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Blackhurst T, Warmelink L, Roestorf A, Hartley C. The Brunswik Lens Model: a theoretical framework for advancing understanding of deceptive communication in autism. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1388726. [PMID: 39055993 PMCID: PMC11271661 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1388726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Due to differences in social communication and cognitive functioning, autistic adults may have greater difficulty engaging in and detecting deception compared to neurotypical adults. Consequently, autistic adults may experience strained social relationships or face increased risk of victimization. It is therefore crucial that research investigates the psychological mechanisms that are responsible for autistic adults' difficulties in the deception process in order to inform interventions required to reduce risk. However, weaknesses of extant research exploring deception in autism include a heavy focus on children and limited theoretical exploration of underlying psychological mechanisms. To address these weaknesses, this review aims to introduce a system-level theoretical framework to the study of deception in autistic adulthood: The Brunswik Lens Model of Deception. Here, we provide a comprehensive account of how autism may influence all processes involved in deception, including: Choosing to Lie (1), Producing Deception Cues (2), Perceiving Deception Cues (3), and Making the Veracity Decision (4). This review also offers evidence-based, theoretical predictions and testable hypotheses concerning how autistic and neurotypical adults' behavior may differ at each stage in the deception process. The call to organize future research in relation to a joint theoretical perspective will encourage the field to make substantive, theoretically motivated progress toward the development of a comprehensive model of deception in autistic adulthood. Moreover, the utilization of the Brunswik Lens Model of Deception in future autism research may assist in the development of interventions to help protect autistic adults against manipulation and victimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiegan Blackhurst
- Department of Psychology, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Lara Warmelink
- Department of Psychology, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | | | - Calum Hartley
- Department of Psychology, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
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2
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Zhao J, Fu C. Linguistic indicators for predicting the veracity of online health rumors. Front Public Health 2024; 11:1278503. [PMID: 38269391 PMCID: PMC10806107 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1278503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aims to examine the role of language in discerning the authenticity of online health rumors. To achieve this goal, it specifically focuses on analyzing five categories of linguistic indicators: (1) emotional language characterized by sentiment words, sensory words, and continuous punctuations, (2) exaggerated language defined by the presence of extreme numbers and extreme adverbs, (3) personalized language denoted by first-person pronouns, (4) unprofessional language represented by typographical errors, and (5) linkage language marked by inclusion of hyperlinks. To conduct the investigation, a dataset consisting of 1,500 information items was utilized. The dataset exhibited a distribution pattern wherein 20% of the information was verified to be true, while the remaining 80% was categorized as rumors. These items were sourced from two prominent rumor-clarification websites in China. A binomial logistic regression was used for data analysis to determine whether the language used in an online health rumor could predict its authenticity. The results of the analysis showed that the presence of sentiment words, continuous punctuation marks, extreme numbers and adverbs in an online health rumor could predict its authenticity. Personalized language, typographical errors, and hyperlinks were also found to be useful indicators for identifying health rumors using linguistic indicators. These results provide valuable insights for identifying health rumors using language-based features and could help individuals and organizations better understand the credibility of online health information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Zhao
- College of International Studies, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Cun Fu
- School of Foreign Languages and Cultures, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
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3
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Tache I, Warmelink L, Taylor P, Hope L. Cultural differences in the efficacy of unexpected questions, sketching, and timeline methods in eliciting cues to deception. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1175333. [PMID: 37720643 PMCID: PMC10500155 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1175333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Asking unexpected questions, asking the interviewee to sketch the room, and asking the interviewee to make a timeline are techniques that have been shown to help an interviewer detect deceit. However, evidence of the efficacy of these techniques comes from studies of North American and North-West European participants, who are on average more individualistic (i.e., value individual achievements and uniqueness over group achievements) than people from other parts of the world. In two experiments involving participants with individualistic and collectivistic cultural backgrounds, we provide a more culturally diverse test of these techniques. Specifically, this study describes two experiments that investigated these interviewing techniques with people who are recent migrants to the UK. Experiment 1 used the LIWC categories "I," "we," "cognitive processes," and "social processes" as the dependent variables; Experiment 2 measured details provided in a sketch and a timeline. The results show no effects of veracity in either of these experiments, although various effects of cultural differences in the outcome variables were observed. This suggests that cues to deception may not necessarily generalize to people from different cultural backgrounds. These results highlight the importance of conducting lie detection research across different countries and cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Tache
