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Li X, Wu Z, Li B, Xing Y, Huang P, Liu L. Selaginella lepidophylla-Inspired Multi-Stimulus Cooperative Control MXene-Based Flexible Actuator. Soft Robot 2023; 10:861-872. [PMID: 37335927 DOI: 10.1089/soro.2022.0140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Predictable bending deformation, high cycle stability, and multimode complex motion have always been the goals pursued in the field of flexible robots. In this study, inspired by the delicate structure and humidity response characteristics of Selaginella lepidophylla, a new multilevel assisted assembly strategy was developed to construct MXene-CoFe2O4 (MXCFO) flexible actuators with different concentration gradients, to achieve predictable bending deformation and multi-stimulus cooperative control of the actuators, revealing the intrinsic link between the gradient change and the bending deformation ability of the actuator. The thickness of the actuator shows uniformity compared with the common layer-by-layer assembly strategy. And, the bionic gradient structured actuator shows high cycle stability, and it maintains excellent interlayer bonding after bending 100 times. The flexible robots designed based on the predictable bending deformation and the multi-stimulus cooperative response characteristics of the actuator initially realize conceptual models of humidity monitoring, climbing, grasping, cargo transportation, and drug delivery. The designed bionic gradient structure and unbound multi-stimulus cooperative control strategy may show great potential in the design and development of robots in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ze Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingjue Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Youqiang Xing
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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Sousa-Baena MS, Onyenedum JG. Bouncing back stronger: Diversity, structure, and molecular regulation of gelatinous fiber development. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 67:102198. [PMID: 35286861 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Gelatinous fibers (G-fibers) are specialized contractile cells found in a diversity of vascular plant tissues, where they provide mechanical support and/or facilitate plant mobility. G-fibers are distinct from typical fibers by the presence of an innermost thickened G-layer, comprised mainly of axially oriented cellulose microfibrils. Despite the disparate developmental origins-tension wood fibers from the vascular cambium or primary phloem fibers from the procambium-G-fiber development, composition, and molecular signatures are remarkably similar; however, important distinctions do exist. Here, we synthesize current knowledge of the phylogenetic diversity, compositional makeup, and the molecular profiles that characterize G-fiber development and highlight open questions for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariane S Sousa-Baena
- School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Section of Plant Biology and the L.H. Bailey Hortorium, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - Joyce G Onyenedum
- School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Section of Plant Biology and the L.H. Bailey Hortorium, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Exploring the High Variability of Vegetative Desiccation Tolerance in Pteridophytes. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11091222. [PMID: 35567223 PMCID: PMC9103120 DOI: 10.3390/plants11091222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the context of plant evolution, pteridophytes, which is comprised of lycophytes and ferns, occupy an intermediate position between bryophytes and seed plants, sharing characteristics with both groups. Pteridophytes is a highly diverse group of plant species that occupy a wide range of habitats including ecosystems with extreme climatic conditions. There is a significant number of pteridophytes that can tolerate desiccation by temporarily arresting their metabolism in the dry state and reactivating it upon rehydration. Desiccation-tolerant pteridophytes exhibit a strategy that appears to be intermediate between the constitutive and inducible desiccation tolerance (DT) mechanisms observed in bryophytes and angiosperms, respectively. In this review, we first describe the incidence and anatomical diversity of desiccation-tolerant pteridophytes and discuss recent advances on the origin of DT in vascular plants. Then, we summarize the highly diverse adaptations and mechanisms exhibited by this group and describe how some of these plants could exhibit tolerance to multiple types of abiotic stress. Research on the evolution and regulation of DT in different lineages is crucial to understand how plants have adapted to extreme environments. Thus, in the current scenario of climate change, the knowledge of the whole landscape of DT strategies is of vital importance as a potential basis to improve plant abiotic stress tolerance.
