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Mack AF, Bihlmaier R, Deffner F. Shifting from ependyma to choroid plexus epithelium and the changing expressions of aquaporin-1 and aquaporin-4. J Physiol 2024; 602:3097-3110. [PMID: 37975746 DOI: 10.1113/jp284196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The cells of the choroid plexus (CP) epithelium are specialized ependymal cells (ECs) but have distinct properties. The CP cells and ECs form single-cell sheets contiguous to each other at a transitional zone. The CP is underlined by a basal lamina and has barrier properties, whereas the ECs do not. The basal lamina of the CP is continuous with the glia limitans superficialis and, consequently, the CP stroma is continuous with the meninges along entering blood vessels. The CP has previously been reported to express aquaporin-1 (AQP1) mostly apically, and ECs show mostly basolateral aquaporin-4 (AQP4) expression. Recent evidence in various systems has shown that in changing conditions the expression and distribution of AQP4 can be modified, involving phosphorylation and calmodulin-triggered translocation. Studies on the human CP revealed that AQP4 is also expressed in some CP cells, which is likely to be increased during ageing based on mouse data. Moreover, subependymal astrocytic processes in the ependyma-CP transition, forming a glial plate around blood vessels and facing the CP stroma, were strongly positive for AQP4. We propose that the increased AQP4 expression might be a compensatory mechanism for the observed reduction in CSF production in the ageing human brain. The high AQP4 density in the transition zone might facilitate the transport of water into and out of the CP stroma and serve as a drainage and clearing pathway for metabolites in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas F Mack
- Institute of Clinical Anatomy and Cell Analysis, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ronja Bihlmaier
- Institute of Clinical Anatomy and Cell Analysis, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Felix Deffner
- Institute of Clinical Anatomy and Cell Analysis, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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2
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Yang X, Wan R, Liu Z, Feng S, Yang J, Jing N, Tang K. The differentiation and integration of the hippocampal dorsoventral axis are controlled by two nuclear receptor genes. eLife 2023; 12:RP86940. [PMID: 37751231 PMCID: PMC10522401 DOI: 10.7554/elife.86940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus executes crucial functions from declarative memory to adaptive behaviors associated with cognition and emotion. However, the mechanisms of how morphogenesis and functions along the hippocampal dorsoventral axis are differentiated and integrated are still largely unclear. Here, we show that Nr2f1 and Nr2f2 genes are distinctively expressed in the dorsal and ventral hippocampus, respectively. The loss of Nr2f2 results in ectopic CA1/CA3 domains in the ventral hippocampus. The deficiency of Nr2f1 leads to the failed specification of dorsal CA1, among which there are place cells. The deletion of both Nr2f genes causes almost agenesis of the hippocampus with abnormalities of trisynaptic circuit and adult neurogenesis. Moreover, Nr2f1/2 may cooperate to guarantee appropriate morphogenesis and function of the hippocampus by regulating the Lhx5-Lhx2 axis. Our findings revealed a novel mechanism that Nr2f1 and Nr2f2 converge to govern the differentiation and integration of distinct characteristics of the hippocampus in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Yang
- Precise Genome Engineering Center, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Rong Wan
- Precise Genome Engineering Center, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Zhiwen Liu
- Guangzhou Laboratory/Bioland LaboratoryGuangzhouChina
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangdong Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Su Feng
- Guangzhou Laboratory/Bioland LaboratoryGuangzhouChina
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangdong Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Jiaxin Yang
- Precise Genome Engineering Center, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Naihe Jing
- Guangzhou Laboratory/Bioland LaboratoryGuangzhouChina
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangdong Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Ke Tang
- Precise Genome Engineering Center, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou UniversityGuangzhouChina
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3
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Iskusnykh IY, Fattakhov N, Li Y, Bihannic L, Kirchner MK, Steshina EY, Northcott PA, Chizhikov VV. Lmx1a is a master regulator of the cortical hem. eLife 2023; 12:e84095. [PMID: 37725078 PMCID: PMC10508884 DOI: 10.7554/elife.84095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of the nervous system depends on signaling centers - specialized cellular populations that produce secreted molecules to regulate neurogenesis in the neighboring neuroepithelium. In some cases, signaling center cells also differentiate to produce key types of neurons. The formation of a signaling center involves its induction, the maintenance of expression of its secreted molecules, and cell differentiation and migration events. How these distinct processes are coordinated during signaling center development remains unknown. By performing studies in mice, we show that Lmx1a acts as a master regulator to orchestrate the formation and function of the cortical hem (CH), a critical signaling center that controls hippocampus development. Lmx1a co-regulates CH induction, its Wnt signaling, and the differentiation and migration of CH-derived Cajal-Retzius neurons. Combining RNAseq, genetic, and rescue experiments, we identified major downstream genes that mediate distinct Lmx1a-dependent processes. Our work revealed that signaling centers in the mammalian brain employ master regulatory genes and established a framework for analyzing signaling center development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Y Iskusnykh