- Department of Psychology, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Lara Warmelink
- Department of Psychology, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Taylor
- Department of Psychology, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Lorraine Hope
- Department of Psychology, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
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Dando CJ, Taylor PJ, Sandham AL. Cross cultural verbal cues to deception: truth and lies in first and second language forensic interview contexts. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1152904. [PMID: 37325746 PMCID: PMC10267829 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1152904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The verbal deception literature is largely based upon North American and Western European monolingual English speaker interactions. This paper extends this literature by comparing the verbal behaviors of 88 south Asian bilinguals, conversing in either first (Hindi) or second (English) languages, and 48 British monolinguals conversing in English. Methods All participated in a live event following which they were interviewed having been incentivized to be either deceptive or truthful. Event details, complications, verifiable sources, and plausibility ratings were analyzed as a function of veracity, language and culture. Results Main effects revealed cross cultural similarities in both first and second language interviews whereby all liar's verbal responses were impoverished and rated as less plausible than truthtellers. However, a series of cross-cultural interactions emerged whereby bi-lingual South Asian truthtellers and liars interviewed in first and second languages exhibited varying patterns of verbal behaviors, differences that have the potential to trigger erroneous assessments in practice. Discussion Despite limitations, including concerns centered on the reductionary nature of deception research, our results highlight that while cultural context is important, impoverished, simple verbal accounts should trigger a 'red flag' for further attention irrespective of culture or interview language, since the cognitive load typically associated with formulating a deceptive account apparently emerges in a broadly similar manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coral J. Dando
- Department of Psychology, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul J. Taylor
- Department of Psychology, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra L. Sandham
- Faculty of Applied Social Sciences, Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
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5
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Fernandes M, Jonauskaite D, Tomas F, Laurent E, Mohr C. Individual differences in self-reported lie detection abilities. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285124. [PMID: 37224102 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous literature on lie detection abilities bears an interesting paradox. On the group level, people detect others' lies at guessing level. However, when asked to evaluate their own abilities, people report being able to detect lies (i.e., self-reported lie detection). Understanding this paradox is important because decisions which rely on credibility assessment and deception detection can have serious implications (e.g., trust in others, legal issues). In two online studies, we tested whether individual differences account for variance in self-reported lie detection abilities. We assessed personality traits (Big-Six personality traits, Dark Triad), empathy, emotional intelligence, cultural values, trust level, social desirability, and belief in one's own lie detection abilities. In both studies, mean self-reported lie detection abilities were above chance level. Then, lower out-group trust and higher social desirability levels predicted higher self-reported lie detection abilities. These results suggest that social trust and norms shape our beliefs about our own lie detection abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Fernandes
- Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Domicele Jonauskaite
- Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Frédéric Tomas
- Center for Cognition and Communication, University of Tilburg, Tilburg, Netherlands
| | - Eric Laurent
- Department of Psychology, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Christine Mohr
- Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Yang C, You X, Xie X, Duan Y, Wang B, Zhou Y, Feng H, Wang W, Fan L, Huang G, Shen X. Development of a Chinese werewolf deception database. Front Psychol 2023; 13:1047427. [PMID: 36698609 PMCID: PMC9869050 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1047427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Although it is important to accurately detect deception, limited research in this area has been undertaken involving Asian people. We aim to address this gap by undertaking research regarding the identification of deception in Asians in realistic environments. In this study, we develop a Chinese Werewolf Deception Database (C2W2D), which consists of 168 video clips (84 deception videos and 84 honest videos). A total of 1,738,760 frames of facial data are recorded. Fifty-eight healthy undergraduates (24 men and 34 women) and 26 drug addicts (26 men) participated in a werewolf game. The development of C2W2D is accomplished based on a "werewolf" deception game paradigm in which the participants spontaneously tell the truth or a lie. Two synced high-speed cameras are used to capture the game process. To explore the differences between lying and truth-telling in the database, descriptive statistics (e.g., duration and quantity) and hypothesis tests are conducted using action units (AUs) of facial expressions (e.g., t-test). The C2W2D contributes to a relatively sizable number of deceptive and honest samples with high ecological validity. These samples can be used to study the individual differences and the underlying mechanisms of lies and truth-telling between drug addicts and healthy people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaocao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Psychology of TCM and Brain Science, Jiangxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China,School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China,Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Behavior and Cognitive Neuroscience, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xuqun You