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Chery JG, Glos RAE, Anderson CT. Do woody vines use gelatinous fibers to climb? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:126-131. [PMID: 34160082 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Many plant movements are facilitated by contractile cells called gelatinous fibers (G-fibers), but how G-fibers function in the climbing movements of woody vines remains underexplored. In this Insight, we compare the presence and distribution of G-fibers in the stems of stem-twiners, which wrap around supports, with non-stem-twiners, which attach to supports via tendrils or adventitious roots. An examination of 164 species spanning the vascular plant phylogeny reveals that G-fibers are common in stem-twiners but scarce in non-stem-twiners, suggesting that G-fibers are preferentially formed in the organ responsible for movement. When present, G-fibers are in the xylem, phloem, pericycle, and/or cortex. We discuss the hypothesis that G-fibers are foundational to plant movement and highlight research opportunities concerning G-fiber development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce G Chery
- School of Integrative Plant Sciences and L.H. Bailey Hortorium, Section of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Rosemary A E Glos
- School of Integrative Plant Sciences and L.H. Bailey Hortorium, Section of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Charles T Anderson
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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Neeragunda Shivaraj Y, Plancot B, Ramdani Y, Gügi B, Kambalagere Y, Jogaiah S, Driouich A, Ramasandra Govind S. Physiological and biochemical responses involved in vegetative desiccation tolerance of resurrection plant Selaginella brachystachya. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:135. [PMID: 33680700 PMCID: PMC7897589 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02667-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The vegetative desiccation tolerance of Selaginella brachystachya has been evaluated for its ability to revive from a desiccation (air dry) state and start normal functioning when rehydrated. In this study, S. brachystachya was identified by DNA barcoding. Experiments were conducted using the detached hydrated, desiccated and rehydrated fronds under laboratory conditions to understand the mechanism of revival upon the water availability. Scanning Electron Microscope images during desiccation showed closed stomata and inside curled leaves. Chlorophyll concentration decreased by 1.1 fold in desiccated state and recovered completely upon rehydration. However, the total carotenoid content decreased 4.5 fold while the anthocyanin concentration increased 5.98 fold and the CO2 exchange rate became negative during desiccation. Lipid peroxidation and superoxide radical production were enhanced during desiccation by 68.32 and 73.4%, respectively. Relative electrolyte leakage was found to be minimal during desiccation. Activities of antioxidant enzymes, namely peroxidase (158.33%), glutathione reductase (107.70%), catalase (92.95%) and superoxide dismutase (184.70%) were found to be higher in the desiccated state. The proline concentration increased by 1.4 fold, starch concentration decreased 3.9 fold and sucrose content increased 2.8 fold during desiccation. Upon rehydration, S. brachystachya recovered its original morphology, physiological and biochemical functions. Our results demonstrate that S. brachystachya minimizes desiccation stress through a range of morphological, physiological and biochemical mechanisms. These results provide useful insights into desiccation tolerance mechanisms for potential utilization in enhancing stress tolerance in crop plants. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-021-02667-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yathisha Neeragunda Shivaraj
- Department of Studies and Research in Environmental Science, Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta, Shimoga 577451 India
- Department of Studies and Research in Biotechnology and Microbiology, Tumkur University, Tumakuru, 57210 India
| | - Barbara Plancot
- Laboratoire de Glycobiologie Et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, Université de Rouen, 76000 Rouen, Normandie France
- Fédération de Recherche “Normandie-Végétal”-FED 4277, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Yasmina Ramdani
- Laboratoire de Glycobiologie Et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, Université de Rouen, 76000 Rouen, Normandie France
- Fédération de Recherche “Normandie-Végétal”-FED 4277, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Bruno Gügi
- Laboratoire de Glycobiologie Et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, Université de Rouen, 76000 Rouen, Normandie France
- Fédération de Recherche “Normandie-Végétal”-FED 4277, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Yogendra Kambalagere
- Department of Studies and Research in Environmental Science, Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta, Shimoga 577451 India
| | - Sudisha Jogaiah
- Department of Studies and Research in Biotechnology and Microbiology, Karnataka University, Dharwad, India
| | - Azeddine Driouich
- Laboratoire de Glycobiologie Et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, Université de Rouen, 76000 Rouen, Normandie France
- Fédération de Recherche “Normandie-Végétal”-FED 4277, 76000 Rouen, France
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Alejo-Jacuinde G, González-Morales SI, Oropeza-Aburto A, Simpson J, Herrera-Estrella L. Comparative transcriptome analysis suggests convergent evolution of desiccation tolerance in Selaginella species. