1
|
Simões LHP, Guillemot J, Ronquim CC, Weidlich EWA, Muys B, Fuza MS, Lima RAF, Brancalion PHS. Green deserts, but not always: A global synthesis of native woody species regeneration under tropical tree monocultures. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2024; 30:e17269. [PMID: 38563238 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Tree monocultures constitute an increasing fraction of the global tree cover and are the dominant tree-growing strategy of forest landscape restoration commitments. Their advantages to produce timber are well known, but their value for biodiversity is highly controversial and context dependent. Therefore, understanding whether, and in which conditions, they can harbor native species regeneration is crucial. Here, we conducted meta-analyses based on a global survey of the literature and on a database created with local, unpublished studies throughout Brazil to evaluate the regeneration potential of native species under tree monocultures and the way management influences this regeneration. Native woody species regeneration under tree monocultures harbors a substantial fraction of the diversity (on average 40% and 68% in the global and Brazilian surveys, respectively) and abundance (on average 25% and 60% in the global and Brazilian surveys, respectively) of regeneration observed in natural forests. Plantations with longer rotation lengths, composed of native tree species, and located adjacent to forest remnants harbor more species. Pine plantations harbor more native individuals than eucalypt plantations, and the abundance of regenerating trees is higher in sites with higher mean temperatures. Species-area curves revealed that the number of woody species under pine and eucalypt plantations in Brazil is 606 and 598 species, respectively, over an aggregated sampled area of ca. 12 ha. We highlight that the understory of tree monocultures can harbor a considerable diversity of regenerating native species at the landscape and regional scales, but this diversity strongly depends on management. Long-rotation length and favorable location are key factors for woody regeneration success under tropical tree monocultures. Therefore, tree monocultures can play a role in forest landscape restoration and conservation, but only if they are planned and managed for achieving this purpose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura H P Simões
- Department of Forest Sciences, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joannès Guillemot
- Department of Forest Sciences, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- CIRAD, UMR Eco&Sols, Montpellier, France
- Eco&Sols, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAe, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Bart Muys
- Division Forest, Nature and Landscape, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matheus S Fuza
- Department of Forest Sciences, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renato A F Lima
- Department of Biological Sciences, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro H S Brancalion
- Department of Forest Sciences, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Re.green, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Esaete J, Muwanika VB, Musiba R, Mawa C, Tabuti JRS. Understorey Seedling Bank in Forest Areas with a Differing Period of Recovery in Mabira Central Forest Reserve, South Central Uganda. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 71:159-169. [PMID: 35385979 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-022-01637-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Seedling banks are very important in forest regeneration following forest disturbances such as crop cultivation. In 2011 and 2013 the Uganda National Forestry Authority (NFA) evicted encroachers from parts of Mabira Central Forest Reserve that had been under crop cultivation for over 40 years. This gave an opportunity for the vegetation to recover. In this study, we assessed the recovery process based on seedling bank diversity, richness and density in three blocks differing in recovery time. Two disturbed blocks, the Western Block (WB) (abandoned by encroachers 1-3 years), and the Eastern Block (EB) (abandoned 4-5 years) before this study and a nearby undisturbed area (intact) were included in the study. We recorded 48 seedlings species; 37 in WB, 30 in EB and 27 in intact. Differences in species richness were not statistically significant among blocks (F2, 88 = 1.2420, p = 0.294). All seedling species found in the intact were found in the EB and WB. There were statistically significant differences in species diversity (Shannon-Wiener: F2, 88 = 5.354, p = 0.006), density (P < 0.001) and composition (ANOSIM; R = 0.55, p = 0.001) among blocks. Apart from Broussonetia papyrifera, other species contributing to the dissimilarity (Acalypha neptunica, Antiaris toxicaria, Blighia unijugata, Funtumia elastica were late succession species. Animal dispersed species dominated intact. Seed-regenerating species were found in both WB and EB, but re-sprouts were more common in EB. These results show that proximity to intact forest aids forest recovery, even for areas with long-term cultivation history.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Esaete
- Department of Science, Technical and Vocational Education, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Vincent B Muwanika
- Department of Environmental Management, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Rogers Musiba
- Department of Environmental Management, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Christopher Mawa
- Department of Extension and Innovation Studies, School of Agricultural Sciences, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - John R S Tabuti