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China,Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Behavior and Cognitive Neuroscience, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xudong Xie
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China,Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Behavior and Cognitive Neuroscience, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yuanyuan Duan
- Key Laboratory of Psychology of TCM and Brain Science, Jiangxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Buxue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Psychology of TCM and Brain Science, Jiangxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Yuxi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Psychology of TCM and Brain Science, Jiangxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Hong Feng
- Key Laboratory of Psychology of TCM and Brain Science, Jiangxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Psychology of TCM and Brain Science, Jiangxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Ling Fan
- Key Laboratory of Psychology of TCM and Brain Science, Jiangxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Genying Huang
- Key Laboratory of Psychology of TCM and Brain Science, Jiangxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Xunbing Shen
- Key Laboratory of Psychology of TCM and Brain Science, Jiangxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China,*Correspondence: Xunbing Shen,
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Vrij A, Granhag PA, Ashkenazi T, Ganis G, Leal S, Fisher RP. Verbal Lie Detection: Its Past, Present and Future. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12121644. [PMID: 36552104 PMCID: PMC9775025 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12121644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This article provides an overview of verbal lie detection research. This type of research began in the 1970s with examining the relationship between deception and specific words. We briefly review this initial research. In the late 1980s, Criteria-Based Content Analysis (CBCA) emerged, a veracity assessment tool containing a list of verbal criteria. This was followed by Reality Monitoring (RM) and Scientific Content Analysis (SCAN), two other veracity assessment tools that contain lists of verbal criteria. We discuss their contents, theoretical rationales, and ability to identify truths and lies. We also discuss similarities and differences between CBCA, RM, and SCAN. In the mid 2000s, 'Interviewing to deception' emerged, with the goal of developing specific interview protocols aimed at enhancing or eliciting verbal veracity cues. We outline the four most widely researched interview protocols to date: the Strategic Use of Evidence (SUE), Verifiability Approach (VA), Cognitive Credibility Assessment (CCA), and Reality Interviewing (RI). We briefly discuss the working of these protocols, their theoretical rationales and empirical support, as well as the similarities and differences between them. We conclude this article with elaborating on how neuroscientists can inform and improve verbal lie detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldert Vrij
- Department of Psychology, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DY, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Pär Anders Granhag
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tzachi Ashkenazi
- Department of Criminology, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
- Department of Criminology, Ashkelon Academic College, Ashkelon 78211, Israel
| | - Giorgio Ganis
- School of Psychology, Brain Research and Imaging Centre, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Sharon Leal
- Department of Psychology, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DY, UK
| | - Ronald P. Fisher
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
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Abstract
AbstractEmotional AI is an emerging technology used to make probabilistic predictions about the emotional states of people using data sources, such as facial (micro)-movements, body language, vocal tone or the choice of words. The performance of such systems is heavily debated and so are the underlying scientific methods that serve as the basis for many such technologies. In this article I will engage with this new technology, and with the debates and literature that surround it. Working at the intersection of criminology, policing, surveillance and the study of emotional AI this paper explores and offers a framework of understanding the various issues that these technologies present particularly to liberal democracies. I argue that these technologies should not be deployed within public spaces because there is only a very weak evidence-base as to their effectiveness in a policing and security context, and even more importantly represent a major intrusion to people’s private lives and also represent a worrying extension of policing power because of the possibility that intentions and attitudes may be inferred. Further to this, the danger in the use of such invasive surveillance for the purpose of policing and crime prevention in urban spaces is that it potentially leads to a highly regulated and control-oriented society. I argue that emotion recognition has severe impacts on the right to the city by not only undertaking surveillance of existing situations but also making inferences and probabilistic predictions about future events as well as emotions and intentions.
