Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Matthew J Griffith
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Matthew G Barr
- Centre for Organic Electronics (COE), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Nicolas C Nicolaidis
- Centre for Organic Electronics (COE), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Vijay Bhatia
- Australian Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Michael Duncan
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Ingrid McCarroll
- Australian Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Jenny Whiting
- Microscopy Australia Headquarters, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Paul C Dastoor
- Centre for Organic Electronics (COE), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Julie M Cairney
- Australian Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Microscopy Australia Headquarters, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Politi Y, Bertinetti L, Fratzl P, Barth FG. The spider cuticle: a remarkable material toolbox for functional diversity. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2021; 379:20200332. [PMID: 34334021 PMCID: PMC8326826 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2020.0332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Engineered systems are typically based on a large variety of materials differing in composition and processing to provide the desired functionality. Nature, however, has evolved materials that are used for a wide range of functional challenges with minimal compositional changes. The exoskeletal cuticle of spiders, as well as of other arthropods such as insects and crustaceans, is based on a combination of chitin, protein, water and small amounts of organic cross-linkers or minerals. Spiders use it to obtain mechanical support structures and lever systems for locomotion, protection from adverse environmental influences, tools for piercing, cutting and interlocking, auxiliary structures for the transmission and filtering of sensory information, structural colours, transparent lenses for light manipulation and more. This paper illustrates the 'design space' of a single type of composite with varying internal architecture and its remarkable capability to serve a diversity of functions. This article is part of the theme issue 'Bio-derived and bioinspired sustainable advanced materials for emerging technologies (part 1)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Politi
- B CUBE - Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Luca Bertinetti
- B CUBE - Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Peter Fratzl
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Friedrich G. Barth
- Department of Neurosciences and Developmental Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Zhang H, Ly KCS, Liu X, Chen Z, Yan M, Wu Z, Wang X, Zheng Y, Zhou H, Fan T. Biologically inspired flexible photonic films for efficient passive radiative cooling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020. [PMID: 32541048 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.200180211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Temperature is a fundamental parameter for all forms of lives. Natural evolution has resulted in organisms which have excellent thermoregulation capabilities in extreme climates. Bioinspired materials that mimic biological solution for thermoregulation have proven promising for passive radiative cooling. However, scalable production of artificial photonic radiators with complex structures, outstanding properties, high throughput, and low cost is still challenging. Herein, we design and demonstrate biologically inspired photonic materials for passive radiative cooling, after discovery of longicorn beetles' excellent thermoregulatory function with their dual-scale fluffs. The natural fluffs exhibit a finely structured triangular cross-section with two thermoregulatory effects which effectively reflects sunlight and emits thermal radiation, thereby decreasing the beetles' body temperature. Inspired by the finding, a photonic film consisting of a micropyramid-arrayed polymer matrix with random ceramic particles is fabricated with high throughput. The film reflects ∼95% of solar irradiance and exhibits an infrared emissivity >0.96. The effective cooling power is found to be ∼90.8 W⋅m-2 and a temperature decrease of up to 5.1 °C is recorded under direct sunlight. Additionally, the film exhibits hydrophobicity, superior flexibility, and strong mechanical strength, which is promising for thermal management in various electronic devices and wearable products. Our work paves the way for designing and fabrication of high-performance thermal regulation materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - Kally C S Ly
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - Xianghui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - Zhihan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science & Engineering Program, Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - Max Yan
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Engineering Sciences, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 16440 Kista, Sweden
| | - Zilong Wu
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science & Engineering Program, Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - Yuebing Zheng
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science & Engineering Program, Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - Han Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China;
| | - Tongxiang Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China;
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Biologically inspired flexible photonic films for efficient passive radiative cooling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:14657-14666. [PMID: 32541048 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2001802117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Temperature is a fundamental parameter for all forms of lives. Natural evolution has resulted in organisms which have excellent thermoregulation capabilities in extreme climates. Bioinspired materials that mimic biological solution for thermoregulation have proven promising for passive radiative cooling. However, scalable production of artificial photonic radiators with complex structures, outstanding properties, high throughput, and low cost is still challenging. Herein, we design and demonstrate biologically inspired photonic materials for passive radiative cooling, after discovery of longicorn beetles' excellent thermoregulatory function with their dual-scale fluffs. The natural fluffs exhibit a finely structured triangular cross-section with two thermoregulatory effects which effectively reflects sunlight and emits thermal radiation, thereby decreasing the beetles' body temperature. Inspired by the finding, a photonic film consisting of a micropyramid-arrayed polymer matrix with random ceramic particles is fabricated with high throughput. The film reflects ∼95% of solar irradiance and exhibits an infrared emissivity >0.96. The effective cooling power is found to be ∼90.8 W⋅m-2 and a temperature decrease of up to 5.1 °C is recorded under direct sunlight. Additionally, the film exhibits hydrophobicity, superior flexibility, and strong mechanical strength, which is promising for thermal management in various electronic devices and wearable products. Our work paves the way for designing and fabrication of high-performance thermal regulation materials.