- Department of Environmental Management, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Aliyu MB, Mohd MH. The interplay between mutualism, competition and dispersal promotes species coexistence in a multiple interactions type system. Ecol Modell 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2021.109595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
4
|
Pulungan MA, Suzuki S, Gavina MKA, Tubay JM, Ito H, Nii M, Ichinose G, Okabe T, Ishida A, Shiyomi M, Togashi T, Yoshimura J, Morita S. Grazing enhances species diversity in grassland communities. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11201. [PMID: 31371753 PMCID: PMC6671982 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47635-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In grassland studies, an intermediate level of grazing often results in the highest species diversity. Although a few hypotheses have been proposed to explain this unimodal response of species diversity to grazing intensity, no convincing explanation has been provided. Here, we build a lattice model of a grassland community comprising multiple species with various levels of grazing. We analyze the relationship between grazing and plant diversity in grasslands under variable intensities of grazing pressure. The highest species diversity is observed at an intermediate grazing intensity. Grazers suppress domination by the most superior species in birth rate, resulting in the coexistence of inferior species. This unimodal grazing effect disappears with the introduction of a small amount of nongrazing natural mortality. Unimodal patterns of species diversity may be limited to the case where grazers are the principal source of natural mortality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Almaududi Pulungan
- Graduate School of Science and Technology and Department of Mathematical and Systems Engineering, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu, 432-8561, Japan.
| | - Shota Suzuki
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Hamamatsu, 432-8561, Japan
| | - Maica Krizna Areja Gavina
- Graduate School of Science and Technology and Department of Mathematical and Systems Engineering, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu, 432-8561, Japan
- Mathematics Division, Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Physics, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna, 4031, Philippines
| | - Jerrold M Tubay
- Mathematics Division, Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Physics, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna, 4031, Philippines
| | - Hiromu Ito
- Department of International Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoology, University of Basel, Basel, 4051, Switzerland
| | - Momoka Nii
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Hamamatsu, 432-8561, Japan
| | - Genki Ichinose
- Graduate School of Science and Technology and Department of Mathematical and Systems Engineering, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu, 432-8561, Japan
| | - Takuya Okabe
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Hamamatsu, 432-8561, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ishida
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2113, Japan
| | - Masae Shiyomi
- Faculty of Science, Ibaraki University, 2-1-1 Bunkyo, Mito, Ibaraki, 310-8512, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Togashi
- Marine Biosystems Research Center, Chiba University, Kamogawa, Chiba, 299-5502, Japan
| | - Jin Yoshimura
- Graduate School of Science and Technology and Department of Mathematical and Systems Engineering, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu, 432-8561, Japan.
- Department of Environmental and Forest Biology, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA.
- Marine Biosystems Research Center, Chiba University, Kamogawa, Chiba, 299-5502, Japan.
| | - Satoru Morita
- Graduate School of Science and Technology and Department of Mathematical and Systems Engineering, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu, 432-8561, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu B, Le CT, Barrett RL, Nickrent DL, Chen Z, Lu L, Vidal-Russell R. Historical biogeography of Loranthaceae (Santalales): Diversification agrees with emergence of tropical forests and radiation of songbirds. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2018; 124:199-212. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
6
|
Watanabe S, Yoshimura J, Hasegawa E. Ants improve the reproduction of inferior morphs to maintain a polymorphism in symbiont aphids. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2313. [PMID: 29396397 PMCID: PMC5797095 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20159-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying stable polymorphisms is essential for understanding biodiversity. Distinctive polymorphisms are rare in nature because a superior morph should dominate a population. In addition to the three known mechanisms for polymorphism persistence, we recently reported a fourth mechanism: protection of the polymorphism by symbionts. Attending ants preferentially protect polymorphic aphid colonies consisting of green and red morphs. Here, we show that attending ants manipulate the reproductive rate of their preferred green morphs to equal that of the red morphs, leading to the persistence of the polymorphism within the colonies. We could not, however, explain how the ants maintained the polymorphism in aphid colonies regardless of inter-morph competition. Manipulation by symbionts may be important for the maintenance of polymorphisms and the resulting biodiversity in certain symbiotic systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saori Watanabe
- Laboratory of Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology and Systematics, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Kita-9-Nishi-9, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan.