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphisUnited States
| | - Nikolai Fattakhov
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphisUnited States
| | - Yiran Li
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research HospitalMemphisUnited States
| | - Laure Bihannic
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research HospitalMemphisUnited States
| | - Matthew K Kirchner
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphisUnited States
| | - Ekaterina Y Steshina
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphisUnited States
| | - Paul A Northcott
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research HospitalMemphisUnited States
| | - Victor V Chizhikov
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphisUnited States
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4
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Lupu DI, Cediel Ulloa A, Rüegg J. Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals and Hippocampal Development: The Role of Estrogen and Androgen Signaling. Neuroendocrinology 2023; 113:1193-1214. [PMID: 37356425 DOI: 10.1159/000531669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Hormones are important regulators of key processes during fetal brain development. Thus, the developing brain is vulnerable to the action of chemicals that can interfere with endocrine signals. Epidemiological studies have pointed toward sexually dimorphic associations between neurodevelopmental outcomes, such as cognitive abilities, in children and prenatal exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). This points toward disruption of sex steroid signaling in the development of neural structures underlying cognitive functions, such as the hippocampus, an essential mediator of learning and memory processes. Indeed, during development, the hippocampus is subjected to the organizational effects of estrogens and androgens, which influence hippocampal cell proliferation, differentiation, dendritic growth, and synaptogenesis in the hippocampal fields of Cornu Ammonis and the dentate gyrus. These early organizational effects correlate with a sexual dimorphism in spatial cognition and are subject to exogenous chemical perturbations. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the organizational effects of estrogens and androgens on the developing hippocampus and the evidence for hippocampal-dependent learning and memory perturbations induced by developmental exposure to EDCs. We conclude that, while it is clear that sex hormone signaling plays a significant role during hippocampal development, a complete picture at the molecular and cellular levels would be needed to establish causative links between the endocrine modes of action exerted by EDCs and the adverse outcomes these chemicals can induce at the organism level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana-Ioana Lupu
- Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Joëlle Rüegg
- Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Amin ND, Kelley KW, Hao J, Miura Y, Narazaki G, Li T, McQueen P, Kulkarni S, Pavlov S, Paşca SP. Generating human neural diversity with a multiplexed morphogen screen in organoids. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.31.541819. [PMID: 37398073 PMCID: PMC10312596 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.31.541819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Morphogens choreograph the generation of remarkable cellular diversity in the developing nervous system. Differentiation of stem cells toward particular neural cell fates in vitro often relies upon combinatorial modulation of these signaling pathways. However, the lack of a systematic approach to understand morphogen-directed differentiation has precluded the generation of many neural cell populations, and knowledge of the general principles of regional specification remain in-complete. Here, we developed an arrayed screen of 14 morphogen modulators in human neural organoids cultured for over 70 days. Leveraging advances in multiplexed RNA sequencing technology and annotated single cell references of the human fetal brain we discovered that this screening approach generated considerable regional and cell type diversity across the neural axis. By deconvoluting morphogen-cell type relationships, we extracted design principles of brain region specification, including critical morphogen timing windows and combinatorics yielding an array of neurons with distinct neuro-transmitter identities. Tuning GABAergic neural subtype diversity unexpectedly led to the derivation of primate-specific interneurons. Taken together, this serves as a platform towards an in vitro morphogen atlas of human neural cell differentiation that will bring insights into human development, evolution, and disease.