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Tabata N, Vrij A. Differences between Japanese and British participants in self-reported verbal strategies to appear convincing. PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY, AND LAW : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF THE AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND ASSOCIATION OF PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY AND LAW 2022; 30:177-191. [PMID: 36950192 PMCID: PMC10026762 DOI: 10.1080/13218719.2021.2003269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We compared the self-reported verbal strategies employed to appear convincing when lying and truth telling from 101 British (a low-context culture) and 149 Japanese (a high-context culture) participants. They completed a web-based survey and rated the degree to which they would use 16 verbal strategies when telling the truth and lying. British participants were more concerned with providing innocent reasons and avoiding/denying incriminating evidence when lying than when truth telling (no veracity effect emerged for Japanese participants). Japanese participants were less concerned with avoiding hesitations and lack of consistency when lying than when truth telling (no veracity effect emerged for British participants). The findings suggest that it is important to examine whether interview protocols developed to determine veracity in low-context cultures, such as the Strategic Use of Evidence and Cognitive Credibility Assessment, are equally effective in high-context cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Tabata
- Department of Policy Studies, Aichi Gakuin University, Nisshin, Japan
| | - Aldert Vrij
- Department of Psychology, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
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Becquet C, Cogez J, Dayan J, Lebain P, Viader F, Eustache F, Quinette P. Episodic Autobiographical Memory Impairment and Differences in Pronoun Use: Study of Self-Awareness in Functional Amnesia and Transient Global Amnesia. Front Psychol 2021; 12:624010. [PMID: 34721125 PMCID: PMC8551381 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.624010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The subjective experience associated to memory processing is the core of the definition of episodic autobiographical memory (EAM). However, while it is widely known that amnesia affects the content of memories, few studies focused on the consequences of an impairment of EAM on the subjective self, also called the I-self. In the present study, we explored the I-self in two puzzling disorders that affect EAM: functional amnesia, which has an impact on autobiographical memory, and transient global amnesia (TGA), which only affects episodic memory. I-self was assessed through an original measure of self-integration in autobiographical narratives, namely the use of general or personal pronouns. Results showed that patients with functional amnesia tended to use general pronouns, whereas patients with TGA preferentially used the first person. The link between I-self and depersonalization-derealisation tendencies was also explored, showing dissociative tendencies in patients with functional amnesia but not in patients with TGA. We discuss these results from a combined neuropsychological and psychopathological perspective, with a view to proposing an explanatory model of the links between self-awareness and the episodic component of autobiographical memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Becquet
- “Neuropsychology and Imaging of Human Memory” Research Unit, Caen-Normandy University-PSL Research University-EPHE-INSERM-Caen University Hospital, Caen, France
| | - Julien Cogez
- Neurology Department, Caen-Normandy University Hospital, Caen, France
| | - Jacques Dayan
- “Neuropsychology and Imaging of Human Memory” Research Unit, Caen-Normandy University-PSL Research University-EPHE-INSERM-Caen University Hospital, Caen, France
- Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie de I’Enfant et de l’Adolescent, Centre Hospitalier Guillaume Régnier, Université Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Pierrick Lebain
- Psychiatry Department, Caen-Normandy University Hospital, Caen, France
| | - Fausto Viader
- “Neuropsychology and Imaging of Human Memory” Research Unit, Caen-Normandy University-PSL Research University-EPHE-INSERM-Caen University Hospital, Caen, France
| | - Francis Eustache
- “Neuropsychology and Imaging of Human Memory” Research Unit, Caen-Normandy University-PSL Research University-EPHE-INSERM-Caen University Hospital, Caen, France
| | - Peggy Quinette
- “Neuropsychology and Imaging of Human Memory” Research Unit, Caen-Normandy University-PSL Research University-EPHE-INSERM-Caen University Hospital, Caen, France
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Poor Sleep Quality and Its Relationship with Individual Characteristics, Personal Experiences and Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18116030. [PMID: 34205195 PMCID: PMC8200012 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18116030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
While the COVID-19 has dramatically altered our lifestyle and sleep practices, the links between sleep, individual characteristics, personal experiences and mental health during the pandemic require further examination. This cross-sectional, multi-methods study examined differences in language used to describe personal experiences, and mental health, based on sleep quality during the early stages of the pandemic. N = 1745 participants (mean age 42.97 ± 14.46 years) from 63 countries responded to the survey. Sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and mental health was examined using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, the State Trait Anxiety Inventory, the Perceived Stress Scale and the UCLA-Loneliness Scale. Quantitative analysis of qualitative, language content of personal experiences was conducted using free-text responses and comments to a question on the survey. Almost 50% of the participants reported poor sleep quality, which was linked to a more negative emotional tone and greater mentions of money or finance related words. Good sleepers reported more positive emotional tone in their experiences. Greater reports of clinical state anxiety, moderate depression and moderate stress were observed in poor sleepers, even after accounting for demographics and pandemic-related factors such as loneliness, financial concerns and risk of contracting COVID-19 disease. Results from this study highlight an urgent need for sleep-related public health interventions. Practitioner education, sleep screening for those with mental health conditions, and encouraging people to adopt digital tools may help to reduce the burden of poor sleep on mental health. While the pandemic itself is a stressful and uncertain time, improving sleep can support positive emotion regulation, improving mood and consequential action.
