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Lin X, Ma Y, Chen T, Wang L, Takaoka M, Pan S, Zhang H, Wu A, Li X, Yan J. PCDD/Fs and heavy metals in the vicinity of landfill used for MSWI fly ash disposal: Pollutant distribution and environmental impact assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 312:120083. [PMID: 36064061 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study focused on the syngenetic control of polychlorinated-ρ-dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and heavy metals by field stabilization/solidification (S/S) treatment for municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MSWIFA) and multi-step leachate treatment. Modified European Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) speciation analysis and risk assessment code (RAC) revealed the medium environment risk of Cd and Mn, indicating the necessity of S/S treatment for MSWIFA. S/S treatment significantly declined the mass/toxic concentrations of PCDD/Fs (i.e., from 7.21 to 4.25 μg/kg; from 0.32 to 0.20 μg I-TEQ/kg) and heavy metals in MSWIFA due to chemical fixation and dilution effect. The S/S mechanism of sodium dimethyldithiocarbamate (SDD) and cement was decreasing heavy metals in the mild acid-soluble fraction to reduce their mobility and bioavailability. Oxidation treatment of leachate reduced the PCDD/F concentration from 49.10 to 28.71 pg/L (i.e., from 1.60 to 0.98 pg I-TEQ/L) by suspension absorption or NaClO oxidation decomposition, whereas a so-called "memory effect" phenomena in the subsequent procedures (adsorption, press filtration, flocculating settling, slurry separation, and carbon filtration) increased it back to 38.60 pg/L (1.66 pg I-TEQ/L). Moreover, the multi-step leachate treatment also effectively reduced the concentrations of heavy metals to 1-4 orders of magnitude lower than the national emission standards. Furthermore, the PCDD/Fs and heavy metals in other multiple media (soil, landfill leachate, groundwater, and river water) and their spatial distribution characteristics site were also investigated. No evidence showed any influence of the landfill on the surrounding liquid media. The slightly higher concentration of PCDD/Fs in the soil samples was ascribed to other waste management processes (transportation and unloading) or other local source (hazardous incineration plant). Therefore, proper management of landfills and leachate has a negligible effect on the surrounding environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Yunfeng Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Tong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Masaki Takaoka
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 6158510, Japan
| | - Shuping Pan
- Zhejiang Ecological and Environment Monitoring Center, Hangzhou, 310012, China.
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Angjian Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Jianhua Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
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Ying Y, Ma Y, Li X, Lin X. Emission and migration of PCDD/Fs and major air pollutants from co-processing of sewage sludge in brick kiln. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 265:129120. [PMID: 33279232 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The annual output of sewage in China is increasing rapidly and continues to grow, so there is an urgent need for a treatment other than landfills. Among various treatment methods, brick production coprocessing of sewage sludge is technically and economically advantageous. The emission characteristics of typical brick kiln coprocessing of sewage sludge with an annual production of 60 million bricks were studied. The major air pollutants and PCDD/Fs in gas and soil were determined. Particulate matter and SO2 contributed most before treatment, with concentrations of (1.017 ± 0.089) × 104 mg/Nm3 and (2.770 ± 0.251) × 103 mg/Nm3, respectively. After cleaning, the average emitted concentrations of major air pollutants were permissive and homogeneous: 58.13 ± 5.51 mg/Nm3 for NOx, 30.15 ± 9.12 mg/Nm3 for HCl, 28.63 ± 14.33 mg/Nm3 for SO2, 23.76 ± 3.31 mg/Nm3 for particulate matter, and 356.8 ± 99.1 for odor. The PCDD/Fs in the exhaust gas and ambient air showed similar distributions and fingerprint characteristics. The annual emission amounts of the PCDD/Fs were 0.265 g/year and 0.0393 g TEQ/year. Moreover, correlation analysis indicated that PCDD/Fs were most relevant to HCl, and particulate matter might be important to SO2 and fluoride. Further relativity studies showed that the brick kiln was a source of PCDD/Fs but not a main source of major air pollutants to the surrounding environment. All the above pollutants from the brick kiln were permissive with relevant national standards. The results could help with pollution inventories for the brick and tile industry and sewage sludge disposal process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, National Engineering Laboratory of Waste Incineration Technology and Equipment, Institute of Thermal Power Engineering of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yunfeng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, National Engineering Laboratory of Waste Incineration Technology and Equipment, Institute of Thermal Power Engineering of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, National Engineering Laboratory of Waste Incineration Technology and Equipment, Institute of Thermal Power Engineering of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoqing Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, National Engineering Laboratory of Waste Incineration Technology and Equipment, Institute of Thermal Power Engineering of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China.