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9
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Cabra-García J, Hormiga G. Exploring the impact of morphology, multiple sequence alignment and choice of optimality criteria in phylogenetic inference: a case study with the Neotropical orb-weaving spider genus Wagneriana (Araneae: Araneidae). Zool J Linn Soc 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
We present a total evidence phylogenetic analysis of the Neotropical orb-weaving spider genus Wagneriana and discuss the phylogenetic impacts of methodological choices. We analysed 167 phenotypic characters and nine loci scored for 115 Wagneriana and outgroups, including 46 newly sequenced species. We compared total evidence analyses and molecular-only analyses to evaluate the impact of phenotypic evidence, and we performed analyses using the programs POY, TNT, RAxML, GARLI, IQ-TREE and MrBayes to evaluate the effects of multiple sequence alignment and optimality criteria. In all analyses, Wagneriana carimagua and Wagneriana uropygialis were nested in the genera Parawixia and Alpaida, respectively, and the remaining species of Wagneriana fell into three main clades, none of which formed a pair of sister taxa. However, sister-group relationships among the main clades and their internal relationships were strongly influenced by methodological choices. Alignment methods had comparable topological effects to those of optimality criteria in terms of ‘subtree pruning and regrafting’ moves. The inclusion of phenotypic evidence, 2.80–3.05% of the total evidence matrices, increased support irrespective of the optimality criterion used. The monophyly of some groups was recovered only after the addition of morphological characters. A new araneid genus, Popperaneus gen. nov., is erected, and Paraverrucosa is resurrected. Four new synonymies and seven new combinations are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy Cabra-García
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad del Valle, Cali, AA, Colombia
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Hormiga
- The George Washington University, Department of Biological Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
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Xie D, Yang Z, Liu X, Cui S, Zhou H, Fan T. Broadband omnidirectional light reflection and radiative heat dissipation in white beetles Goliathus goliatus. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:4294-4300. [PMID: 31095159 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm00566h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Structural whiteness, stemming from biologically evolutionarily refined structures, provides inspiration for designing promising, reflectance-based materials. White beetles Goliathus goliatus, which can survive in high-temperature-equatorial forests, may suggest undiscovered new physical mechanisms for thermoregulation. Their scales' whiteness is created by the exquisite shell/hollow cylinder structure with two thermoregulatory effects, contributing to a lower equilibrium temperature of elytra under direct sunlight. In the visible regime, they enhance the broadband omnidirectional reflection significantly by synergetic structural effects originating from the thin-film interference, Mie resonance and total reflection. In the mid-infrared (MIR) regime, white scales act as antireflective layers to increase the emissivity in the MIR range, enabling the elytra to reradiate heat to the environment and help the beetles reduce their temperature by as much as ∼7.8 °C in air. These biological strategies for thermoregulation could provide new approaches for bioinspired coatings towards passive radiative cooling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dajie Xie
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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