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:468. [PMID: 33046015 PMCID: PMC7549206 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02638-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Desiccation tolerant Selaginella species evolved to survive extreme environmental conditions. Studies to determine the mechanisms involved in the acquisition of desiccation tolerance (DT) have focused on only a few Selaginella species. Due to the large diversity in morphology and the wide range of responses to desiccation within the genus, the understanding of the molecular basis of DT in Selaginella species is still limited. RESULTS Here we present a reference transcriptome for the desiccation tolerant species S. sellowii and the desiccation sensitive species S. denticulata. The analysis also included transcriptome data for the well-studied S. lepidophylla (desiccation tolerant), in order to identify DT mechanisms that are independent of morphological adaptations. We used a comparative approach to discriminate between DT responses and the common water loss response in Selaginella species. Predicted proteomes show strong homology, but most of the desiccation responsive genes differ between species. Despite such differences, functional analysis revealed that tolerant species with different morphologies employ similar mechanisms to survive desiccation. Significant functions involved in DT and shared by both tolerant species included induction of antioxidant systems, amino acid and secondary metabolism, whereas species-specific responses included cell wall modification and carbohydrate metabolism. CONCLUSIONS Reference transcriptomes generated in this work represent a valuable resource to study Selaginella biology and plant evolution in relation to DT. Our results provide evidence of convergent evolution of S. sellowii and S. lepidophylla due to the different gene sets that underwent selection to acquire DT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Alejo-Jacuinde
- National Laboratory of Genomics for Biodiversity (Langebio), Unit of Advanced Genomics, CINVESTAV, 36824 Irapuato, Guanajuato Mexico
- Department of Genetic Engineering, CINVESTAV, 36824 Irapuato, Guanajuato Mexico
| | | | - Araceli Oropeza-Aburto
- National Laboratory of Genomics for Biodiversity (Langebio), Unit of Advanced Genomics, CINVESTAV, 36824 Irapuato, Guanajuato Mexico
| | - June Simpson
- Department of Genetic Engineering, CINVESTAV, 36824 Irapuato, Guanajuato Mexico
| | - Luis Herrera-Estrella
- National Laboratory of Genomics for Biodiversity (Langebio), Unit of Advanced Genomics, CINVESTAV, 36824 Irapuato, Guanajuato Mexico
- Institute of Genomics for Crop Abiotic Stress Tolerance, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA
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Cardoso AA, Visel D, Kane CN, Batz TA, García Sánchez C, Kaack L, Lamarque LJ, Wagner Y, King A, Torres-Ruiz JM, Corso D, Burlett R, Badel E, Cochard H, Delzon S, Jansen S, McAdam SAM. Drought-induced lacuna formation in the stem causes hydraulic conductance to decline before xylem embolism in Selaginella. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:1804-1817. [PMID: 32386326 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Lycophytes are the earliest diverging extant lineage of vascular plants, sister to all other vascular plants. Given that most species are adapted to ever-wet environments, it has been hypothesized that lycophytes, and by extension the common ancestor of all vascular plants, have few adaptations to drought. We investigated the responses to drought of key fitness-related traits such as stomatal regulation, shoot hydraulic conductance (Kshoot ) and stem xylem embolism resistance in Selaginella haematodes and S. pulcherrima, both native to tropical understory. During drought stomata in both species were found to close before declines in Kshoot , with a 50% loss of Kshoot occurring at -1.7 and -2.5 MPa in S. haematodes and S. pulcherrima, respectively. Direct observational methods revealed that the xylem of both species was resistant to embolism formation, with 50% of embolized xylem area occurring at -3.0 and -4.6 MPa in S. haematodes and S. pulcherrima, respectively. X-ray microcomputed tomography images of stems revealed that the decline in Kshoot occurred with the formation of an air-filled lacuna, disconnecting the central vascular cylinder from the cortex. We propose that embolism-resistant xylem and large capacitance, provided by collapsing inner cortical cells, is essential for Selaginella survival during water deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda A Cardoso
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Dominik Visel
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Cade N Kane
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Timothy A Batz
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Clara García Sánchez
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Lucian Kaack
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | | | - Yael Wagner
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Andrew King
- Synchrotron Source Optimisée de Lumière d'Energie Intermédiaire du LURE, L'Orme de Merisiers, Saint Aubin-BP48, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - José M Torres-Ruiz
- INRAE, PIAF, Université Clermont-Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, 63000, France
| | - Déborah Corso
- INRAE, BIOGECO, University of Bordeaux, Pessac, 33615, France
| | - Régis Burlett
- INRAE, BIOGECO, University of Bordeaux, Pessac, 33615, France
| | - Eric Badel
- INRAE, PIAF, Université Clermont-Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, 63000, France
| | - Hervé Cochard
- INRAE, PIAF, Université Clermont-Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, 63000, France
| | - Sylvain Delzon
- INRAE, BIOGECO, University of Bordeaux, Pessac, 33615, France
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Scott A M McAdam
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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Nano-indentation reveals a potential role for gradients of cell wall stiffness in directional movement of the resurrection plant Selaginella lepidophylla. Sci Rep 2020; 10:506. [PMID: 31949232 PMCID: PMC6965169 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-57365-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
As a physical response to water loss during drought, inner Selaginella lepidophylla stems curl into a spiral shape to prevent photoirradiation damage to their photosynthetic surfaces. Curling is reversible and involves hierarchical deformation, making S. lepidophylla an attractive model with which to study water-responsive actuation. Investigation at the organ and tissue level has led to the understanding that the direction and extent of stem curling can be partially attributed to stiffness gradients between adaxial and abaxial stem sides at the nanoscale. Here, we examine cell wall elasticity to understand how it contributes to the overall stem curling. We compare the measured elastic moduli along the stem length and between adaxial and abaxial stem sides using atomic force microscopy nano-indentation testing. We show that changes in cortex secondary cell wall development lead to cell wall stiffness gradients from stem tip to base, and also between adaxial and abaxial stem sides. Changes in cortical cell wall morphology and secondary cell wall composition are suggested to contribute to the observed stiffness gradients.
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