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Cheruiyot NK, Yang HH, Wang LC, Lin CC. Feasible and effective control strategies on extreme emissions of chlorinated persistent organic pollutants during the start-up processes of municipal solid waste incinerators. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:115469. [PMID: 32866860 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A typical two-day start-up of municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWIs) can yield polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran (PCDD/F) and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) emission quantities around 10 times higher than those from an entire year of normal operations, as measured in this study. Thus, we tested specific control strategies for inhibiting the formation of chlorinated persistent organic pollutants (Cl-POPs), namely, extensively cleaning the ash accumulated beneath the furnace bed of the combustion chamber and deposited on the walls of the superheater and economizer and shortening the residence time of the flue gas in the optimal temperature window for Cl-POP formation. Also, we advanced the injection times of the activated carbon and lime slurry to lower Cl-POP emissions during start-up. Our findings show that these strategies were highly effective and reduced the Cl-POP emissions by > 98%, most of which (96.4-98.2%) was attributable to inhibiting formation. In summary, the proposed control strategies require no modifications to existing air pollution control devices, have little influence on operational cost, and are effective and feasible for the majority of MSWIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Kiprotich Cheruiyot
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan; Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, No. 142, Haizhuan Road, Nanzih District, Kaohsiung, 81157, Taiwan
| | - Hsi-Hsien Yang
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Management, Chaoyang University of Technology, 168 Jifeng E. Road, Wufeng District, Taichung City, 413310, Taiwan
| | - Lin-Chi Wang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, 200 Chung Pei Road, Chung Li District, Taoyuan City, 32023, Taiwan; Center for Environmental Risk Management, Chung Yuan Christian University, 200 Chung Pei Road, Chung Li District, Taoyuan City, 32023, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Chi Lin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
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Assessment of Air Pollution with Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins (PCDDs) and Polychlorinated Dibenzofuranes (PCDFs) in Lithuania. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11070759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/F) are highly bioavailable in humans, either through direct inhalation or indirectly by trophic transfer from contaminated food or water. The main sources of pollution with PCDD/F include industrial and non-industrial combustion sources, like domestic contaminated wood burning, house fires, burning of leaves from trees, etc. When looking for alternative energy sources and reduced energy costs, solid waste incineration plants are intended to be built in the vicinity of urbanized areas, and thus, the need emerges for examination and prediction of to what extent the solid waste incineration plants might affect the surrounding ecosystem, air pollution, and human health. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) (or simply PCDD/F congeners) belong to the group of semi-volatile organic compounds with environmental stability and long-range transfer in the ambient air. Dioxin isomers are highly toxic and may have carcinogenic and mutagenic effects in humans. PCDD/F is detected in air, water, sediment, plants and animals. PCDD/F is generally distributed in the particulate phase in ambient air. For solid waste incineration plant emissions, the distribution of PCDD/F particles into particles with a diameter of <10 μm is more than 81% of the total particulate matter, and more than 54% of the PCDD/F is distributed into particles with a diameter of <2.5 μm. The aim of this study is to investigate the sources of PCDD/F, emissions and potential hazards, i.e., a toxic equivalent in Lithuania. The measurements were performed in two largest cities of Lithuania Vilnius and Kaunas, where the level of PCDD/F discovered was from 0.015 to 0.52 pg/m3 and from 0.02 to 0.05 pg/m3, respectively. The sites for the monitoring were selected based on their proximity to the locations of the planned cogeneration power plants in these cities.
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