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Como CN, Kim S, Siegenthaler J. Stuck on you: Meninges cellular crosstalk in development. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2023; 79:102676. [PMID: 36773497 PMCID: PMC10023464 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2023.102676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
The spatial and temporal development of the brain, overlying meninges (fibroblasts, vasculature and immune cells) and calvarium are highly coordinated. In particular, the timing of meningeal fibroblasts into molecularly distinct pia, arachnoid and dura subtypes coincides with key developmental events in the brain and calvarium. Further, the meninges are positioned to influence development of adjacent structures and do so via depositing basement membrane and producing molecular cues to regulate brain and calvarial development. Here, we review the current knowledge of how meninges development aligns with events in the brain and calvarium and meningeal fibroblast "crosstalk" with these structures. We summarize outstanding questions and how the use of non-mammalian models to study the meninges will substantially advance the field of meninges biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina N Como
- Department of Pediatrics Section of Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA. https://twitter.com/ChristinaComo
| | - Sol Kim
- Department of Pediatrics Section of Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; Cell Biology, Stem Cells, and Development Graduate Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Julie Siegenthaler
- Department of Pediatrics Section of Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; Cell Biology, Stem Cells, and Development Graduate Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; University of Colorado, School of Medicine Department of Pediatrics 12800 East 19th Ave MS-8313 Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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7
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Fung CM. Effects of intrauterine growth restriction on embryonic hippocampal dentate gyrus neurogenesis and postnatal critical period of synaptic plasticity that govern learning and memory function. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1092357. [PMID: 37008232 PMCID: PMC10064986 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1092357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) complicates up to 10% of human pregnancies and is the second leading cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality after prematurity. The most common etiology of IUGR in developed countries is uteroplacental insufficiency (UPI). For survivors of IUGR pregnancies, long-term studies consistently show a fivefold increased risk for impaired cognition including learning and memory deficits. Among these, only a few human studies have highlighted sex differences with males and females having differing susceptibilities to different impairments. Moreover, it is well established from brain magnetic resonance imaging that IUGR affects both white and gray matter. The hippocampus, composed of the dentate gyrus (DG) and cornu ammonis (CA) subregions, is an important gray matter structure critical to learning and memory, and is particularly vulnerable to the chronic hypoxic-ischemic effects of UPI. Decreased hippocampal volume is a strong predictor for learning and memory deficits. Decreased neuron number and attenuated dendritic and axonal morphologies in both the DG and CA are additionally seen in animal models. What is largely unexplored is the prenatal changes that predispose an IUGR offspring to postnatal learning and memory deficits. This lack of knowledge will continue to hinder the design of future therapy to improve learning and memory. In this review, we will first present the clinical susceptibilities and human epidemiology data regarding the neurological sequelae after IUGR. We will follow with data generated using our laboratory’s mouse model of IUGR, that mimics the human IUGR phenotype, to dissect at the cellular and molecular alterations in embryonic hippocampal DG neurogenesis. We will lastly present a newer topic of postnatal neuron development, namely the critical period of synaptic plasticity that is crucial in achieving an excitatory/inhibitory balance in the developing brain. To our knowledge, these findings are the first to describe the prenatal changes that lead to an alteration in postnatal hippocampal excitatory/inhibitory imbalance, a mechanism that is now recognized to be a cause of neurocognitive/neuropsychiatric disorders in at-risk individuals. Studies are ongoing in our laboratory to elucidate additional mechanisms that underlie IUGR-induced learning and memory impairment and to design therapy aimed at ameliorating such impairment.
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8
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Rosebrock D, Arora S, Mutukula N, Volkman R, Gralinska E, Balaskas A, Aragonés Hernández A, Buschow R, Brändl B, Müller FJ, Arndt PF, Vingron M, Elkabetz Y. Enhanced cortical neural stem cell identity through short SMAD and WNT inhibition in human cerebral organoids facilitates emergence of outer radial glial cells. Nat Cell Biol 2022; 24:981-995. [PMID: 35697781 PMCID: PMC9203281 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-022-00929-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral organoids exhibit broad regional heterogeneity accompanied by limited cortical cellular diversity despite the tremendous upsurge in derivation methods, suggesting inadequate patterning of early neural stem cells (NSCs). Here we show that a short and early Dual SMAD and WNT inhibition course is necessary and sufficient to establish robust and lasting cortical organoid NSC identity, efficiently suppressing non-cortical NSC fates, while other widely used methods are inconsistent in their cortical NSC-specification capacity. Accordingly, this method selectively enriches for outer radial glia NSCs, which cyto-architecturally demarcate well-defined outer sub-ventricular-like regions propagating from superiorly radially organized, apical cortical rosette NSCs. Finally, this method culminates in the emergence of molecularly distinct deep and upper cortical layer neurons, and reliably uncovers cortex-specific microcephaly defects. Thus, a short SMAD and WNT inhibition is critical for establishing a rich cortical cell repertoire that enables mirroring of fundamental molecular and cyto-architectural features of cortical development and meaningful disease modelling. Rosebrock, Arora et al. report a method to overcome limited cortical cellular diversity in human organoids, thus mirroring fundamental features of cortical development and offering a basis for organoid-based disease modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rosebrock
- Department of Genome Regulation, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Computational Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sneha Arora
- Department of Genome Regulation, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Institute of Biology, Department of Biology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Naresh Mutukula
- Department of Genome Regulation, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rotem Volkman
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Elzbieta Gralinska
- Department of Computational Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anastasios Balaskas
- Department of Genome Regulation, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Amèlia Aragonés Hernández
- Department of Genome Regulation, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Biology, Department of Biology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - René Buschow
- Microscopy and Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Björn Brändl
- Department of Genome Regulation, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Franz-Josef Müller
- Department of Genome Regulation, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Peter F Arndt
- Department of Computational Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Vingron
- Department of Computational Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yechiel Elkabetz
- Department of Genome Regulation, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany. .,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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9
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Brain Organization and Human Diseases. Cells 2022; 11:cells11101642. [PMID: 35626679 PMCID: PMC9139716 DOI: 10.3390/cells11101642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The cortex is a highly organized structure that develops from the caudal regions of the segmented neural tube. Its spatial organization sets the stage for future functional arealization. Here, we suggest using a developmental perspective to describe and understand the etiology of common cortical malformations and their manifestation in the human brain.
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