| | - Jin Yoshimura
- Graduate School of Science and Technology and Department of Mathematical and Systems Engineering, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu, 432-8561, Japan.
- Marine Biosystems Research Center, Chiba University, Uchiura, Kamogawa, Chiba, 299-5502, Japan.
- Department of Environmental and Forest Biology, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA.
| | - Eisuke Hasegawa
- Laboratory of Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology and Systematics, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Kita-9-Nishi-9, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gavina MKA, Tahara T, Tainaka KI, Ito H, Morita S, Ichinose G, Okabe T, Togashi T, Nagatani T, Yoshimura J. Multi-species coexistence in Lotka-Volterra competitive systems with crowding effects. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1198. [PMID: 29352250 PMCID: PMC5775205 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-19044-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical Lotka-Volterra (LV) competition equation has shown that coexistence of competitive species is only possible when intraspecific competition is stronger than interspecific competition, i.e., the species inhibit their own growth more than the growth of the other species. Note that density effect is assumed to be linear in a classical LV equation. In contrast, in wild populations we can observed that mortality rate often increases when population density is very high, known as crowding effects. Under this perspective, the aggregation models of competitive species have been developed, adding the additional reduction in growth rates at high population densities. This study shows that the coexistence of a few species is promoted. However, an unsolved question is the coexistence of many competitive species often observed in natural communities. Here, we build an LV competition equation with a nonlinear crowding effect. Our results show that under a weak crowding effect, stable coexistence of many species becomes plausible, unlike the previous aggregation model. An analysis indicates that increased mortality rate under high density works as elevated intraspecific competition leading to the coexistence. This may be another mechanism for the coexistence of many competitive species leading high species diversity in nature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maica Krizna A Gavina
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu, 432-8561, Japan.,Mathematics Division, Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Physics, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna, 4031, Philippines
| | - Takeru Tahara
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-k, Hamamatsu, 432-8561, Japan
| | - Kei-Ichi Tainaka
- Department of Mathematical and Systems Engineering, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-k, Hamamatsu, 432-8561, Japan
| | - Hiromu Ito
- Department of Genaral Systems Studies, University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan.,Department of International Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Satoru Morita
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu, 432-8561, Japan.,Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-k, Hamamatsu, 432-8561, Japan.,Department of Mathematical and Systems Engineering, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-k, Hamamatsu, 432-8561, Japan
| | - Genki Ichinose
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu, 432-8561, Japan.,Department of Mathematical and Systems Engineering, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-k, Hamamatsu, 432-8561, Japan
| | - Takuya Okabe
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-k, Hamamatsu, 432-8561, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Togashi
- Marine Biosystems Research Center, Chiba University, 1 Uchiura, Kamogawa, Chiba, 299-5502, Japan
| | - Takashi Nagatani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu, 432-8561, Japan
| | - Jin Yoshimura
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu, 432-8561, Japan. .,Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-k, Hamamatsu, 432-8561, Japan. .,Department of Mathematical and Systems Engineering, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-k, Hamamatsu, 432-8561, Japan. .,Marine Biosystems Research Center, Chiba University, 1 Uchiura, Kamogawa, Chiba, 299-5502, Japan. .,Department of Environmental and Forest Biology, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA.
| |
Collapse
|