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Van Der Zee S, Taylor P, Wong R, Dixon J, Menacere T. A liar and a copycat: nonverbal coordination increases with lie difficulty. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 8:200839. [PMID: 33614063 PMCID: PMC7890472 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.200839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Studies of the nonverbal correlates of deception tend to examine liars' behaviours as independent from the behaviour of the interviewer, ignoring joint action. To address this gap, experiment 1 examined the effect of telling a truth and easy, difficult and very difficult lies on nonverbal coordination. Nonverbal coordination was measured automatically by applying a dynamic time warping algorithm to motion-capture data. In experiment 2, interviewees also received instructions that influenced the attention they paid to either the nonverbal or verbal behaviour of the interviewer. Results from both experiments found that interviewer-interviewee nonverbal coordination increased with lie difficulty. This increase was not influenced by the degree to which interviewees paid attention to their nonverbal behaviour, nor by the degree of interviewer's suspicion. Our findings are consistent with the broader proposition that people rely on automated processes such as mimicry when under cognitive load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Van Der Zee
- Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Taylor
- Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
- University of Twente, Enschede, Overijssel, The Netherlands
| | | | - John Dixon
- The Open University, Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, UK
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Vrij A, Leal S, Mann S, Vernham Z, Dalton G, Serok-Jeppa O, Rozmann N, Nahari G, Fisher RP. 'Please tell me all you remember': a comparison between British and Arab interviewees' free narrative performance and its implications for lie detection. PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY, AND LAW : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF THE AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND ASSOCIATION OF PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY AND LAW 2020; 28:546-559. [PMID: 35558151 PMCID: PMC9090373 DOI: 10.1080/13218719.2020.1805812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We examined how much information British and Arab truth tellers and lie tellers volunteer in an initial free narrative. Based on cultural differences in communication styles we predicted that British interviewees would report more details and more complications than Arab interviewees (culture main effect). We further predicted that truth tellers would report more details and complications than lie tellers (veracity main effect), particularly in the British sample (Veracity × Culture interaction effect). A total of 78 British and 76 Israeli-Arab participants took part. The experiment was carried out at a British university and an Israeli university. Participants carried out a mission. Truth tellers were instructed to report the mission truthfully in a subsequent interview whereas lie tellers were asked to lie about certain aspects of the mission. The three hypotheses were supported for details, whereas for complications only the predicted veracity main effect occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldert Vrij
- Department of Psychology, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Sharon Leal
- Department of Psychology, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Samantha Mann
- Department of Psychology, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Zarah Vernham
- Department of Psychology, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Gary Dalton
- Institute of Criminal Justice, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Or Serok-Jeppa
- Department of Psychology, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Nir Rozmann
- Department of Criminology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Galit Nahari
- Department of Criminology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Ronald P. Fisher
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
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Boyd RL, Pasca P, Conroy-Beam D. You’re Only Jung Once: Building Generalized Motivational Systems Theories Using Contemporary Research on Language. PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/1047840x.2019.1633122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan L. Boyd
- Department of Psychology, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Paola Pasca
- Department of History, Society and Human Studies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Daniel Conroy-Beam
- Department of Psychology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California
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van der Zee S, Poppe R, Taylor PJ, Anderson R. To freeze or not to freeze: A culture-sensitive motion capture approach to detecting deceit. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215000. [PMID: 30978207 PMCID: PMC6461255 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a new signal for detecting deception: full body motion. Previous work on detecting deception from body movement has relied either on human judges or on specific gestures (such as fidgeting or gaze aversion) that are coded by humans. While this research has helped to build the foundation of the field, results are often characterized by inconsistent and contradictory findings, with small-stakes lies under lab conditions detected at rates little better than guessing. We examine whether a full body motion capture suit, which records the position, velocity, and orientation of 23 points in the subject's body, could yield a better signal of deception. Interviewees of South Asian (n = 60) or White British culture (n = 30) were required to either tell the truth or lie about two experienced tasks while being interviewed by somebody from their own (n = 60) or different culture (n = 30). We discovered that full body motion-the sum of joint displacements-was indicative of lying 74.4% of the time. Further analyses indicated that including individual limb data in our full body motion measurements can increase its discriminatory power to 82.2%. Furthermore, movement was guilt- and penitential-related, and occurred independently of anxiety, cognitive load, and cultural background. It appears that full body motion can be an objective nonverbal indicator of deceit, showing that lying does not cause people to freeze.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie van der Zee
- Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ronald Poppe
- Information and Computing Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paul J. Taylor
- Psychology, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
- Psychology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Ross Anderson
- Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Leal S, Vrij A, Vernham Z, Dalton G, Jupe LM, Nahari G, Rozmann N. Using the model statement to elicit verbal differences between truth tellers and liars amongst Arab interviewees: A partial replication of Leal, Vrij, Deeb, and Jupe (2018). APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Leal
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Portsmouth Portsmouth UK
| | - Aldert Vrij
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Portsmouth Portsmouth UK
| | - Zarah Vernham
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Portsmouth Portsmouth UK
| | - Gary Dalton
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Portsmouth Portsmouth UK
| | | | - Galit Nahari
- Department of CriminologyBar‐Ilan university Ramat Gan Israel
| | - Nir Rozmann
- Department of CriminologyBar‐Ilan university Ramat Gan Israel
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17
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Vrij A. Deception and truth detection when analyzing nonverbal and verbal cues. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aldert Vrij
- Department of Psychology; University of Portsmouth; Portsmouth UK
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18
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Kleinberg B, Warmelink L, Arntz A, Verschuere B. The first direct replication on using verbal credibility assessment for the detection of deceptive intentions. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 32:592-599. [PMID: 30333683 PMCID: PMC6174984 DOI: 10.1002/acp.3439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Verbal deception detection has gained momentum as a technique to tell truth-tellers from liars. At the same time, researchers' degrees of freedom make it hard to assess the robustness of effects. Replication research can help evaluate how reproducible an effect is. We present the first replication in verbal deception research whereby ferry passengers were instructed to tell the truth or lie about their travel plans. The original study found truth-tellers to include more specific time references in their answers. The replication study that closely mimicked the setting, procedure, materials, coding, and analyses found no lie-truth difference for specific time references. Although the power of our replication study was suboptimal (0.77), Bayesian statistics showed evidence in favor of the null hypothesis. Given the great applied consequences of verbal credibility tests, we hope this first replication attempt ignites much needed preregistered, high-powered, multilab replication efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bennett Kleinberg
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | - Arnoud Arntz
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Bruno Verschuere
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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Taylor PJ, Larner S, Conchie SM, Menacere T. Culture moderates changes in linguistic self-presentation and detail provision when deceiving others. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2017; 4:170128. [PMID: 28680668 PMCID: PMC5493910 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.170128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Change in our language when deceiving is attributable to differences in the affective and cognitive experience of lying compared to truth telling, yet these experiences are also subject to substantial individual differences. On the basis of previous evidence of cultural differences in self-construal and remembering, we predicted and found evidence for cultural differences in the extent to which truths and lies contained self (versus other) references and perceptual (versus social) details. Participants (N = 320) of Black African, South Asian, White European and White British ethnicity completed a catch-the-liar task in which they provided genuine and fabricated statements about either their past experiences or an opinion and counter-opinion. Across the four groups we observed a trend for using more/fewer first-person pronouns and fewer/more third-person pronouns when lying, and a trend for including more/fewer perceptual details and fewer/more social details when lying. Contrary to predicted cultural differences in emotion expression, all participants showed more positive affect and less negative affect when lying. Our findings show that liars deceive in ways that are congruent with their cultural values and norms, and that this may result in opposing changes in behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J. Taylor
- Department of Psychology, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
- Department of Psychology of Conflict, Risk and Safety, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Samuel Larner
- Department of Languages, Information and Communications, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Tarek Menacere
- Department of Psychology, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
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